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B1 preposition #1,500 most common 14 min read

gemäß

Top 1,500

Practice it Examples Notes & Tips gemäß in 30 Seconds

Explanation gemäß in your Level:

When you are just starting to learn German at the A1 level, you might not encounter the word 'gemäß' immediately, because it is generally considered a more advanced vocabulary item. However, understanding its basic premise early on can significantly boost your comprehension of formal texts. At its core, 'gemäß' means 'according to' or 'in accordance with'. Imagine you are reading a set of rules or instructions; you will often see this word used to indicate that an action must follow a specific guideline. For an A1 learner, the most important thing to remember is that German has several words that translate to 'according to', such as 'nach' or 'laut'. While 'nach' is very common in everyday spoken German (for example, 'meiner Meinung nach', which means 'in my opinion'), 'gemäß' belongs to a higher register. It is the word you will see in official letters, legal documents, and formal announcements. Even though you might not need to use it in your daily conversations at the bakery or the train station, recognizing it will help you understand public signs and official instructions. Another crucial aspect of 'gemäß' is its grammatical behavior. In German, prepositions require the noun that follows them to be in a specific case. The word 'gemäß' requires the dative case. This means that if you use a masculine noun like 'der Plan' (the plan), it changes to 'dem Plan' when following 'gemäß', resulting in 'gemäß dem Plan' (according to the plan). Similarly, a feminine noun like 'die Regel' (the rule) becomes 'der Regel', making it 'gemäß der Regel'. For plural nouns, you must remember to add an 'n' to the end of the noun if it doesn't already have one, in addition to using the plural dative article 'den'. For instance, 'die Vorschriften' (the regulations) becomes 'gemäß den Vorschriften'. Interestingly, 'gemäß' is one of those flexible German prepositions that can sometimes be placed after the noun it modifies. So, you might read 'den Vorschriften gemäß'. This postpositional use is quite common and adds a stylistic flair to the sentence. As an A1 learner, your primary goal is recognition. When you see 'gemäß', you should immediately think 'according to this rule or document'. Do not worry too much about actively producing it in your early writing or speaking exercises, as 'nach' or 'laut' will serve you perfectly well in most beginner scenarios. However, building a passive vocabulary that includes formal words like 'gemäß' will prepare you for the transition to A2 and B1, where reading authentic texts becomes a larger part of your language learning journey. By familiarizing yourself with the dative case requirements and the formal context of this word, you are laying a solid foundation for mastering German prepositions.

At the A2 level, your exposure to different types of German texts begins to expand. You are no longer just reading simple dialogues; you are starting to encounter short news articles, formal emails, and basic instructions. This is where 'gemäß' starts to become a relevant part of your vocabulary. While you still might not use it in everyday speech with your friends, you need to understand it when you read it. 'Gemäß' translates to 'according to' or 'in accordance with', and it is strictly used in formal contexts to refer to rules, laws, agreements, or plans. It is a signal word that tells you: 'What follows is a strict guideline that is being adhered to.' Grammatically, the most important rule to memorize at the A2 level is that 'gemäß' always takes the dative case. You have already learned the dative articles: 'dem' for masculine and neuter, 'der' for feminine, and 'den' for plural (plus an 'n' on the noun). Therefore, when you see 'gemäß', you must immediately expect a dative noun phrase to follow. For example, 'gemäß dem Vertrag' (according to the contract) or 'gemäß der Anweisung' (according to the instruction). A unique feature of 'gemäß' that you should be aware of is its flexibility in sentence placement. It can be used as a standard preposition, placed before the noun ('gemäß dem Gesetz'), but it can also be used as a postposition, placed after the noun ('dem Gesetz gemäß'). Both mean exactly the same thing, but the postpositional use often sounds a bit more formal or traditional. At this stage, you should also start distinguishing 'gemäß' from other similar words. You know 'nach' from phrases like 'meiner Meinung nach' (in my opinion). You should not use 'gemäß' for opinions. You would never say 'gemäß meiner Meinung'. 'Gemäß' is objective and rule-based, while 'nach' can be subjective. Another word you might see is 'laut', which is used for sources of information, like 'laut der Zeitung' (according to the newspaper). Keep 'gemäß' strictly for rules and official documents. When practicing your writing at the A2 level, such as drafting a formal email to a landlord or a company, using 'gemäß' can instantly elevate the tone of your message. For instance, writing 'Gemäß unserem Telefonat...' (According to our phone call...) shows a solid grasp of formal business German. Focus on recognizing the dative case triggers and understanding the formal register of 'gemäß', and you will be well-prepared for the more complex texts of the B1 level.

Reaching the B1 level means you are now an independent user of the German language. You are expected to understand the main points of clear standard input on familiar matters regularly encountered in work, school, and leisure. At this stage, 'gemäß' transitions from a word you merely recognize to a word you should actively use in appropriate contexts. 'Gemäß' is the quintessential preposition for expressing compliance with rules, laws, contracts, and formal agreements. It translates to 'according to', 'in accordance with', or 'pursuant to'. It is a staple of 'Beamtendeutsch' (administrative German) and formal business correspondence. The grammatical mastery of 'gemäß' is a key B1 objective. You must confidently apply the dative case every time you use it. Mistakes in case assignment here are noticeable because 'gemäß' is such a formal word; using the wrong case undermines the professional tone you are trying to achieve. Remember: 'gemäß dem Beschluss' (masculine), 'gemäß der Richtlinie' (feminine), 'gemäß dem Protokoll' (neuter), and 'gemäß den Bestimmungen' (plural). Furthermore, you must be comfortable with its dual nature as both a preposition and a postposition. Reading 'den Bestimmungen gemäß' should not confuse you; you should recognize it instantly as a stylistic variation of 'gemäß den Bestimmungen'. At the B1 level, you are also learning to structure more complex sentences. When you start a sentence with a 'gemäß' phrase, you must strictly adhere to the V2 (verb second) word order rule. For example: 'Gemäß dem neuen Gesetz (Position 1) dürfen (Position 2) wir das nicht tun.' Forgetting to invert the subject and verb is a common B1 error that you should actively work to eliminate. You also need to refine your understanding of synonyms. While 'laut' (according to a source) and 'nach' (according to an opinion or sequence) are useful, 'gemäß' is the only correct choice when referring to strict adherence to a documented rule or plan. For instance, if you are writing an email to a customer service department to complain about a broken product, you might write: 'Gemäß den Garantiebedingungen fordere ich einen Ersatz' (In accordance with the warranty conditions, I demand a replacement). This demonstrates a commanding use of the language. Actively incorporating 'gemäß' into your formal writing tasks, such as official letters, reports, or structured arguments, will significantly boost your perceived proficiency and help you pass B1 writing assessments with flying colors.

