French Future: Irregular Stem Rebels (Futur Simple)
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Irregular verbs in the future tense use special stems, but they all share the same standard future endings.
- Identify the irregular stem (e.g., 'ser-' for être).
- Add the standard endings: -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
- Never add an extra 'e' to the stem if it ends in a consonant.
Overview
Mastering the French Futur Simple is a significant step towards A2 proficiency, particularly when confronting its irregular verbs. While most French verbs form their future tense by simply adding specific endings to their infinitive form (e.g., parler -> je parlerai), a select but high-frequency group deviates from this straightforward pattern. These verbs adopt a unique, often shortened or altered, irregular stem before receiving the standard future endings.
This phenomenon, rooted in phonetic evolution from Vulgar Latin, simplifies pronunciation and maintains historical linguistic consistency. Recognizing these irregular stems is crucial for both comprehension and natural expression, allowing you to confidently articulate future actions, predictions, and intentions.
For instance, you wouldn't say je allerai for "I will go"; the correct form is j'irai. Similarly, "I will be" is je serai, not je êtrerai. These irregular forms are not arbitrary; they often result from contractions or specific sound changes that occurred over centuries.
Understanding them unlocks a more authentic command of the language, moving you beyond literal translations and into idiomatic French.
Conjugation Table
| Person | Ending | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| :------------- | :------- | |||
je |
-ai |
|||
tu |
-as |
|||
il/elle/on |
-a |
|||
nous |
-ons |
|||
vous |
-ez |
|||
ils/elles |
-ont |
|||
| Infinitive | Future Stem | Example (je form) | ||
| :-------------- | :------------ | :---------------------- | ||
aller (to go) |
ir- |
j'irai |
||
avoir (to have) |
aur- |
j'aurai |
||
être (to be) |
ser- |
je serai |
||
faire (to do/make) |
fer- |
je ferai |
||
venir (to come) |
viendr- |
je viendrai |
||
tenir (to hold) |
tiendr- |
je tiendrai |
||
devenir (to become) |
deviendr- |
je deviendrai |
||
revenir (to come back) |
reviendr- |
je reviendrai |
||
pouvoir (to be able to) |
pourr- |
je pourrai |
||
vouloir (to want) |
voudr- |
je voudrai |
||
savoir (to know) |
saur- |
je saurai |
||
voir (to see) |
verr- |
je verrai |
||
envoyer (to send) |
enverr- |
j'enverrai |
||
courir (to run) |
courr- |
je courrai |
||
mourir (to die) |
mourr- |
je mourrai |
||
recevoir (to receive) |
recevr- |
je recevrai |
||
falloir (to be necessary) |
faudr- |
il faudra |
||
pleuvoir (to rain) |
pleuvr- |
il pleuvra |
||
valoir (to be worth) |
vaudr- |
il vaudra |
||
asseoir (to sit) |
assiér- or assoir- |
j'assiérai or j'assoirai |
||
cueillir (to pick) |
cueiller- |
je cueillerai |
||
acquérir (to acquire) |
acquerr- |
j'acquerrai |
||
| Person | Conjugation | |||
| :------------- | :------------ | |||
je |
je serai |
|||
tu |
tu seras |
|||
il/elle/on |
il/elle/on sera |
|||
nous |
nous serons |
|||
vous |
vous serez |
|||
ils/elles |
ils/elles seront |
How This Grammar Works
Futur Simple operates on a foundational two-part structure: a verb stem and a set of consistent endings. For regular verbs, the stem is simply the entire infinitive form. For irregular verbs, this stem undergoes a modification.-ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont) are directly traceable to the present tense conjugation of avoir (j'ai, tu as, il a, nous avons, vous avez, ils ont), making them a consistent and predictable component of the future tense system. This historical link provides a linguistic rationale for their form.venir (to come) becomes viendr-, reflecting an older phonetic variant or an assimilation of sounds to create a smoother, more pronounceable stem.r sound at the end of every future stem (ser-, aur-, ir-, fer-, viendr-, etc.) is a defining characteristic of the Futur Simple (and Conditionnel Présent) in French. This r sound historically merged with the subsequent avoir endings to create the modern future tense. For example, the Latin cantare habeo (I have to sing) evolved into chanterai (I will sing).stem + ending mechanism is key. Once you commit the irregular stem to memory, conjugating it becomes as straightforward as conjugating any regular verb. You simply attach the appropriate universal ending.faire has the stem fer-, you can then form tu feras (you will do), nous ferons (we will do), and ils feront (they will do), applying the same logic as you would for chanter (tu chanteras, nous chanterons, ils chanteront). This systematic approach streamlines the memorization process.Formation Pattern
Futur Simple stems follows a few recurring patterns, although each verb still requires individual attention. The consistent presence of the r sound at the end of the stem is a crucial indicator. Here are the primary categories of irregular stem changes:
avoir (to have) becomes aur-, and savoir (to know) becomes saur-. The initial vowel sound is altered, and a distinct r is introduced or maintained. Another example is voir (to see), which changes to verr-.
