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A1 verb 10 min read

دوست داشتن

Examples دوست داشتن in 30 Seconds
Explanation دوست داشتن in your Level:
At the A1 level, 'دوست داشتن' (dūst dāštan) is one of the first verbs you will learn to express your basic needs and preferences. It is essential for saying 'I like' or 'I don't like'. At this stage, you should focus on the present tense conjugation: 'دوست دارم' (I like), 'دوست داری' (you like), and 'دوست دارد' (he/she likes). You will mostly use it with simple nouns like food, colors, or family members. For example, 'من سیب دوست دارم' (I like apples). It is also important to learn the negative form 'دوست ندارم' (I don't like). You don't need to worry about complex grammar yet, just the basic SVO (Subject-Object-Verb) structure where the object comes before the verb. Remember that in Persian, the verb always comes at the end of the sentence. This verb helps you participate in basic conversations about hobbies and tastes, which are common in A1 speaking tests. You should also be able to ask simple questions like 'آیا بستنی دوست داری؟' (Do you like ice cream?). Mastery of this verb at A1 provides the emotional vocabulary needed for basic social bonding. It is also used to express 'love' for family, which is a key topic in early language learning. Don't worry about the 'ra' particle too much at first, but try to notice when it appears after specific objects.
At the A2 level, you begin to use 'دوست داشتن' in more varied contexts and with slightly more complex grammar. You should start using the past tense 'دوست داشتم' (I liked/loved) to talk about your childhood preferences or past experiences. For example, 'بچگی‌ام گربه دوست داشتم' (I liked cats in my childhood). You will also learn to use the verb with infinitives to describe activities you like doing. Instead of just saying 'I like football', you can say 'من فوتبال بازی کردن را دوست دارم' (I like playing football). At A2, the use of the object marker 'را' (rā) becomes more important. You should understand that when you like a specific person or a specific thing, 'ra' is necessary. You will also start to use adverbs like 'خیلی' (very) or 'کمی' (a little) to qualify your feelings. For instance, 'من این فیلم را خیلی دوست دارم'. You can also use it to compare things using 'بیشتر' (more), such as 'من چای را بیشتر از قهوه دوست دارم' (I like tea more than coffee). This allows you to engage in more detailed conversations about your lifestyle and habits. You should also be comfortable with the plural forms 'دوست داریم', 'دوست دارید', and 'دوست دارند' to talk about groups and common interests.
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At the B1 level, you should be able to use 'دوست داشتن' to express opinions and describe feelings in more nuanced ways. You will encounter it in the subjunctive mood, which is used for desires and hypothetical situations. For example, 'دوست دارم که به ایران بروم' (I would like to go to Iran). Here, 'دوست دارم' acts as a matrix verb followed by 'که' (that) and a subjunctive verb. You should also be able to handle the future tense equivalents, often expressed using the present tense in a future context or with 'خواستن'. At this level, you start to distinguish between 'دوست داشتن' and more formal alternatives like 'پسندیدن' or 'مایل بودن'. You will also use it in more complex sentence structures involving relative clauses. For example, 'من آدم‌هایی را که مهربان هستند دوست دارم' (I like people who are kind). Your vocabulary for what you can 'like' expands to include abstract concepts like 'freedom', 'justice', or 'honesty'. You should also be able to use the verb in the negative to express polite refusals or disagreements. B1 learners should also start noticing the use of pronominal suffixes with the verb in colloquial speech, such as 'دوستت دارم' (I love/like you) instead of 'من تو را دوست دارم'.
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At the B2 level, 'دوست داشتن' becomes a tool for more sophisticated social and literary expression. You should be able to use it to discuss abstract themes in films, books, and social issues. You will recognize it in various literary tenses, including the perfect and past perfect. For example, 'همیشه او را دوست داشته‌ام' (I have always loved/liked him). This shows a continuous state of emotion from the past to the present. You will also understand the subtle difference between using 'دوست داشتن' for a person versus a thing in a more cultural context, where it might imply a sense of duty or deep-rooted respect. At B2, you should be familiar with common idioms and fixed expressions that use the word 'دوست', even if they don't use the full verb 'دوست داشتن'. You can participate in debates about preferences and defend your 'liking' of certain ideas using more complex logical connectors. You will also be able to identify the verb in fast-paced media like news or podcasts, where it might be used to describe public sentiment or political preferences. Your understanding of the verb’s role in 'Ta'arof' (Persian politeness) should be well-developed, knowing when a 'like' is a genuine emotion versus a social lubricant.
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At the C1 level, you possess a deep appreciation for the historical and poetic weight of 'دوست داشتن'. You can analyze its use in modern Persian literature and classical poetry, where the concept of 'the Friend' (Dūst) often represents the Divine or the ideal beloved. You should be able to discuss the etymological roots of the word 'دوست' and how the compound verb structure reflects Persian thought. You will use the verb in highly complex, multi-clausal sentences with precision. For example, you might use it to describe the nuances of aesthetic appreciation in Persian art. You are comfortable with the most formal and the most slang versions of the verb. You can also use it to express irony or sarcasm in sophisticated social interactions. At this level, you should be able to write essays or give presentations comparing 'دوست داشتن' with other emotional verbs in Persian, explaining the psychological and cultural implications of each. You understand how the verb interacts with Persian prosody in poetry and can appreciate the rhythmic quality it adds to a verse. Your mastery is such that you can use the verb to navigate the most delicate social situations in Iran with perfect tact and cultural awareness.
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At the C2 level, you have a near-native or native-like command of 'دوست داشتن'. You can perceive the finest shades of meaning and the most subtle emotional overtones when this verb is used. You can engage in high-level academic or philosophical discussions about the nature of 'liking' and 'loving' in the Persian worldview. You are familiar with the use of the verb in all historical periods of the Persian language, from early New Persian to the latest street slang. You can translate complex English texts involving 'love' and 'affection' into Persian with perfect idiomatic accuracy, choosing between 'دوست داشتن', 'عشق ورزیدن', 'مهر داشتن', and other synonyms based on the exact register and tone required. You can appreciate and produce creative writing that utilizes the verb in innovative ways. Your understanding of the cultural 'subtext' of the verb is complete; you know exactly what is being left unsaid when someone says they 'like' something in a specific social context. You are a master of the 'language of the heart' in Persian, and 'دوست داشتن' is a primary instrument in your linguistic repertoire. You can even critique the use of the verb in contemporary media and literature, identifying trends and shifts in how Persians express affection.
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Examples