At the B2 level, your command of German is becoming advanced and nuanced. You are expected to understand the main ideas of complex text on both concrete and abstract topics, including technical discussions in your field of specialization. 'Gemäß' is no longer just a vocabulary word; it is an essential structural tool for articulating formal, legal, and professional concepts. At this stage, your use of 'gemäß' should be automatic and grammatically flawless. The dative case requirement should be second nature, and you should effortlessly switch between its prepositional ('gemäß dem Vertrag') and postpositional ('dem Vertrag gemäß') forms depending on the stylistic rhythm you want to achieve in your writing. The postpositional use, in particular, can add a sophisticated, highly educated tone to your essays and professional correspondence. At the B2 level, you must also master the subtle distinctions between 'gemäß' and its close synonyms, such as 'entsprechend', 'zufolge', 'laut', and 'nach'. While 'gemäß' implies strict, formal compliance with a rule or law, 'entsprechend' often suggests a logical adaptation or a corresponding action based on a situation (e.g., 'den Umständen entsprechend' - according to the circumstances). 'Zufolge' is strictly used for citing reports or studies and is almost exclusively a postposition with the dative (e.g., 'einem Bericht zufolge'). 'Laut' is for sources of information and often drops the article entirely (e.g., 'laut Gesetz'), whereas 'gemäß' always requires the article to demonstrate the dative case clearly. Understanding these micro-distinctions allows you to express yourself with precision. Furthermore, at B2, you will encounter 'gemäß' frequently in compound words, which are a hallmark of advanced German. Words like 'ordnungsgemäß' (proper, in accordance with the rules), 'zeitgemäß' (contemporary, in accordance with the times), and 'vertragsgemäß' (as agreed in the contract) are essential for professional communication. You should be able to not only understand these compounds but also use them to make your writing more concise. For example, instead of writing 'Die Arbeit wurde so ausgeführt, wie es im Vertrag steht', a B2 speaker writes 'Die Arbeit wurde vertragsgemäß ausgeführt'. This demonstrates linguistic economy and sophistication. When reading complex texts, such as newspaper editorials or academic papers, pay attention to how 'gemäß' is used to build arguments and establish premises. Mastering 'gemäß' at the B2 level means using it as a precision instrument to navigate the formal registers of the German language confidently.

At the C1 level, you are approaching near-native proficiency. You can express yourself fluently and spontaneously without much obvious searching for expressions. You use language flexibly and effectively for social, academic, and professional purposes. In this context, 'gemäß' is a critical component of your academic and professional lexicon. Your understanding of 'gemäß' must extend beyond simple grammar rules to encompass stylistic mastery and register awareness. You know that 'gemäß' takes the dative, but you also understand the historical context—that in older, highly archaic texts, it sometimes took the genitive, though you know never to use this in modern German to avoid sounding hypercorrect or simply wrong. You use the postpositional form ('den Richtlinien gemäß') deliberately to create a specific rhetorical effect, perhaps to place emphasis on the noun phrase or to emulate a highly elevated, authoritative tone in a formal essay or legal argument. At the C1 level, you are dealing with complex, multi-clause sentences. You use 'gemäß' seamlessly to introduce conditional frameworks or legal bases at the beginning of sentences, flawlessly executing the necessary syntactic inversions and integrating the phrase into the broader flow of your argument. You are also acutely aware of the collocations associated with 'gemäß'. You know it pairs naturally with verbs of action and compliance, such as 'handeln gemäß' (to act in accordance with), 'verfahren gemäß' (to proceed in accordance with), or 'entscheiden gemäß' (to decide in accordance with). You effortlessly distinguish it from 'entsprechend' and 'zufolge' in high-level academic writing, knowing exactly when to cite a study ('der Studie zufolge') versus when to cite a methodology ('gemäß der Methodik'). Furthermore, your active vocabulary includes a wide array of '-gemäß' compound adjectives, and you can even form new ones intuitively if the context demands it, understanding that the suffix '-gemäß' transforms a noun into an adjective meaning 'in accordance with [noun]'. For instance, 'pflichtgemäß' (dutiful), 'zweckgemäß' (appropriate to the purpose), or 'standesgemäß' (befitting one's rank). You use these compounds to compress complex ideas into single, elegant words, a hallmark of C1/C2 German. When participating in high-level professional meetings, negotiations, or academic debates, you deploy 'gemäß' to anchor your arguments in established facts, rules, or prior agreements, projecting authority and deep linguistic competence.