-rir or -yer, double their r in the future stem for phonetic reasons, ensuring the preceding vowel sound remains short and clear. Examples include courir (to run) → courr-, mourir (to die) → mourr-, and envoyer (to send) → enverr-. This doubling helps to preserve the pronunciation of the vowel before the r.
e: Verbs whose infinitives end in -re (e.g., prendre, mettre) typically drop the final e before adding the future endings. While not strictly irregular in terms of stem change, it's a consistent modification. For truly irregular -re verbs like prendre, the stem becomes prendr-.
-enir verbs): Verbs like venir (to come), tenir (to hold), and their derivatives (e.g., revenir, devenir) change the -enir ending to -iendr-. So, venir becomes viendr-, and tenir becomes tiendr-. This specific alteration is highly predictable for this verb family. For instance, nous tiendrons (we will hold).
être (to be) → ser-, aller (to go) → ir-, and faire (to do/make) → fer-. These verbs are foundational, so their stems are among the first to memorize.
r-ending stem, the rest is consistent application of the -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont endings. Remember that for je followed by a vowel-starting stem (like aur-, ir-), elision is mandatory: j'aurai, j'irai, j'enverrai. This makes pronunciation smoother and is a hallmark of natural French speech.
When To Use It
Futur Simple is a foundational tense for expressing future actions and states. While the Futur Proche (aller + infinitive) is common in spoken, informal French for imminent actions, the Futur Simple carries a broader range of applications, often implying a greater sense of formality, distance, or certainty about a future event. For A2 learners, mastering its distinct nuances is essential.- 1Predictions and Forecasts: Use the
Futur Simpleto talk about events you believe or expect will happen, without necessarily implying immediate proximity. This is common for weather, economic outlooks, or general future trends. For example,Il pleuvra demain.(It will rain tomorrow.) orLes prix augmenteront l'année prochaine.(Prices will increase next year.)
- 1Promises and Intentions: When you make a commitment or state a firm intention, especially in a slightly more formal context, the
Futur Simpleis appropriate.Je vous aiderai, ne vous inquiétez pas.(I will help you, don't worry.) This conveys a promise or a strong resolve. Another example:Tu feras tes devoirs, n'est-ce pas ?(You will do your homework, won't you?)
- 1Formal or Written Contexts: In official documents, formal speeches, professional correspondence, or literary texts, the
Futur Simpleis the preferred tense for referring to future events. It lends gravity and precision that theFutur Procheoften lacks.La conférence aura lieu en mars.(The conference will take place in March.) This is standard for formal announcements.
- 1Conditional Clauses with
Si: When expressing a condition and its likely result, especially when the condition refers to a present or future action, theFutur Simpleis used in the main clause (the consequence). The structure is generallySi+ present tense,Futur Simple. For instance,Si tu viens, nous serons très contents.(If you come, we will be very happy.) You will frequently encounter this construction in everyday conversations and writing.
- 1Hypothetical Scenarios: To discuss what will happen under certain hypothetical conditions.
S'il fait beau, nous irons à la plage.(If the weather is nice, we will go to the beach.) Here,irons(fromaller) expresses a definite future outcome contingent on the weather.