دوست داشتن in 30 Seconds

  • Fundamental Persian verb for expressing 'like' and 'love'.
  • A compound verb using 'dūst' (friend) and 'dāštan' (to have).
  • Used for everything from food preferences to romantic affection.
  • Does not use the 'mi' prefix in the present tense.
The Persian verb دوست داشتن (dūst dāštan) is the cornerstone of expressing affection, preference, and emotional attachment in the Persian language. At its most fundamental level, it translates to 'to like' or 'to love' in English. However, its usage is much broader and more nuanced than a simple binary translation. In Persian, this is a compound verb, consisting of the noun دوست (dūst), meaning 'friend' or 'beloved', and the light verb داشتن (dāštan), meaning 'to have'. Literally, when you say you like something, you are saying you 'have it as a friend' or 'hold it dear'. This linguistic structure reflects a deep-seated cultural value where liking something is seen as an internal possession of affection.
Intensity and Context
Unlike English, which often distinguishes sharply between 'liking' a pizza and 'loving' a spouse, Persian uses 'دوست داشتن' for both. The intensity is conveyed through adverbs like 'خیلی' (very) or through the context of the relationship. While 'عاشق بودن' (to be in love) exists for romantic passion, 'دوست داشتن' is the standard for long-term, stable love and general preferences.

من گربه ها را دوست دارم چون آنها آرام هستند.

Translation: I like cats because they are calm.
Social Dynamics
In Iranian culture, expressing 'liking' is often tied to 'Ta'arof' (ritual politeness). Saying you like something someone else owns might prompt them to offer it to you as a gift. Therefore, 'دوست داشتن' carries a weight of social responsibility. It is also used to express hobbies, food preferences, and career choices, making it one of the most versatile verbs for a beginner to master. It bridges the gap between mere preference and deep emotional commitment.

آیا تو موسیقی سنتی را دوست داری؟

مادرم همیشه مرا دوست داشت.

Grammatical Composition
As a compound verb, the conjugation happens only on the 'داشتن' part. The word 'دوست' remains static. For example, in the past tense, it becomes 'دوست داشتم' (I liked), and in the present, it becomes 'دوست دارم' (I like). This structure is vital for learners to grasp because it applies to thousands of other Persian verbs. Understanding 'دوست داشتن' is a gateway to understanding the Persian verbal system as a whole.