At the C2 level, your mastery of German is comprehensive, nuanced, and virtually indistinguishable from that of an educated native speaker. You understand with ease virtually everything heard or read. You can summarize information from different spoken and written sources, reconstructing arguments and accounts in a coherent presentation. For a C2 speaker, 'gemäß' is a fully integrated element of your stylistic repertoire, used with absolute precision and rhetorical awareness. You do not merely use 'gemäß' correctly; you use it to manipulate the tone and register of your discourse. You understand the subtle sociolinguistic implications of 'Beamtendeutsch' (bureaucratic German) and can employ 'gemäß' either to align yourself with that formal authority or, conversely, to subtly parody or critique bureaucratic rigidity by overusing it in a deliberate, stylistic manner. You are completely comfortable with the most complex legal and academic texts where 'gemäß' is used to weave intricate webs of cross-references and statutory dependencies (e.g., 'Gemäß § 433 Abs. 1 Satz 1 BGB in Verbindung mit...'). You navigate these dense syntactic structures effortlessly. Your command of the postpositional use ('dem Vernehmen gemäß' - according to rumors/reports, a highly elevated phrase) is native-like, and you know exactly when placing the preposition after the noun enhances the cadence of a sentence. At this level, you also possess a deep understanding of the etymology and historical usage of the word, recognizing its roots in the concept of 'Maß' (measure), which perfectly explains its core meaning of 'measuring up to a standard'. You can engage in high-level editorial tasks, correcting non-native or careless native speakers who might accidentally slip into using the genitive with 'gemäß' ('gemäß des Gesetzes'), confidently explaining why the dative is the only standard option. You use the vast array of '-gemäß' compound adjectives ('naturgemäß', 'erfahrungsgemäß', 'verfassungsgemäß') not just correctly, but idiomatically, knowing exactly which compound fits the specific semantic shade required by the context. 'Erfahrungsgemäß' (according to experience), for instance, is used flawlessly as a sentence adverb to introduce an empirical observation. In summary, at the C2 level, 'gemäß' is a testament to your absolute control over the formal, structural, and stylistic dimensions of the German language.

Practice it Examples Notes & Tips

gemäß in 30 Seconds

Means 'according to' or 'in accordance with'.
Strictly requires the dative case (e.g., gemäß dem Gesetz).
Used mostly in formal, legal, or business contexts.
Can be placed before or after the noun (preposition or postposition).

The German preposition 'gemäß' is a formal and highly precise word that translates to 'according to', 'in accordance with', or 'pursuant to' in English. It is a cornerstone of formal German, often found in legal texts, official correspondence, administrative guidelines, and academic writing. Understanding 'gemäß' is essential for anyone aiming to achieve a B1 level or higher, as it frequently appears in news articles, contracts, and official announcements. When you use 'gemäß', you are indicating that an action, decision, or state of affairs is in strict compliance with a specific rule, law, agreement, or expectation. Unlike more casual alternatives such as 'nach' or 'laut', 'gemäß' carries a weight of authority and obligation. Grammatically, 'gemäß' is fascinating because it governs the dative case. This means that the noun following it must be declined in the dative. For example, 'das Gesetz' (the law) becomes 'dem Gesetz', resulting in 'gemäß dem Gesetz' (according to the law). Similarly, 'die Vorschrift' (the regulation) becomes 'der Vorschrift', yielding 'gemäß der Vorschrift'. For plural nouns, you must use the dative plural article 'den' and ensure the noun ends in an 'n', as in 'gemäß den Regeln' (according to the rules). One of the most unique syntactic features of 'gemäß' is that it can function as both a preposition (placed before the noun) and a postposition (placed after the noun). While 'gemäß den Vorschriften' is perfectly correct and common, you will also frequently encounter 'den Vorschriften gemäß'. Both forms are grammatically valid and mean exactly the same thing, though the postpositional use often sounds slightly more elegant or traditional. To fully grasp the meaning of 'gemäß', it is helpful to compare it with its synonyms. 'Laut' also means 'according to', but it is typically used for sources of information, such as 'laut dem Bericht' (according to the report) or 'laut der Zeitung' (according to the newspaper). 'Nach' is used for opinions or general sequences, such as 'meiner Meinung nach' (in my opinion). 'Gemäß', however, is strictly reserved for compliance with rules, laws, or established plans.

Legal Context: In legal documents, 'gemäß' is the standard term used to cite specific paragraphs or sections of a law, ensuring absolute clarity and formal compliance.

Wir handeln gemäß den neuen Richtlinien der Regierung.

Furthermore, 'gemäß' can be combined with other words to form compound adjectives or adverbs, such as 'ordnungsgemäß' (proper, in accordance with the rules) or 'zeitgemäß' (contemporary, up-to-date). These compounds reflect the core meaning of 'gemäß'—measuring up to a certain standard or expectation. When learning this word, it is crucial to practice the dative declensions, as incorrect case usage will immediately flag you as a non-native speaker in formal contexts.

Business Context: In corporate environments, 'gemäß' is used to refer to company policies, contracts, and agreed-upon procedures, highlighting professionalism.

Die Lieferung erfolgte gemäß dem Vertrag.

Dem Plan gemäß beginnen wir morgen.

Everyday Context: While less common in casual chats, you might hear it when someone refers to a strict schedule or a rigid plan that must be followed.

Alles verlief gemäß unseren Erwartungen.

Er handelte gemäß den Anweisungen seines Chefs.

In summary, 'gemäß' is a powerful tool in your German vocabulary arsenal. It elevates your language, demonstrating a clear understanding of formal structures and grammatical precision. Whether you are reading a rental agreement, writing a formal email, or studying German law, 'gemäß' will be a constant companion. Mastering its use, particularly its requirement for the dative case and its flexible positioning, will significantly enhance your reading comprehension and writing skills at the B1 level and beyond.

Using 'gemäß' correctly requires a solid understanding of German case morphology, specifically the dative case, as well as an awareness of formal sentence structure. The primary rule when deploying 'gemäß' is that the noun or pronoun it governs must be in the dative case. This is a non-negotiable grammatical rule in modern standard German. Let us break down how this works across different genders and numbers. For masculine nouns, the definite article 'der' changes to 'dem'. Therefore, 'der Beschluss' (the decision) becomes 'gemäß dem Beschluss'. For neuter nouns, 'das' also changes to 'dem', so 'das Protokoll' (the protocol) becomes 'gemäß dem Protokoll'. For feminine nouns, 'die' changes to 'der', meaning 'die Anordnung' (the order) becomes 'gemäß der Anordnung'. Finally, for plural nouns, 'die' changes to 'den', and you must add an 'n' to the end of the noun if it does not already have one. Thus, 'die Vorschriften' (the regulations) becomes 'gemäß den Vorschriften'.

Prepositional Use: This is the most common way to use 'gemäß'. You place it directly before the dative noun phrase, just like most other prepositions in German.

Das Gebäude wurde gemäß den Bauvorschriften errichtet.