- 1Commands or Instructions (less common, formal): Occasionally, the
Futur Simplecan be used to issue a polite command or instruction, particularly in written form.Vous voudrez bien remplir ce formulaire.(You will kindly fill out this form.) This is a very formal usage, akin to "You are requested to..." in English.
Futur Proche for many casual future references, particularly in spoken French, neglecting the Futur Simple would severely limit your expressive range and make your French sound less natural in formal settings or when discussing more distant or less certain future events.Common Mistakes
Futur Simple verbs. Being aware of these common errors and understanding their root causes can significantly accelerate your mastery.- 1The "Infinitive Trap": The most prevalent mistake is attempting to use the infinitive as the stem for irregular verbs, just as one would for regular verbs. Your brain, having learned the
-er,-ir,-repatterns for stems, will instinctively try to apply this universally. For example, you might accidentally sayje allaiinstead ofj'iraiforaller(to go), oril pouvoirainstead ofil pourraforpouvoir(to be able to). Remember that irregular verbs always have a unique, pre-determined stem.
- 1Confusing Similar Stems: Some irregular stems sound or look similar, leading to confusion. A classic example is differentiating between
voir(to see) andvouloir(to want).
voirverr- (e.g., je verrai - I will see). Think of verr- with its double r like a pair of glasses for seeing.vouloirvoudr- (e.g., je voudrai - I will want). The d in voudr- can remind you of 'desire' or 'demander'.je voulerai or je voiri are common missteps. Similarly, tenir (tiendr-) and venir (viendr-) share a similar stem structure, but their initial consonant changes are distinct: nous tiendrons (we will hold) vs. nous viendrons (we will come).- 1Incorrect Pronunciation of Endings: The
-aiending injeforms (je ferai,je serai) should be pronounced as an open 'e' sound (like the 'ay' in "say"), not as a silentsort. Confusing this can make your future tense sound like a present tense verb, leading to miscommunication. For example,je fais(I do/make) vs.je ferai(I will do/make). The former is/ʒə fɛ/while the latter is/ʒə fə.ʁe/.
- 1Forgetting Elision with
je: When the irregular stem begins with a vowel or a muteh(likeaur-foravoir,ir-foraller,enverr-forenvoyer), the subject pronounjemust contract toj'. So, it's alwaysj'aurai(I will have),j'irai(I will go),j'enverrai(I will send), and neverje aurai,je irai, or*je enverrai. This is a strict rule of French phonology.
- 1Over-reliance on
Futur Proche: While acceptable in many informal contexts, exclusively usingFutur Prochelimits your register and can make your French sound less sophisticated. For A2, you need to actively integrateFutur Simpleinto your spoken and written production to develop a more native-like fluency. Practice switching between them based on context.
Futur Simple are paramount.Contrast With Similar Patterns
Futur Simple often contrasts most directly with the Futur Proche and shares its irregular stems with the Conditionnel Présent.Futur Simple vs. Futur ProcheFutur Proche(Near Future): Formed with the present tense ofaller+ an infinitive (je vais manger, I am going to eat). This tense indicates an action that is imminent, highly certain, or already planned in the very near future. It is overwhelmingly common in spoken, informal French.- Example:
Je vais partir dans cinq minutes.(I'm going to leave in five minutes.) This conveys immediacy and a definite plan. - Example:
Nous allons manger au restaurant ce soir.(We are going to eat at the restaurant tonight.) A firm, near-future plan.
Futur Simple(Simple Future): Formed with the future stem + future endings (je mangerai, I will eat). This tense generally expresses actions that are more distant, less immediate, or represent a general prediction. It is more common in formal or written French, and for specific grammatical constructions likesiclauses.- Example:
Je partirai demain matin.(I will leave tomorrow morning.) Here, the action is in the near future, butFutur Simplesuggests a statement of fact or intention, less the immediacy ofvais partir. - Example:
Nous mangerons au restaurant quand tu viendras.(We will eat at the restaurant when you come.) TheFutur Simpleconnects the future action to a future condition.