ما سفر کردن را خیلی دوست داریم.

او هیچ‌وقت سبزیجات دوست نداشت.

In summary, this verb is ubiquitous. Whether you are browsing a menu, meeting a new friend, or listening to a Persian ballad, 'دوست داشتن' will be your most reliable tool for communicating your heart's desires and your mind's inclinations. It is polite, versatile, and deeply rooted in the Persian worldview of holding things 'as a friend'.
Using دوست داشتن correctly requires an understanding of how compound verbs interact with sentence objects and tense markers. In Persian, the direct object of the verb usually comes before the verb itself. If the object is a specific person or a specific thing (e.g., 'the book' instead of 'a book'), you must add the suffix 'را' (rā) to the object. This is a common stumbling block for English speakers. For instance, 'I like tea' is 'من چای دوست دارم', but 'I like this tea' is 'من این چای را دوست دارم'.
Present Tense Conjugation
To conjugate in the present tense, we use the present stem of 'داشتن', which is 'دار' (dār). The prefixes and suffixes are then attached. I like: دوست دارم (dūst dāram); You like: دوست داری (dūst dārī); He/She likes: دوست دارد (dūst dārad); We like: دوست داریم (dūst dārīm); You (plural) like: دوست دارید (dūst dārīd); They like: دوست دارند (dūst dārand).

من تو را خیلی دوست دارم.

I love/like you very much.
Past Tense and Negation
The past stem is 'داشت' (dāšt). For negation, we add the prefix 'نـ' (na-) to the 'داشتن' part. I didn't like: دوست نداشتم (dūst nadāštam). I don't like: دوست ندارم (dūst nadāram). Note that for the verb 'داشتن' and its compounds in the present tense, we do not use the 'می' (mī) prefix that other verbs use for the continuous present. It is simply 'دوست دارم', never 'دوست می‌دارم' in modern spoken Persian.

آنها فیلم‌های اکشن را دوست ندارند.

آیا قبلاً این غذا را دوست داشتی؟

Using Infinitives as Objects
If you want to say you like 'doing' something, you use the infinitive form of the second verb. For example, 'reading' is 'خواندن' (khāndan). 'I like reading' becomes 'من خواندن را دوست دارم'. This is a very structured way to express hobbies. You can also use the subjunctive mood for more complex sentences, but for beginners, the infinitive + را + دوست داشتن is the most efficient pattern.

برادرم فوتبال بازی کردن را دوست دارد.

ما پیاده‌روی در پارک را دوست داریم.

By mastering these patterns, you can express thousands of preferences. The key is to remember the 'ra' for specific objects and to only conjugate the 'dāštan' part. Whether it's a person, an object, or an action, 'دوست داشتن' follows this consistent logic.
In the vibrant streets of Tehran, in the cozy cafes of Isfahan, or in the lyrical verses of modern Iranian pop music, دوست داشتن is everywhere. It is perhaps the most emotive verb in the Persian language because it spans the entire spectrum of human connection. If you walk into a Persian household, you might hear a mother saying to her child, 'دوستت دارم' (dūstet dāram - I love you), or a guest saying, 'من این چای را خیلی دوست دارم' to compliment the host's hospitality.
In Pop Culture and Music
Persian music is heavily centered around themes of love and longing. You will find 'دوست داشتن' in the titles of countless songs. Unlike the more dramatic 'عشق' (eshgh - passion), 'دوست داشتن' often represents a more enduring, gentle, and reliable form of affection. It’s the word used in wedding vows and in letters to old friends. When a singer says 'دوستت دارم'، they are expressing a deep, soul-level appreciation.

در ترانه‌های ایرانی، خواننده می‌گوید: «من تو را بیشتر از جانم دوست دارم».

In Iranian songs, the singer says: 'I love you more than my own life.'
Daily Social Interactions
When shopping in a bazaar, if you point to a fabric and say 'این را دوست دارم'، the merchant will immediately understand your preference and might start showing you similar items. In restaurants, waiters might ask, 'کدام غذا را بیشتر دوست دارید؟' (Which food do you like more?). It is the standard way to navigate choices and preferences in a polite society. It is less formal than 'پسندیدن' (to approve/like) and more personal than 'مایل بودن' (to be inclined/wish).