Another critical aspect of using 'gemäß' is its ability to function as a postposition. This means it can be placed after the noun it modifies. This is a stylistic choice and does not change the meaning or the case requirement (it still takes the dative). For example, 'den Regeln gemäß' is entirely synonymous with 'gemäß den Regeln'. The postpositional use is often found in older texts, legal jargon, or when a writer wants to emphasize the noun phrase before introducing the concept of compliance.

Postpositional Use: Placing 'gemäß' after the noun adds a formal, sometimes slightly archaic or highly official tone to the sentence.

Er hat seinen Pflichten gemäß gehandelt.

Dem Vertrag gemäß müssen wir bis Freitag liefern.

When constructing sentences, 'gemäß' often appears at the beginning of a clause to set the condition or framework for the rest of the sentence. If you start a sentence with a 'gemäß' phrase, remember the standard German V2 word order rule: the verb must be the second element in the sentence. For example: 'Gemäß dem Gesetz (Position 1) ist (Position 2) das verboten.' This inversion of the subject and verb is a common stumbling block for learners, but mastering it is crucial for fluent and accurate German.

Sentence Starters: Starting a sentence with 'gemäß' is a strong way to establish authority or reference a rule immediately.

Gemäß Artikel 3 des Grundgesetzes sind alle Menschen vor dem Gesetz gleich.

Gemäß unseren Aufzeichnungen haben Sie die Rechnung bereits bezahlt.

In written correspondence, especially formal emails or letters (Briefe), 'gemäß' is frequently used to refer to previous agreements or standard procedures. Phrases like 'gemäß unserer Absprache' (according to our agreement) or 'gemäß Ihren Anweisungen' (according to your instructions) are standard boilerplate expressions in business German. By integrating these phrases into your active vocabulary, you will significantly improve the professional tone of your German communication. Practice identifying the gender and number of the noun you wish to use, apply the dative case, and experiment with both prepositional and postpositional placements to gain full mastery over 'gemäß'.

The preposition 'gemäß' is not a word you will typically hear in a casual chat at a bar, a relaxed family dinner, or while playing sports with friends. Its natural habitat is the realm of formal, official, and professional German. This specific register is often referred to as 'Beamtendeutsch' (bureaucratic German) or 'Fachsprache' (technical/specialized language). Understanding where and when 'gemäß' is used is just as important as knowing its grammatical rules, as using it in the wrong context can make you sound overly stiff or unintentionally comical. The most prominent domain for 'gemäß' is the legal system. If you read a German contract, a terms of service agreement (AGB), or a piece of legislation, you will encounter 'gemäß' repeatedly. It is the standard preposition for citing paragraphs, clauses, and legal principles.

Contracts and Agreements: In any binding document, 'gemäß' establishes the legal foundation for an action or a requirement.

Der Mieter ist gemäß § 535 BGB zur Zahlung der Miete verpflichtet.

Beyond the strict legal sphere, 'gemäß' is heavily used in corporate and administrative environments. When a company issues internal guidelines, compliance manuals, or official announcements, 'gemäß' is the preposition of choice to ensure employees understand that a rule must be followed. You will hear it in formal meetings, read it in company-wide emails, and see it in official reports.

Corporate Communications: Used to enforce policies, refer to standard operating procedures, and maintain a highly professional tone.

Die Abrechnung erfolgt gemäß den internen Reiserichtlinien.

Wir verfahren gemäß dem etablierten Protokoll.

Another common place to encounter 'gemäß' is in news reporting, particularly when journalists are discussing court rulings, government actions, or official statements. A news anchor might explain that a politician acted 'gemäß der Verfassung' (in accordance with the constitution) or that a suspect was treated 'gemäß den Vorschriften' (according to the regulations). In these contexts, 'gemäß' lends objectivity and authority to the report.

Journalism and News: Provides a formal, objective tone when reporting on official matters, legal proceedings, or government actions.

Die Polizei handelte gemäß dem Einsatzplan.

Das Urteil fiel gemäß der Anklageschrift aus.

Finally, you will find 'gemäß' in academic writing. Whether it is a university thesis, a scientific paper, or a historical analysis, scholars use 'gemäß' to refer to theories, methodologies, and established facts. For example, 'gemäß der Relativitätstheorie' (according to the theory of relativity). In all these environments—legal, corporate, journalistic, and academic—'gemäß' serves as a linguistic anchor, tying statements to established rules, facts, or agreements. Recognizing it in these contexts will drastically improve your reading comprehension of advanced German texts.

Even advanced learners of German frequently stumble when using 'gemäß', primarily because it involves complex case governance and subtle stylistic nuances. The most glaring and common mistake is using the wrong grammatical case. 'Gemäß' strictly requires the dative case. However, because many other formal prepositions in German (such as 'aufgrund', 'trotz', or 'wegen') take the genitive case, learners often mistakenly apply the genitive to 'gemäß' as well. This results in incorrect phrases like 'gemäß des Gesetzes' instead of the correct 'gemäß dem Gesetz'. While you might occasionally hear native speakers make this error in rapid, careless speech, it is considered grammatically wrong and will be marked as an error in any formal writing or language exam.

Case Confusion: The absolute most frequent error is using the genitive case instead of the required dative case.

Falsch: Gemäß des Vertrags. Richtig: Gemäß dem Vertrag.

Another common mistake is related to register and context. Because learners are taught that 'gemäß' means 'according to', they sometimes use it in casual conversations where it sounds completely out of place. For instance, saying 'Gemäß meiner Mutter gibt es heute Regen' (According to my mother, there will be rain today) is grammatically possible but stylistically absurd. It sounds as if your mother is a legal statute or a binding contract. In such everyday situations, 'laut' (laut meiner Mutter) or 'nach' (meiner Mutter nach) are the appropriate choices. 'Gemäß' should be reserved for rules, laws, official agreements, and formal plans.

Register Mismatch: Using 'gemäß' for personal opinions or casual information sources makes the speaker sound unnaturally robotic or overly bureaucratic.

Unnatürlich: Gemäß meinem Freund ist der Film gut. Besser: Laut meinem Freund ist der Film gut.