Futur Proche vs. Futur SimpleFutur Proche | Futur Simple |aller (present) + infinitive | Future Stem (r-ending) + future endings |venir | Je vais venir bientôt. (I'm coming soon.) | Je viendrai plus tard. (I will come later.) |Futur Simple Stems vs. Conditionnel Présent StemsFutur Simple are identical to the stems for the Conditionnel Présent (Conditional Present). This means once you learn ser- for être in the future, you also know the stem for the conditional. The only difference lies in the endings:Futur SimpleEndings:-ai,-as,-a,-ons,-ez,-ontConditionnel PrésentEndings:-ais,-ais,-ait,-ions,-iez,-aient(which are similar to the imperfect tense endings)
- Example:
Je serai(I will be) vs.Je serais(I would be). - Example:
Tu auras(You will have) vs.Tu aurais(You would have).
Conditionnel Présent in expressing hypothetical situations, polite requests, and advice.Real Conversations
Understanding how Futur Simple irregular verbs are used in authentic French conversations and communications offers valuable insight into their practical application. While Futur Proche dominates very casual spoken exchanges, the Futur Simple remains indispensable for clarity, formality, and certain idiomatic expressions. Here are examples across various registers:
Formal Email/Professional Context:
- Nous vous enverrons le rapport avant la fin de la semaine. (We will send you the report before the end of the week.) - Shows a clear, professional commitment. (envoyer -> enverr-)
- Je serai absent du bureau demain. (I will be out of the office tomorrow.) - A direct and unambiguous statement of future absence. (être -> ser-)
Casual Text Message (with some Futur Simple):
- Je ne pourrai pas venir ce soir, désolé. (I won't be able to come tonight, sorry.) - Even in informal texts, Futur Simple for pouvoir is very common due to its function. (pouvoir -> pourr-)
- On se verra la semaine prochaine! (We'll see each other next week!) - A common, friendly closing remark. (voir -> verr-)
Speaking about Plans/Predictions:
- Friend 1: Qu'est-ce que tu feras ce week-end ? (What will you do this weekend?) - Directly asking about future plans. (faire -> fer-)
- Friend 2: Je crois que j'irai à la campagne s'il fait beau. (I think I'll go to the countryside if the weather is nice.) - Expressing a conditional future plan. (aller -> ir-)
Making a Promise/Giving Assurance:
- Ne t'inquiète pas, je t'aurai de mes nouvelles bientôt. (Don't worry, I'll have news for you soon.) - A reassuring promise. (avoir -> aur-)
- Je le ferai, c'est promis. (I will do it, it's a promise.) - Reaffirming a commitment.
Idiomatic Expressions/Proverbs:
- Qui vivra, verra. (He who lives, will see. / Time will tell.) - A classic French proverb utilizing irregular future forms.
- Demain, il fera jour. (Tomorrow, it will be day. / Tomorrow is another day.) - Common saying for reassurance. (faire -> fer-)
These examples illustrate that the Futur Simple is not confined to textbooks but is an integral part of modern communication, conveying varying degrees of formality, certainty, and specific intentions. Pay attention to how native speakers choose between Futur Simple and Futur Proche based on the context of their interaction.
Progressive Practice
Mastering irregular Futur Simple verbs requires a structured and consistent approach. Simply reading the rules is insufficient; active engagement and repeated exposure are essential. Here’s how you can progressively integrate these forms into your French:
Initial Memorization through Flashcards: Begin by creating flashcards for the 10-15 most frequent irregular verbs and their future stems (être -> ser-, avoir -> aur-, aller -> ir-, faire -> fer-, pouvoir -> pourr-, vouloir -> voudr-, venir -> viendr-, voir -> verr-, savoir -> saur-, devoir -> devr-, tenir -> tiendr-). Use spaced repetition systems (SRS) to reinforce recall. Practice writing out the full conjugations for these core verbs.
Sentence Building with Context: Don't just memorize isolated stems. Create simple, meaningful sentences for each conjugated form, reflecting real-world scenarios. For example, instead of just je serai, write Demain, je serai à Paris. (Tomorrow, I will be in Paris.) or Quand tu viendras, nous irons au restaurant. (When you come, we will go to the restaurant.) This contextualizes the verb and aids retention.
