حضارة

The state of being gradually destroyed or losing strength, power, or influence. Often used in TOEFL to describe the decline of civilizations or radioactive decay.

The unfair or cruel treatment of a person or group, especially because of their religious or political beliefs, race, or gender.

The sudden start or outbreak of something unpleasant or violent, such as a war, fire, or epidemic.

The state of becoming extinct, forgotten, or completely vanished over time. It is often applied to ancient civilizations, languages, or old customs.

The action or process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area. It can also refer to biological colonization of a habitat.

The exercise of absolute power or control, especially in a cruel and oppressive way. Common in TOEFL passages about political systems and historical revolutions.

A state of flourishing, thriving, or successful development, especially regarding the economy, culture, or science.

A period of 100 years. Used in IELTS Academic reading and writing to provide long-term historical context.

Belonging to the same age; living or occurring at the same time. Often used to mean 'modern' or 'current'.

A period of ten years. Frequently used in IELTS to discuss historical trends or changes over time.