Richtig: Die Kündigung erfolgte gemäß den gesetzlichen Fristen.

A third mistake involves word order when 'gemäß' is used at the beginning of a sentence. Like all prepositional phrases in German, if 'gemäß' occupies the first position in a main clause, the verb must immediately follow it in the second position, before the subject. English speakers often forget this inversion and use the English Subject-Verb order. For example, writing 'Gemäß dem Gesetz, wir müssen zahlen' is incorrect. The comma is unnecessary, and the verb must come before the subject: 'Gemäß dem Gesetz müssen wir zahlen'.

Word Order (V2 Rule): Failing to invert the subject and verb when starting a sentence with a 'gemäß' phrase is a classic syntax error.

Falsch: Gemäß der Regel er darf das nicht. Richtig: Gemäß der Regel darf er das nicht.

Falsch: Gemäß dem Plan wir starten um acht. Richtig: Gemäß dem Plan starten wir um acht.

By paying close attention to the dative case, reserving the word for formal contexts, and strictly adhering to the V2 word order rule, you can easily avoid these common pitfalls and use 'gemäß' like a proficient speaker.

The German language is rich in prepositions that express the idea of 'according to', 'based on', or 'following'. While 'gemäß' is a highly formal and precise option, it is part of a larger family of similar words, each with its own distinct nuances, grammatical rules, and preferred contexts. Understanding these alternatives is crucial for developing a nuanced vocabulary and avoiding repetitive language. The most common alternatives to 'gemäß' are 'laut', 'nach', 'zufolge', and 'entsprechend'. Let us explore how they compare and contrast.

Laut vs. Gemäß: 'Laut' is used primarily for sources of information, such as reports, news, or statements. It often appears without an article. 'Gemäß' is for rules and laws and requires an article in the dative case.

Laut Wetterbericht wird es regnen. (Source of info)

Gemäß der Bauordnung ist das verboten. (Rule/Law)

Another very common word is 'nach'. 'Nach' is highly versatile and is the go-to word for expressing opinions or general sequences. When used to mean 'according to', it is almost always placed after the noun (as a postposition) when referring to a person's opinion, such as 'meiner Meinung nach' (in my opinion) or 'ihm nach' (according to him). It is much less formal than 'gemäß' and is the preferred choice in everyday spoken German.

Nach vs. Gemäß: 'Nach' is conversational and used for opinions or general direction. 'Gemäß' is formal and strictly for compliance with established guidelines.

Meiner Meinung nach ist das eine schlechte Idee.

Wir verfahren gemäß dem Standardverfahren.

Then we have 'zufolge'. 'Zufolge' is an interesting preposition because it strictly functions as a postposition when it takes the dative case (meaning it must come after the noun). It is very similar to 'laut' in that it is used to cite sources, reports, or studies. For example, 'einem Bericht zufolge' (according to a report). It is formal, but specifically tailored to citing external information rather than enforcing a rule.

Zufolge vs. Gemäß: 'Zufolge' is a postposition used for citing sources or reports. 'Gemäß' can be a preposition or postposition and focuses on rules and compliance.

Einer Studie zufolge schlafen die Deutschen zu wenig.

Finally, 'entsprechend' is perhaps the closest true synonym to 'gemäß'. It means 'corresponding to' or 'in accordance with' and also takes the dative case. Like 'gemäß', it can be used as a preposition or a postposition ('den Umständen entsprechend' or 'entsprechend den Umständen'). The difference is subtle: 'entsprechend' often implies an adaptation or a logical consequence based on a situation, while 'gemäß' implies strict adherence to a written rule or law. By mastering these distinctions, you can choose exactly the right word for your intended meaning, elevating your German from merely correct to highly articulate.

How Formal Is It?

Difficulty Rating

Grammar to Know

Dative Case Declension

Prepositions with the Dative

Postpositions in German

Verb-Second (V2) Word Order in Main Clauses

Adjective Formation with Suffixes (-gemäß)

Examples by Level

Wir spielen gemäß den Regeln.

We play according to the rules.

Requires the dative case. 'die Regeln' becomes 'den Regeln'.

Gemäß dem Plan essen wir um acht Uhr.

According to the plan, we eat at eight o'clock.

Notice the verb 'essen' comes immediately after the 'gemäß' phrase.

Das ist gemäß dem Gesetz verboten.

That is forbidden according to the law.

'das Gesetz' (neuter) changes to 'dem Gesetz' in the dative.

Gemäß der Lehrerin ist der Test morgen.

According to the teacher, the test is tomorrow.

'die Lehrerin' (feminine) changes to 'der Lehrerin'.

Wir machen das gemäß der Anleitung.

We do this according to the instructions.

Always use the dative case after 'gemäß'.

Gemäß dem Schild dürfen wir hier nicht parken.

According to the sign, we are not allowed to park here.

Starts the sentence, so the verb 'dürfen' is in position 2.

Er arbeitet gemäß dem Vertrag.

He works according to the contract.

'der Vertrag' (masculine) becomes 'dem Vertrag'.

Gemäß den Eltern muss er schlafen.

According to the parents, he must sleep.

Plural dative: 'die Eltern' becomes 'den Eltern'.

Die Lieferung erfolgt gemäß unserer Absprache.

The delivery takes place according to our agreement.

'unsere Absprache' becomes 'unserer Absprache' in the dative.

Gemäß den neuen Vorschriften müssen wir Masken tragen.

According to the new regulations, we must wear masks.

Plural dative with an adjective: 'den neuen Vorschriften'.

Er hat das Auto gemäß der Beschreibung repariert.

He repaired the car according to the description.

'die Beschreibung' changes to 'der Beschreibung'.

Gemäß dem Fahrplan kommt der Zug in fünf Minuten.

According to the timetable, the train arrives in five minutes.

Verb 'kommt' is in the second position after the prepositional phrase.

Wir verhalten uns gemäß den Regeln der Schule.

We behave according to the rules of the school.

Reflexive verb 'sich verhalten' used with 'gemäß'.

Gemäß dem Arzt soll ich viel Wasser trinken.

According to the doctor, I should drink a lot of water.