Targeted Listening Practice: Actively listen for Futur Simple forms in French podcasts, news reports, or movie dialogues. Pay attention to the characteristic r sound in the stem and the distinct endings. When you hear il sera or ils feront, try to identify the verb and its meaning in context. News broadcasts are excellent for formal Futur Simple usage.
Writing Exercises: Integrate Futur Simple into your written work. Write short paragraphs about your future plans, predictions for the coming year, or even a hypothetical scenario. For example, Si j'avais le temps, je ferais un voyage. (If I had the time, I would take a trip.) Using it in sentences you construct yourself reinforces the patterns.
Self-Correction and Error Analysis: When you make a mistake (and you will!), don't just correct it; understand why it was an error. Was it an infinitive trap? Confusion between voir and vouloir? Knowing the specific type of mistake helps you target your practice and avoid repetition. Revisit the
Future Tense Irregular Stems
| Verb | Stem | Je | Nous |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Être
|
ser-
|
serai
|
serons
|
|
Avoir
|
aur-
|
aurai
|
aurons
|
|
Faire
|
fer-
|
ferai
|
ferons
|
|
Aller
|
ir-
|
irai
|
irons
|
|
Venir
|
viendr-
|
viendrai
|
viendrons
|
|
Pouvoir
|
pourr-
|
pourrai
|
pourrons
|
|
Devoir
|
devr-
|
devrai
|
devrons
|
|
Savoir
|
saur-
|
saurai
|
saurons
|
Meanings
The future tense is used to describe actions that will happen. Irregular verbs do not use the infinitive as a base.
Future certainty
Expressing an event that will definitely occur.
“J'aurai fini mon travail.”
“Nous ferons les courses.”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative
|
Stem + ending
|
Je serai
|
|
Negative
|
ne + stem + ending + pas
|
Je ne serai pas
|
|
Question
|
Stem + ending + subject?
|
Seras-tu là?
|
|
Inversion
|
Verb + subject
|
Irons-nous?
|
|
Short Answer
|
Oui/Non + pronoun + verb
|
Oui, je serai.
|
|
Future Perfect
|
Auxiliary (future) + past participle
|
J'aurai mangé
|
Formality Spectrum
Je serai présent. (Meeting)
Je serai là. (Meeting)
Je serai là. (Meeting)
J'y serai. (Meeting)
The Future Stem Tree
Stems
- ser- être
- aur- avoir
Endings
- -ai je
- -as tu
Examples by Level
J'aurai un chat.
I will have a cat.
Il sera là.
He will be there.
Nous ferons du sport.
We will do sports.
Tu iras à l'école.
You will go to school.
Je ne serai pas en retard.
I will not be late.
Quand iras-tu au travail ?
When will you go to work?
Ils auront beaucoup de travail.
They will have a lot of work.
Nous ferons un gâteau.
We will make a cake.
Si j'ai le temps, je ferai mes devoirs.
If I have time, I will do my homework.
Elle pourra venir demain.
She will be able to come tomorrow.
Nous devrons partir tôt.
We will have to leave early.
Ils sauront la vérité.
They will know the truth.
Je serai ravi de vous aider.
I will be delighted to help you.
Il faudra que nous soyons prêts.
It will be necessary that we are ready.
Vous verrez que tout ira bien.
You will see that everything will go well.
Ils viendront dès que possible.
They will come as soon as possible.
Il est probable qu'il viendra.
It is likely that he will come.
Nous aurons bientôt fini ce projet.
We will have finished this project soon.
Elle saura faire face à la situation.
She will know how to deal with the situation.
Il faudra faire preuve de patience.
It will be necessary to show patience.
On ne saura jamais ce qui s'est passé.
We will never know what happened.
Il viendra, dût-il traverser l'océan.
He will come, even if he has to cross the ocean.
Il faudra bien s'y résoudre.
We will have to resign ourselves to it.
Ils auront beau essayer, ils échoueront.
They will try in vain, they will fail.
