Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
In Slovak, past tense verbs change their ending based on the gender of the subject: masculine, feminine, or neuter.
- Masculine subjects use -l: On robil (He worked).
- Feminine subjects use -la: Ona robila (She worked).
- Neuter subjects use -lo: Dieťa robilo (The child worked).
Past Tense Gender Agreement
| Gender | Suffix | Example (robiť) | Example (piť) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Masculine
|
-l
|
robil
|
pil
|
|
Feminine
|
-la
|
robila
|
pila
|
|
Neuter
|
-lo
|
robilo
|
pilo
|
Meanings
The Slovak past tense is formed by adding gender-specific suffixes to the verb stem, ensuring the verb matches the subject's gender.
Past Action
Describing completed actions in the past.
“On spal.”
“Ona spala.”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative
|
Subject + Verb-l/la/lo
|
On robil.
|
|
Negative
|
Subject + ne + Verb-l/la/lo
|
Ona nerobila.
|
|
Question
|
Či + Subject + Verb-l/la/lo?
|
Či on robil?
|
|
Short Answer
|
Áno/Nie + Verb-l/la/lo
|
Áno, robil.
|
|
Plural Masc
|
Verb + -li
|
Oni robili.
|
|
Plural Fem/Neut
|
Verb + -li
|
Ony/Ona robili.
|
격식 수준 스펙트럼
Včera som pracoval. (Work/Daily life)
Včera som robil. (Work/Daily life)
Včera som makal. (Work/Daily life)
Včera som drvil. (Work/Daily life)
Gender Agreement Map
Masculine
- robil worked
Feminine
- robila worked
Neuter
- robilo worked
수준별 예문
On robil.
He worked.
Ona robila.
She worked.
Dieťa robilo.
The child worked.
Ja som pil.
I (male) drank.
Ona nečítala knihu.
She didn't read the book.
Čo si robil?
What did you (masc) do?
Ono to videlo.
It (neuter) saw it.
Bola som doma.
I (fem) was at home.
Včera som sa učila slovenčinu.
Yesterday I (fem) studied Slovak.
Oni boli v kine, ale ona chcela ísť domov.
They were at the cinema, but she wanted to go home.
Auto stálo na ulici.
The car stood on the street.
Prečo si neprišla?
Why didn't you (fem) come?
Hoci bola unavená, dokončila prácu.
Although she was tired, she finished the work.
Povedal, že to nevedel.
He said that he didn't know it.
Dieťa sa hralo, kým matka varila.
The child played while the mother cooked.
Všetci sme boli prekvapení.
We were all surprised.
Keby bola vedela pravdu, bola by konala inak.
If she had known the truth, she would have acted differently.
Ona sa zdala byť spokojná s výsledkom.
She seemed to be satisfied with the result.
To, čo povedal, bolo veľmi dôležité.
What he said was very important.
Počas cesty sa cítila trochu zle.
During the trip, she felt a bit sick.
Bola to ona, kto napísal ten list.
It was she who wrote that letter.
Všetko, čo sa stalo, bolo nevyhnutné.
Everything that happened was inevitable.
Hoci sa zdalo, že neuspeje, nakoniec vyhrala.
Although it seemed she wouldn't succeed, she finally won.
Nikto nevedel, kam sa podelo to dieťa.
No one knew where that child had gone.
혼동하기 쉬운
Learners mix up personal endings with gender endings.
Confusing neuter nouns with masculine.
Using singular for plural.
자주 하는 실수
Ja (fem) robil.
Ja (fem) robila.
Ona robil.
Ona robila.
Dieťa robil.
Dieťa robilo.
On robila.
On robil.
Ona ne robila.
Ona nerobila.
Oni robila.
Oni robili.
Ona bol šťastná.
Ona bola šťastná.
Ona chcel ísť.
Ona chcela ísť.
Auto išiel.
Auto išlo.
Dievča prišiel.
Dievča prišlo.
Ona by bol urobil.
Ona by bola urobila.
Všetko, čo sa stala.
Všetko, čo sa stalo.
Ona sa zdal byť unavená.
Ona sa zdala byť unavená.
문장 패턴
Ja som ___.
Ona ___ knihu.
Dieťa ___ v záhrade.
Prečo si ___?
Real World Usage
Ahoj, bol som v kine.
Dnes som robila skvelý koláč.
V minulej práci som viedol tím.
Kúpil som lístok na vlak.
Chcel som pizzu, ale prišla polievka.
Učiteľka povedala, že úloha je ťažká.
Check the subject
Don't forget the neuter
Drop the pronoun
Be polite
Smart Tips
Remember your own gender!
Check if it ends in -o.
Attach 'ne-' to the verb.
Use -li for everyone.
발음
L-ending
The 'l' is pronounced clearly, not like a dark 'l' in English.
Rising for questions
Robil? ↑
Indicates a yes/no question.
암기하기
기억법
Remember L-L-A-O: Masculine ends in L, Feminine ends in LA, Neuter ends in LO.
시각적 연상
Imagine a man (L) holding a long pole, a woman (LA) holding a lamp, and a child (LO) holding a lollipop.
Rhyme
For the past, keep it clear: L for him, LA for her, LO for the dear.
Story
Peter (masc) walked (šiel) to the park. Jana (fem) walked (šla) to the shop. The baby (neut) walked (išlo) in the garden.
Word Web
챌린지
Write 3 sentences about your day: one for yourself, one for a friend, and one for a child.
문화 노트
Slovaks are very precise with gender. Using the wrong gender can sound confusing or funny.
The l-participle comes from Proto-Slavic.
대화 시작하기
Čo si robil včera?
Kde si bola na dovolenke?
Čo si chcela kúpiť?
Ako si sa cítila po skúške?
일기 주제
자주 하는 실수
Test Yourself
Ona ___ (robiť) včera.
On ___ (piť) kávu.
Find and fix the mistake:
Dieťa robil úlohu.
On čítal knihu.
A: Čo si robil? B: ___.
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
Ona ___ (ne-robiť).
Auto ___ (stáť) na ulici.
Score: /8
연습 문제
8 exercisesOna ___ (robiť) včera.
On ___ (piť) kávu.
Find and fix the mistake:
Dieťa robil úlohu.
On čítal knihu.
A: Čo si robil? B: ___.
Ona - ?
Ona ___ (ne-robiť).
Auto ___ (stáť) na ulici.
Score: /8
자주 묻는 질문 (8)
Slovak is an inflected language where gender agreement is a core grammatical feature.
Yes, for the singular past tense.
Plural uses -li for all genders.
Yes, the verb ending often makes the subject clear.
It sounds unnatural and can confuse the listener.
No, present tense uses person-based endings.
Bol som (masc) or Bola som (fem).
Some verbs have irregular stems, but the endings remain consistent.
Scaffolded Practice
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Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Pretérito perfecto simple
Spanish verbs don't change by gender.
Passé composé
French uses 'avoir/être' + participle.
Perfekt
German is not gender-inflected in verbs.
Ta-form
Japanese is agglutinative.
Past tense
Arabic is a Semitic language.
Le marker
Chinese has no conjugation.