'der Arzt' becomes 'dem Arzt'.

Das Projekt läuft genau gemäß dem Zeitplan.

The project is running exactly according to the schedule.

'genau' (exactly) can be used to emphasize 'gemäß'.

Gemäß der E-Mail ist das Meeting abgesagt.

According to the email, the meeting is canceled.

Loanwords like 'E-Mail' (die) also follow the dative rule ('der E-Mail').

Die Kündigung des Mietvertrags erfolgte gemäß den gesetzlichen Fristen.

The termination of the rental agreement occurred in accordance with the statutory notice periods.

Formal business context; plural dative 'den gesetzlichen Fristen'.

Gemäß Artikel 3 des Grundgesetzes sind alle Menschen vor dem Gesetz gleich.

According to Article 3 of the Basic Law, all people are equal before the law.

Standard phrasing for citing legal texts.

Wir bitten Sie, die Rechnung gemäß den beigefügten Zahlungsbedingungen zu begleichen.

We ask you to settle the invoice in accordance with the attached payment terms.

Common boilerplate phrase in commercial correspondence.

Den Vorschriften gemäß müssen alle Mitarbeiter an der Sicherheitsschulung teilnehmen.

In accordance with the regulations, all employees must participate in the safety training.

Postpositional use: 'gemäß' is placed after the noun 'den Vorschriften'.

Gemäß unserem gestrigen Telefonat sende ich Ihnen hiermit die Unterlagen.

Pursuant to our phone call yesterday, I am hereby sending you the documents.

Excellent phrase for opening formal business emails.

Der Bau des neuen Krankenhauses verläuft planmäßig und gemäß dem Budget.

The construction of the new hospital is proceeding on schedule and according to the budget.

Used to confirm compliance with financial constraints.

Gemäß der aktuellen Wetterwarnung sollten Sie das Haus nicht verlassen.

According to the current weather warning, you should not leave the house.

Used for official warnings and public announcements.

Er handelte seinen Prinzipien gemäß, auch wenn es Nachteile brachte.

He acted according to his principles, even if it brought disadvantages.

Postpositional use with a plural dative noun ('seinen Prinzipien').

Die Datenverarbeitung erfolgt streng gemäß den Richtlinien der Datenschutz-Grundverordnung (DSGVO).

Data processing is carried out strictly in accordance with the guidelines of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).

High-level professional context; 'streng' emphasizes strict compliance.

Gemäß den Ausführungen des Sachverständigen ist ein technischer Defekt auszuschließen.

According to the expert's statements, a technical defect can be ruled out.

'Ausführungen' is a formal word for statements or explanations.

Der Vorstand hat beschlossen, die Dividende den Erwartungen der Aktionäre gemäß zu erhöhen.

The board of directors has decided to increase the dividend in accordance with the shareholders' expectations.

Postpositional use embedded within a complex infinitive clause.

Gemäß § 242 BGB ist der Schuldner verpflichtet, die Leistung so zu bewirken, wie Treu und Glauben es erfordern.

Pursuant to Section 242 of the German Civil Code, the debtor is obliged to perform in such a manner as good faith requires.

Authentic legal citation structure.

Die Verteilung der Fördermittel wurde gemäß einem komplexen Schlüssel vorgenommen.

The distribution of the funding was carried out according to a complex formula/key.

Passive voice construction combined with 'gemäß'.

Seinem Naturell gemäß mied er große Menschenmengen und öffentliche Auftritte.

In accordance with his nature, he avoided large crowds and public appearances.

Postpositional use referring to a personal characteristic ('Naturell').

Gemäß der geltenden Rechtsprechung ist diese Vertragsklausel unwirksam.

According to current case law, this contract clause is invalid.

'Rechtsprechung' (case law) is a key B2/C1 legal term.

Wir verfahren in dieser Angelegenheit strikt gemäß dem etablierten Protokoll.

We are proceeding in this matter strictly in accordance with the established protocol.

'verfahren' is a highly formal verb meaning to proceed or act.

Die Implementierung der neuen Softwarearchitektur vollzog sich exakt den vorgegebenen Spezifikationen gemäß.

The implementation of the new software architecture took place exactly in accordance with the specified requirements.

Postpositional use with a highly technical vocabulary ('Spezifikationen').

Gemäß den Prinzipien der Gewaltenteilung darf die Exekutive nicht in die Kompetenzen der Judikative eingreifen.

According to the principles of the separation of powers, the executive branch may not interfere with the competencies of the judiciary.

Academic/political context requiring precise terminology.

Dem Vernehmen gemäß plant das Unternehmen eine feindliche Übernahme des Konkurrenten.

According to rumors/reports, the company is planning a hostile takeover of its competitor.

'Dem Vernehmen gemäß' is a fixed, highly elevated idiom meaning 'according to what is heard/rumored'.

Die vertraglichen Verpflichtungen sind gemäß den Grundsätzen von Treu und Glauben auszulegen.

The contractual obligations are to be interpreted in accordance with the principles of good faith.

Legal terminology ('Treu und Glauben', 'auszulegen').

Gemäß der herrschenden Lehre im Strafrecht liegt hier kein Vorsatz vor.

According to the prevailing doctrine in criminal law, there is no intent here.

'herrschende Lehre' (prevailing doctrine) is a standard academic legal phrase.

Er handelte pflichtgemäß, als er den Vorfall umgehend der Aufsichtsbehörde meldete.

He acted dutifully (in accordance with his duty) when he immediately reported the incident to the regulatory authority.

Use of the compound adjective/adverb 'pflichtgemäß'.

Die Subventionen wurden zweckgemäß verwendet und ordnungsgemäß abgerechnet.

The subsidies were used for their intended purpose and properly accounted for.

Double use of '-gemäß' compounds ('zweckgemäß', 'ordnungsgemäß').

Gemäß den Ausführungsbestimmungen zum Gesetz tritt die Neuregelung erst im kommenden Jahr in Kraft.

Pursuant to the implementing regulations for the law, the new rule will not come into effect until next year.

Highly specific administrative vocabulary ('Ausführungsbestimmungen').