ببخشید، من این رنگ را دوست ندارم. آیا رنگ دیگری دارید؟

بچه‌ها، کی بستنی دوست دارد؟

Literature and Poetry
Even in classical literature, while 'Ishq' is the dominant theme, the concept of 'Dūst' (the Friend) is central to Sufi poetry. Poets like Rumi and Hafez use the word 'Dūst' to refer to the Divine. Therefore, the verb 'دوست داشتن' carries a spiritual echo for many Persians, implying a connection that goes beyond the physical world. When you use this word, you are tapping into a linguistic tradition that has celebrated 'the friend' for over a millennium.

سهراب سپهری می‌گوید: «من چه سبزم امروز و چه اندازه تنم هوشیار است! نکند اندوهی، سر رسد از پس کوه. چه کسی می‌گوید: پشت ویترین‌ها تنهاست؟ من که دوست دارم...»

In every context, from the mundane to the sublime, this verb acts as the primary bridge between the speaker and the world they appreciate. It is the most human of Persian verbs.
For English speakers learning Persian, دوست داشتن presents several grammatical and conceptual hurdles. Because it is a compound verb, the most frequent error involves treating it like a single unit or misplacing the negative marker.
The 'Mi' Prefix Error
One of the most common mistakes is adding 'می' (mī) to the present tense. In standard Persian, most verbs take 'می' to show the present (e.g., می‌روم - I go). However, 'داشتن' and its compounds (like 'دوست داشتن') are exceptions. Saying 'دوست می‌دارم' is archaic and poetic; in modern speech, it sounds very strange. Always say 'دوست دارم'.

اشتباه: من قهوه می‌دوست دارم. درست: من قهوه دوست دارم.

Omitting the Object Marker 'Ra'
Because 'liking' often involves specific things, the 'را' (rā) particle is crucial. Beginners often forget it. If you say 'من این کتاب دوست دارم', it sounds incomplete. It must be 'من این کتاب را دوست دارم'. If the object is general (like 'books' in general), you can omit 'ra', but for specific nouns, it is mandatory.

اشتباه: من علی دوست دارم. درست: من علی را دوست دارم.

Confusing 'Like' with 'Love'
While 'دوست داشتن' covers both, English speakers sometimes use 'عاشق بودن' (to be in love) for things they just really like (e.g., 'I love this pizza'). In Persian, 'عاشق بودن' is very intense and usually reserved for romantic love or spiritual devotion. Using it for food or movies can sound overly dramatic or 'Tehrangeles' (diaspora) style. Stick to 'خیلی دوست داشتن' for high-level liking.

بجای «عاشق این همبرگر هستم»، بگویید: «این همبرگر را خیلی دوست دارم».

Negative Conjugation Placement
In compound verbs, the negative 'نـ' prefix must go on the light verb (the second part). Some learners try to put it on 'دوست' or between the two words incorrectly. It is always 'دوست ندارم', never 'نه‌دوست دارم' or 'دوست نه‌دارم'.

اشتباه: من نه‌دوست دارم ورزش کنم. درست: من ورزش کردن را دوست ندارم.

By avoiding these pitfalls, your Persian will sound much more natural and grammatically sound. The key is to remember the unique behavior of the verb 'داشتن'.
While دوست داشتن is the go-to verb for liking and loving, Persian offers a rich palette of alternatives depending on the level of formality and the nature of the affection. Understanding these can help you move from A1 to more advanced levels of expression.
پسندیدن (Pasandīdan)
This verb means 'to approve of' or 'to find pleasing'. It is often used when shopping or selecting something based on quality or aesthetics. While 'دوست داشتن' is emotional, 'پسندیدن' is more evaluative. Example: 'من این لباس را پسندیدم' (I found this dress pleasing/I liked it).
عاشق بودن (Āšeq būdan)
Meaning 'to be in love', this is much stronger than 'دوست داشتن'. It implies passion and obsession. It is used for romantic partners or intense hobbies. Example: 'او عاشق نقاشی است' (He is in love with painting).

تفاوت: «دوست داشتن» عمیق و پایدار است، اما «عاشق بودن» پرشور و هیجانی است.

