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B2 noun 11 min read

आर्द्रभूमि

ardrabhoomi
Examples
Explanation आर्द्रभूमि in your Level:
At the A1 level, you are just starting to learn Hindi. The word 'आर्द्रभूमि' (aardrabhoomi) is a bit difficult, but it is good to know. It means 'wetland'. Think of a place where there is a lot of water and land mixed together. It is not completely a river, and it is not completely dry ground. It is wet dirt with many plants. In English, we call it a swamp or a marsh. In an 'आर्द्रभूमि', you can see frogs, ducks, and tall grass. The word is made of two parts: 'आर्द्र' which means wet, and 'भूमि' which means land. When you go to a park that has a big muddy pond with birds, you can say 'यह आर्द्रभूमि है' (This is a wetland). It is a feminine word, so we say 'बड़ी आर्द्रभूमि' (big wetland). It might be hard to say at first. Practice saying 'aar-dra-bhoo-mi' slowly. It is a very beautiful place in nature. Many animals live there. Water is very important for life, and these places hold a lot of water. Even if you do not use this word every day, you might see it on a sign in a zoo or a nature park. Just remember: wet + land = आर्द्रभूमि. It is a home for nature.
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At the A2 level, you understand basic Hindi sentences and vocabulary. The word 'आर्द्रभूमि' (aardrabhoomi) is a formal word for wetland, marsh, or swamp. You might know the simpler word 'दलदल' (daldal), which means swamp, but 'आर्द्रभूमि' is what you will read in books or see on signs in national parks. It refers to land that is covered with shallow water, either all year or for part of the year. These places are very important for birds and fish. For example, if you visit a bird sanctuary in India, the guide will tell you about the 'आर्द्रभूमि'. You can make simple sentences like 'आर्द्रभूमि में बहुत सारे पक्षी हैं' (There are many birds in the wetland) or 'मुझे आर्द्रभूमि देखना पसंद है' (I like seeing wetlands). Remember that 'भूमि' (land) is a feminine noun, so the whole word is feminine. You must say 'सुंदर आर्द्रभूमि' (beautiful wetland) or 'यह आर्द्रभूमि सूख रही है' (this wetland is drying up). It is a very useful word if you like nature, animals, or traveling. When you watch a simple documentary about animals in Hindi, listen carefully, and you will hear this word when they show places with tall grass and water.
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At the B1 level, you can discuss familiar topics like environment and travel. 'आर्द्रभूमि' (aardrabhoomi) becomes a very useful word for you. It means 'wetland' and is the proper, scientific term used in Hindi to describe marshes, swamps, and bogs. Unlike the casual word 'दलदल' (swamp), which can sound like a dangerous muddy place, 'आर्द्रभूमि' has a positive, ecological meaning. It is used when talking about protecting nature. You will use this word to discuss environmental issues, which is a common topic in intermediate language exams. For example, you might write an essay saying, 'आर्द्रभूमि पर्यावरण के लिए बहुत महत्वपूर्ण है' (Wetlands are very important for the environment). You can talk about how they provide clean water and a home for migratory birds (प्रवासी पक्षी). Grammatically, pay attention to its plural form: 'आर्द्रभूमियाँ' (wetlands), and its oblique plural: 'आर्द्रभूमियों' (as in 'आर्द्रभूमियों को बचाना' - to save the wetlands). Using this word shows that you have a growing vocabulary and can talk about serious topics, not just everyday shopping or food. It bridges the gap between basic conversation and more educated, thoughtful discussions about the world around us.
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At the B2 level, your Hindi is quite advanced, and you are expected to understand and use formal, academic vocabulary. 'आर्द्रभूमि' (aardrabhoomi) is a perfect B2 word. It is the standard translation for 'wetland' in environmental science, news reports, and government policies. At this level, you should be able to discuss the ecological significance of wetlands, such as their role in water purification, flood control, and maintaining biodiversity (जैव विविधता). You will encounter this word frequently in Hindi newspapers (like Dainik Jagran or Navbharat Times) when reading about climate change or the Ramsar Convention. You should be comfortable using complex sentence structures with this word. For example: 'शहरीकरण के कारण हमारी आर्द्रभूमियों का तेजी से विनाश हो रहा है, जो चिंता का विषय है' (Due to urbanization, our wetlands are being rapidly destroyed, which is a matter of concern). You must also master the pronunciation of the 'र्द्र' (rdra) cluster, ensuring it sounds natural and fluent. Using 'आर्द्रभूमि' correctly distinguishes you as a proficient speaker who can effortlessly navigate technical and formal registers of the Hindi language, participating in debates or presentations about environmental conservation.
At the C1 level, you possess an advanced, near-native command of Hindi. You use 'आर्द्रभूमि' not just as a vocabulary item, but as a conceptual tool to discuss complex ecological and geopolitical issues. At this stage, you are engaging with high-level texts, academic journals, and detailed policy analyses. You understand that 'आर्द्रभूमि' represents crucial carbon sinks and transition zones between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. You can fluently discuss the Ramsar Convention ('रामसर आर्द्रभूमि समझौता') and its implications for Indian environmental law. Your sentences are sophisticated and nuanced. For example: 'आर्द्रभूमियों का संरक्षण न केवल पारिस्थितिक संतुलन बनाए रखने के लिए अनिवार्य है, बल्कि यह स्थानीय समुदायों की आजीविका का भी मुख्य आधार है' (The conservation of wetlands is not only essential for maintaining ecological balance, but it is also the main basis of livelihood for local communities). You can effortlessly distinguish between related terms like तराई (marshy foothills), कच्छ (salt marsh), and मैंग्रोव (mangroves), using 'आर्द्रभूमि' as the overarching hypernym. Your pronunciation is flawless, and your grammatical agreement—especially with complex postpositional phrases and passive voice constructions involving this feminine noun—is entirely automatic and correct.
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At the C2 level, your mastery of Hindi allows you to discuss 'आर्द्रभूमि' at the highest academic, scientific, and literary levels. You can analyze environmental impact assessment reports, draft policy recommendations, or write evocative literary pieces about these landscapes. You understand the etymological depth of the word, derived from the Sanskrit roots 'आर्द्र' (saturated/moist) and 'भूमि' (earth), and appreciate its formal resonance. You can engage in rigorous debates about the anthropogenic pressures on wetland ecosystems, hydrological cycles, and the socio-economic impacts of wetland degradation. You can construct highly complex, rhetorically powerful sentences: 'औद्योगिक अपशिष्ट और अनियंत्रित निर्माण गतिविधियों ने इन जीवनदायी आर्द्रभूमियों को मृतप्राय कर दिया है, जिससे न केवल जलीय वनस्पतियों का समूल नाश हुआ है, अपितु वैश्विक तापन की विभीषिका भी उग्र हुई है' (Industrial waste and uncontrolled construction activities have rendered these life-giving wetlands nearly dead, which has not only completely destroyed aquatic flora but also exacerbated the terror of global warming). At this level, 'आर्द्रभूमि' is seamlessly integrated into your extensive vocabulary, allowing you to articulate the most intricate scientific and philosophical concepts regarding nature and human responsibility with absolute precision and eloquence.
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Examples
The Hindi word 'आर्द्रभूमि' (aardrabhoomi) is a highly specific and formal term used to describe a wetland, marsh, or swamp. To truly understand this word, we must look at its roots. It is a compound word derived from Sanskrit, where 'आर्द्र' (aardra) means wet, moist, or damp, and 'भूमि' (bhoomi) means land, earth, or ground. Therefore, its literal translation is 'wet land'. In everyday conversational Hindi, people might use simpler terms like 'दलदल' (daldal), which means swamp or marsh, but 'आर्द्रभूमि' is the scientifically and geographically accurate term used in education, environmental science, government policies, and formal journalism. When discussing ecological conservation, biodiversity, or climate change, this word is absolutely essential. Wetlands are crucial ecosystems that support a wide variety of flora and fauna, act as natural water filters, and provide flood control. In India, which is home to numerous Ramsar sites (wetlands of international importance), the term 'आर्द्रभूमि' appears frequently in news reports about environmental protection.
Literal Meaning
The combination of 'wet' (आर्द्र) and 'land' (भूमि) perfectly encapsulates the geographical feature it describes.