Die Auslegung der Norm hat sich teleologisch, also ihrem Sinn und Zweck gemäß, zu vollziehen.

The interpretation of the norm must be carried out teleologically, i.e., in accordance with its meaning and purpose.

Extremely high register; postpositional use within an apposition ('ihrem Sinn und Zweck gemäß').

Gemäß der ständigen Rechtsprechung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts ist dieser Eingriff in die Grundrechte unverhältnismäßig.

According to the established case law of the Federal Constitutional Court, this infringement of fundamental rights is disproportionate.

Standard phrasing for citing supreme court decisions.

Das Verfahren wurde form- und fristgemäß eingeleitet, sodass keine prozessualen Hindernisse bestehen.

The proceedings were initiated in due form and time, so that there are no procedural obstacles.

Compound adverbs ('form- und fristgemäß') used to summarize complex legal compliance.

Erfahrungsgemäß führt eine derart restriktive Geldpolitik unweigerlich zu einer rezessiven Tendenz in der Realwirtschaft.

Experience has shown (According to experience) that such a restrictive monetary policy inevitably leads to a recessive tendency in the real economy.

'Erfahrungsgemäß' used as a sentence adverb to introduce an empirical truth.

Der Antrag ist mangels Begründetheit abzuweisen, da der Kläger seinen Darlegungspflichten nicht vollumfänglich gemäß nachgekommen ist.

The application is to be dismissed for lack of merit, as the plaintiff has not fully complied with his burden of presentation.

Complex legal syntax; 'gemäß' used in conjunction with 'nachkommen' (to comply with).

Die Rekonstruktion des historischen Gebäudes erfolgte streng den denkmalpflegerischen Vorgaben gemäß.

The reconstruction of the historical building was carried out strictly in accordance with the heritage conservation guidelines.

Postpositional use emphasizing the strict adherence to specialized guidelines ('denkmalpflegerischen Vorgaben').

Gemäß den Paradigmen der Quantenmechanik entzieht sich das Phänomen einer deterministischen Beschreibung.

According to the paradigms of quantum mechanics, the phenomenon eludes a deterministic description.

Academic, scientific context using highly specialized vocabulary.

Die testamentarische Verfügung ist dem mutmaßlichen Willen des Erblassers gemäß auszulegen.

The testamentary disposition is to be interpreted in accordance with the presumed will of the deceased.

Classic legal phrasing in inheritance law ('mutmaßlicher Wille', 'Erblasser').

Synonyms

entsprechend laut nach zufolge in Übereinstimmung mit aufgrund kraft in Anlehnung an

Antonyms

entgegen zuwider trotz abweichend von

Common Collocations

gemäß dem Gesetz

gemäß den Vorschriften

gemäß der Vereinbarung

gemäß den Richtlinien

gemäß Artikel

gemäß Paragraph

handeln gemäß

verfahren gemäß

entscheiden gemäß

ordnungsgemäß

Common Phrases

gemäß unserer Absprache

gemäß Ihren Anweisungen

gemäß den gesetzlichen Bestimmungen

den Umständen gemäß

dem Vernehmen gemäß

gemäß der aktuellen Rechtslage

gemäß den beigefügten Unterlagen

gemäß den Allgemeinen Geschäftsbedingungen

gemäß dem vorliegenden Bericht

gemäß den geltenden Normen

Often Confused With

gemäß vs laut (used for sources, often without an article)

gemäß vs nach (used for opinions or sequences, less formal)

gemäß vs zufolge (used for reports/studies, strictly a postposition)

Idioms & Expressions

"dem Vernehmen gemäß (according to rumor/reports)"

"seiner Natur gemäß (true to his nature)"

"standesgemäß leben (to live according to one's social status)"

"ordnungsgemäß (properly, by the book)"

"zeitgemäß (up to date, contemporary)"

"pflichtgemäß (dutifully)"

"zweckgemäß (fit for purpose)"

"vertragsgemäß (as agreed in the contract)"

"erfahrungsgemäß (according to experience)"

"naturgemäß (naturally, inherently)"

Easily Confused

gemäß vs

Sentence Patterns

How to Use It

regional

There are no significant regional variations in the use of 'gemäß'; it is standard across the DACH region.

stylistic

Combining 'gemäß' with a passive construction (e.g., 'wurde gemäß den Regeln durchgeführt') is the ultimate marker of bureaucratic German.

historical

In older texts (18th/19th century), 'gemäß' was sometimes used with the genitive case. This is entirely obsolete today and considered an error.

Common Mistakes

Using the genitive case instead of the dative case (e.g., saying 'gemäß des Vertrags' instead of 'gemäß dem Vertrag').
Failing to invert the subject and verb when starting a sentence with 'gemäß' (e.g., 'Gemäß dem Plan wir gehen' instead of 'Gemäß dem Plan gehen wir').
Using 'gemäß' in casual conversation to express an opinion (e.g., 'Gemäß mir...' instead of 'Meiner Meinung nach...').
Putting a comma immediately after a 'gemäß' phrase at the beginning of a main clause.
Confusing 'gemäß' with 'laut' and using it without an article when an article is required (e.g., 'gemäß Gesetz' instead of 'gemäß dem Gesetz').

Tips

The Dative Rule

Always, without exception, use the dative case with 'gemäß'. Memorize the dative articles: dem (m/n), der (f), den + n (pl). If you use the genitive, you will sound incorrect in formal settings.

Verb Second Position

If you begin your sentence with 'Gemäß dem...', the very next word must be the verb. English speakers often want to put the subject next, but in German, the verb must take the second position.

Keep It Formal

Reserve 'gemäß' for business emails, legal texts, and academic writing. Using it to talk about your weekend plans or a friend's opinion sounds unnatural and overly stiff.

Master the Compounds

Learn words ending in '-gemäß' like 'ordnungsgemäß' and 'vertragsgemäß'. They are incredibly useful in business German and make you sound highly proficient and concise.

Try the Postposition

To impress your German teacher or business partners, try placing 'gemäß' after the noun occasionally (e.g., 'den Richtlinien gemäß'). It shows a deep understanding of German sentence structure.