Difference: 'Dūst dāštan' is deep and stable, but 'āšeq būdan' is passionate and emotional.
مایل بودن (Māyel būdan)
Meaning 'to be inclined' or 'to wish', this is a formal alternative. You might hear this in business settings or polite invitations. Example: 'آیا مایل هستید چای بنوشید؟' (Would you be inclined to drink tea? / Would you like some tea?).
ارادت داشتن (Erādat dāštan)
This is a very formal way to say you 'like' or 'respect' someone, often used in Ta'arof. It literally means 'to have devotion/sincerity towards someone'. It is a way to show humility. Example: 'به شما ارادت دارم' (I have devotion to you / I like/respect you).

من به جای «دوست دارم»، در جلسات رسمی می‌گویم: «بسیار مایل هستم که...»

لذت بردن (Lezzat bordan)
Meaning 'to enjoy'. While you might 'like' a movie, you 'enjoy' the experience of watching it. Example: 'از فیلم لذت بردم' (I enjoyed the movie). It focuses on the pleasure derived from the activity.

ما از قدم زدن در باران لذت می‌بریم.

In summary, 'دوست داشتن' is your foundation. As you grow, you will layer these other verbs to express shades of approval, passion, politeness, and pleasure. But even for a native speaker, 'دوست داشتن' remains the most sincere and frequently used term for the things and people they hold dear.
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Examples by Level

1

من سیب دوست دارم.

I like apples.

Simple present: Subject + Object + Verb.

2

آیا تو گربه دوست داری؟

Do you like cats?

Question form using 'آیا' (āyā).

3

مادرم را دوست دارم.

I love my mother.

Use of 'را' (rā) for a specific person.

4

ما بستنی دوست داریم.

We like ice cream.

Plural 'we' conjugation.

5

او کتاب دوست ندارد.

He/she doesn't like books.

Negative form 'دوست ندارد'.

6

آنها تهران را دوست دارند.

They like Tehran.

Plural 'they' conjugation.

7

من رنگ آبی را دوست دارم.

I like the color blue.

Specific object with 'را'.

8

شما چه میوه‌ای دوست دارید؟

What fruit do you like?

Question with 'چه' (what).

1

من فوتبال بازی کردن را دوست دارم.

I like playing football.

Verb + Infinitive + را.

2

او قبلاً این خانه را دوست داشت.

He/she liked this house before.

Simple past tense.

3

ما سفر کردن به شمال را خیلی دوست داریم.

We like traveling to the north very much.

Use of 'خیلی' (very) for emphasis.

4

آیا شما موسیقی سنتی دوست داشتید؟

Did you like traditional music?

Past tense question plural.

5

من چای را بیشتر از قهوه دوست دارم.

I like tea more than coffee.

Comparison using 'بیشتر از'.

6

برادرم سگ‌ها را دوست نداشت.

My brother didn't like dogs.

Negative past tense.

7

آنها پیاده‌روی در شب را دوست دارند.

They like walking at night.

Compound object (walking at night).

8

من این فیلم را اصلاً دوست ندارم.

I don't like this movie at all.

Use of 'اصلاً' (at all) for negation.

1

دوست دارم که فردا به کتابخانه بروم.

I would like to go to the library tomorrow.

Subjunctive mood after 'دوست دارم که'.

2

او همیشه می‌گفت که مرا دوست دارد.

He/she always used to say that they love/like me.

Reported speech with 'که'.

3

ما دوست داشتیم در یک شهر بزرگ زندگی کنیم.

We liked/wanted to live in a big city.

Past tense followed by subjunctive.

4

آیا دوست داری با من به مهمانی بیایی؟

Would you like to come to the party with me?

Subjunctive question.

5

من آدم‌هایی را که صادق هستند دوست دارم.

I like people who are honest.

Relative clause with 'که'.

6

او از اینکه به او کمک کردی، تو را دوست دارد.

He/she likes you because you helped them.

Reasoning with 'از اینکه'.

7

دوست ندارم که کسی در کارم دخالت کند.

I don't like it when someone interferes in my work.

Negative subjunctive construction.

8

شما دوست دارید در آینده چه کاره شوید؟

What would you like to become in the future?

Future intent with present tense.

1

من همیشه به فرهنگ و هنر ایران ارادت داشته و آن را دوست داشته‌ام.

I have always had devotion to and liked Iranian culture and art.

Present perfect tense.

2

او طوری حرف می‌زند که انگار همه را دوست دارد.

He talks in a way as if he likes everyone.

Hypothetical 'انگار' (as if).