Easily Confused
They share the same stems.
Both express future.
Context is key.
Common Mistakes
êtreai
serai
avoirai
aurai
faireai
ferai
allerai
irai
venirai
viendrai
pouvoirai
pourrai
devoirai
devrai
savoirai
saurai
voirai
verrai
vouloirai
voudrai
mourirai
mourrai
courirai
courrai
tenirai
tiendrai
Sentence Patterns
Je ___ (verb) ___ (time).
Est-ce que tu ___ (verb) ___ ?
Nous ne ___ (verb) pas ___.
Si j'ai le temps, je ___ (verb) ___.
Real World Usage
J'serai là à 8h.
Je serai disponible.
J'irai à la gare.
J'aurai ma commande.
On fera la fête !
Je vous enverrai les détails.
Focus on the stem
Don't use infinitive
Conditional connection
Register matters
Smart Tips
Most -oir verbs have a stem ending in -rr.
The stem is always 'ser-'.
The stem is always 'aur-'.
The stem is always 'fer-'.
Pronunciation
Final -ai
Pronounced like 'é'.
Final -ont
The 't' is silent.
Rising for questions
Iras-tu ? ↗
Inquiry
Memorize It
Mnemonic
Remember 'S-A-F-I-V-P-D-S' for the main irregulars: Ser, Aur, Fer, Ir, Viendr, Pourr, Devr, Saur.
Visual Association
Imagine a rebel soldier (the verb) wearing a special uniform (the stem) and carrying a standard backpack (the ending).
Rhyme
Pour le futur, change le début, ajoute la fin, et tout va bien.
Story
I will be (serai) at the party. I will have (aurai) a drink. I will do (ferai) a dance. I will go (irai) home early.
Word Web
Challenge
Write 5 sentences about your plans for next weekend using 5 different irregular verbs.
Cultural Notes
Formal future is common in business.
Often use 'aller + infinitive' instead.
Standard French rules apply.
Derived from the Latin infinitive + 'habere' (to have).
Conversation Starters
Que feras-tu ce week-end ?
Seras-tu libre demain ?
Qu'auras-tu fini avant ce soir ?
Où seras-tu dans dix ans ?
Journal Prompts
Common Mistakes
Test Yourself
Demain, je ___ à Paris.
Nous ___ un chien.
Find and fix the mistake:
Je faireai mes devoirs.
Je vais (aller) au cinéma.
Viendras-tu ? Oui, je ___.
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
je / pouvoir / venir
Le futur simple utilise l'infinitif pour les verbes irréguliers.
Score: /8
Practice Exercises
8 exercisesDemain, je ___ à Paris.
Nous ___ un chien.
Find and fix the mistake:
Je faireai mes devoirs.
Je vais (aller) au cinéma.
Viendras-tu ? Oui, je ___.
Être -> ?
je / pouvoir / venir
Le futur simple utilise l'infinitif pour les verbes irréguliers.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesTu ___ très content de ton nouveau téléphone.
I will do my homework later.
Vous ___ nous aider demain ?
Je voirai le film ce week-end.
irai | à | Paris | l'année | prochaine | j'
Match them up:
Elle ___ partir en vacances bientôt.
We will know the result tomorrow.
Select the correct form of 'falloir':
Tu devras faire tes devoirs.
Score: /10
FAQ (8)
Because they don't use the infinitive as a base.
Yes, -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
No, that is a common mistake.
It is standard, but 'Futur Proche' is more casual.
Place 'ne' and 'pas' around the verb.
Start with the top 10.
Yes, the stems are identical.
Use inversion or 'est-ce que'.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Futuro simple
Spanish uses the full infinitive; French uses a modified stem.
Futur I
German is analytic; French is synthetic.
Non-past
Japanese lacks a dedicated future tense.
Future prefix
Arabic uses prefixes; French uses suffixes.
Future marker
Chinese verbs do not conjugate.
Will
English is analytic; French is synthetic.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Continue With
French Irregular Future Stems (être, avoir, aller, faire)
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Irregular Future Stems: Coming, Seeing & Being Able (venir, voir, pouvoir)
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