Gemäß vs. Laut

Use 'laut' when citing a source of information (like a newspaper). Use 'gemäß' when citing a rule, law, or binding agreement that must be followed.

The Long 'Ä'

Pronounce the 'ä' in 'gemäß' as a long, open sound, similar to the 'e' in the English word 'where'. Do not rush the vowel; it carries the stress of the word.

No Commas After Starting Phrases

Unlike in English ('According to the law, ...'), do not put a comma after a 'gemäß' phrase at the start of a German sentence. Just go straight into the verb.

The 'M' Trick

Remember that 'gemäß' contains an 'm'. Let this remind you of 'dem', the dative article. This simple trick can stop you from accidentally using the genitive case.

The Bureaucracy Word

Think of 'gemäß' as the ultimate word of German bureaucracy. If a sentence involves a stamp, a signature, or a strict rule, 'gemäß' is probably the right preposition to use.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Think of the word 'Maß' (measure) inside 'gemäß'. When you do something 'gemäß' a rule, you are 'measuring up' to it.

Visual Association

Imagine a judge holding a measuring tape against a law book to ensure everything 'measures up' (gemäß) perfectly.

Word Origin

Middle High German 'gemæze', Old High German 'gimāzi'

Cultural Context

Extremely high. It is the gold standard for formal written German.

Using it in casual conversation can make you sound arrogant, overly pedantic, or like a bureaucrat.

Used uniformly across all German-speaking regions (Germany, Austria, Switzerland) in formal contexts.

Practice in Real Life

Real-World Contexts

Conversation Starters

"Haben wir das Projekt gemäß dem ursprünglichen Zeitplan abgeschlossen?"

"Müssen wir hier gemäß den neuen Sicherheitsrichtlinien vorgehen?"

"Ist diese Klausel im Vertrag gemäß der aktuellen Rechtslage noch gültig?"

"Können wir das Problem gemäß unserer gestrigen Absprache lösen?"

"Wurde die Kündigung gemäß den gesetzlichen Fristen eingereicht?"

Journal Prompts

Beschreibe eine Situation, in der du streng gemäß den Regeln handeln musstest.

Warum ist es in Deutschland so wichtig, dass alles 'ordnungsgemäß' abläuft?

Schreibe eine formelle E-Mail an eine fiktive Firma, in der du dich gemäß den Garantiebedingungen beschwerst.

Diskutiere: Sollte man immer gemäß dem Gesetz handeln, auch wenn man es für moralisch falsch hält?

Welche Dinge in deinem Leben verlaufen genau gemäß deinem Plan und welche nicht?

Frequently Asked Questions

10 questions

'Gemäß' strictly takes the dative case in modern standard German. For example, you must say 'gemäß dem Gesetz' (dative) and never 'gemäß des Gesetzes' (genitive). While you might occasionally hear native speakers mistakenly use the genitive, it is grammatically incorrect and will be marked wrong in exams. Always associate 'gemäß' with the dative to ensure formal accuracy.

Yes, absolutely. 'Gemäß' is one of the few German prepositions that can also function as a postposition. This means you can say 'den Vorschriften gemäß' instead of 'gemäß den Vorschriften'. Both forms are grammatically correct and mean the exact same thing. The postpositional use often sounds slightly more elevated or traditional.

While both translate to 'according to', they are used differently. 'Laut' is typically used to cite sources of information, like a newspaper or a report, and often appears without an article (e.g., 'laut Wetterbericht'). 'Gemäß' is used to refer to strict rules, laws, or agreements, and almost always requires a dative article (e.g., 'gemäß dem Vertrag'). Use 'gemäß' for compliance and 'laut' for information.

Yes, it usually sounds very strange. 'Gemäß' belongs to a highly formal register known as 'Beamtendeutsch' (bureaucratic German). If you say 'Gemäß meiner Mutter...' (According to my mother...), it sounds as if your mother is a legal statute. In casual conversation, it is much better to use 'laut' or 'nach' (e.g., 'Meiner Mutter nach...').

When you start a sentence with a 'gemäß' phrase, you must follow the German V2 (verb second) rule. The entire prepositional phrase counts as position one. Therefore, the verb must come immediately after it, followed by the subject. For example: 'Gemäß dem Plan (1) starten (2) wir (3) morgen.' Do not use a comma after the phrase.

The suffix '-gemäß' is added to nouns to create adjectives or adverbs that mean 'in accordance with [the noun]'. For example, 'der Vertrag' (the contract) becomes 'vertragsgemäß' (in accordance with the contract). Other common examples include 'ordnungsgemäß' (properly/by the rules) and 'zeitgemäß' (contemporary/up to date). It is a very efficient way to express compliance in a single word.

Yes, you can use 'gemäß' with pronouns, though it is less common than using it with nouns. The pronoun must be in the dative case. For example, 'gemäß ihm' (according to him) or 'gemäß uns' (according to us). However, in most cases, native speakers prefer to use 'nach' with pronouns (e.g., 'ihm nach') unless the context is extremely formal.

Yes, 'gemäß' is a standard German word and is used identically in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. It is the standard preposition for formal, legal, and administrative texts across the entire German-speaking world. There are no regional variations in its meaning or its requirement for the dative case.

People say 'gemäß des Gesetzes' because they are making a grammatical mistake known as hypercorrection. Because many formal prepositions in German (like 'wegen', 'trotz', 'aufgrund') take the genitive case, speakers mistakenly assume that 'gemäß', being a formal word, must also take the genitive. However, the rule is strict: 'gemäß' requires the dative ('gemäß dem Gesetz').

The word 'gemäß' shares its root with the German noun 'das Maß', which means 'the measure'. Historically, it meant that something 'measured up' equally to something else. Over centuries, this evolved into the modern meaning of acting 'in accordance with' a specific measure, rule, or standard. Remembering this connection to 'measuring up' can help you remember its meaning.

Test Yourself 200 questions

writing

Write a sentence using 'gemäß' and the noun 'der Plan' (the plan).

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Ensure 'der Plan' becomes 'dem Plan' and the verb follows immediately if starting the sentence.