3

ما دوست داشتیم که شرایط بهتر می‌شد.

We wished/would have liked for conditions to become better.

Conditional past wish.

4

بسیاری از مردم این سبک معماری را دوست ندارند.

Many people do not like this style of architecture.

Formal subject 'بسیاری از مردم'.

5

من آن کتابی را که هدیه دادی، خیلی دوست داشتم.

I really liked that book that you gave as a gift.

Past tense with relative clause.

6

آیا فکر می‌کنی او واقعاً تو را دوست دارد؟

Do you think he/she really loves/likes you?

Embedded question.

7

او با وجود تمام سختی‌ها، زندگی را دوست داشت.

Despite all the hardships, he/she loved life.

Contrastive 'با وجود'.

8

دوست داشتنِ بی قید و شرط، کار آسانی نیست.

Unconditional loving is not an easy task.

Infinitive as a subject (Gerund equivalent).

1

در ادبیات عرفانی، دوست داشتن به معنای فنا شدن در معشوق است.

In mystical literature, loving means being annihilated in the beloved.

Academic/Literary definition.

2

او چنان به وطن خود عشق می‌ورزید که گویی آن را بیش از خود دوست می‌داشت.

He loved his homeland so much that it was as if he liked it more than himself.

Literary past 'می‌داشت' and 'عشق ورزیدن'.

3

اینکه بخواهیم همه ما را دوست داشته باشند، خواسته معقولی نیست.

Wanting everyone to like us is not a reasonable desire.

Complex clausal subject.

4

او همواره از بازگشت به خاطراتی که دوست داشت، پرهیز می‌کرد.

He always avoided returning to the memories he loved.

Participial phrase and past tense.

5

دوست داشتن در این سیاق، بیشتر به معنای احترام متقابل است.

Liking in this context means more of a mutual respect.

Nuanced semantic analysis.

6

آیا می‌توان بدون شناخت عمیق، کسی را واقعاً دوست داشت؟

Can one really love someone without deep knowledge?

Philosophical inquiry.

7

او با لحنی که نشان‌دهنده عدم تمایل بود، گفت که این طرح را دوست ندارد.

With a tone indicating a lack of inclination, he said he doesn't like this plan.

Descriptive formal narrative.

8

مفهوم دوست داشتن در اشعار حافظ با مفاهیم زمینی تفاوت دارد.

The concept of loving in Hafez's poems differs from earthly concepts.

Literary comparison.

1

تحلیل هرمنوتیکِ فعل «دوست داشتن» در متون کلاسیک، لایه‌های پنهانی از معنا را آشکار می‌سازد.

Hermeneutic analysis of the verb 'to love' in classical texts reveals hidden layers of meaning.

High-level academic discourse.

2

وی در رساله‌ی خود، تمایز ظریفی میان «دوست داشتن» و «میل مفرط» قائل شده است.

In his treatise, he has made a subtle distinction between 'loving' and 'excessive desire'.

Formal present perfect with complex vocabulary.

3

تجلیِ دوست داشتن در ساحتِ هنر، فراتر از یک حسِ گذراست.

The manifestation of loving in the realm of art is beyond a fleeting feeling.

Metaphysical/Philosophical register.

4

او با ظرافتی بی‌نظیر، پارادوکس‌های موجود در مفهوم دوست داشتن را به تصویر می‌کشد.

With unique delicacy, he portrays the paradoxes present in the concept of loving.

Advanced literary criticism.

5

آیا دوست داشتن، فی‌نفسه، یک عملِ ارادی است یا یک انفعالِ روحی؟

Is loving, in itself, a volitional act or a spiritual passion?

Ontological question using Arabic-derived terms.

6

سیاستمدار با زیرکی از پاسخ به اینکه آیا سیاست‌های جدید را دوست دارد یا خیر، طفره رفت.

The politician cleverly evaded answering whether he likes the new policies or not.

Complex narrative with political nuance.

7

در این منظومه، دوست داشتن به مثابه‌ی پلی میان امرِ قدسی و امرِ عرفی تلقی می‌شود.

In this poetic cycle, loving is considered as a bridge between the sacred and the profane.

Literary theory terminology.

8

او مدعی بود که دوست داشتنِ حقیقی، مستلزمِ گذشتن از خویشتن است.

He claimed that true loving requires transcending the self.

Ethical/Philosophical claim.

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