सुंदरवन दुनिया की सबसे बड़ी आर्द्रभूमि में से एक है। (The Sundarbans is one of the largest wetlands in the world.)

The usage of 'आर्द्रभूमि' signifies a level of education and awareness about environmental issues. It is not a word you would typically use when complaining about a muddy puddle in your backyard; rather, it is reserved for significant ecological zones. For instance, when the government announces a new conservation initiative, the press release will invariably use 'आर्द्रभूमि संरक्षण' (wetland conservation).
Ecological Context
Used extensively when discussing habitats for migratory birds, aquatic plants, and endangered species.

सरकार ने नई आर्द्रभूमि संरक्षण नीति की घोषणा की है। (The government has announced a new wetland conservation policy.)

Furthermore, understanding this word opens up a broader vocabulary related to geography and nature in Hindi. Words like 'पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र' (ecosystem), 'जैव विविधता' (biodiversity), and 'प्रवासी पक्षी' (migratory birds) naturally collocate with 'आर्द्रभूमि'.
Grammar Note
Feminine gender dictates the use of 'की' (ki) for possession, as in 'आर्द्रभूमि की महत्ता' (the importance of the wetland).

इस आर्द्रभूमि में कई दुर्लभ पक्षी आते हैं। (Many rare birds visit this wetland.)

The Ramsar Convention, an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands, is known in Hindi as 'रामसर सम्मेलन', and the sites are called 'रामसर आर्द्रभूमि स्थल'. This international connection shows how the word bridges local Indian geography with global environmental efforts. India has over 75 Ramsar sites, making this word highly relevant in contemporary Indian discourse.

चिल्का झील भारत की एक प्रमुख आर्द्रभूमि है। (Chilika Lake is a major wetland in India.)

आर्द्रभूमि का विनाश जलवायु परिवर्तन को बढ़ाता है। (The destruction of wetlands exacerbates climate change.)

Ultimately, mastering 'आर्द्रभूमि' allows learners to engage with high-level texts, understand news broadcasts about the environment, and participate in important discussions about the future of our planet's natural resources.
Using 'आर्द्रभूमि' correctly in a sentence requires an understanding of Hindi grammar, specifically noun gender, postpositions, and formal sentence structure. Because 'आर्द्रभूमि' is a feminine noun, any adjectives modifying it must be in their feminine form. For example, 'बड़ी आर्द्रभूमि' (large wetland), 'महत्वपूर्ण आर्द्रभूमि' (important wetland), or 'संरक्षित आर्द्रभूमि' (protected wetland). When using postpositions (words like in, on, at, of), the noun remains in its oblique form, but since it ends in 'ई' (ee), the singular oblique form remains 'आर्द्रभूमि'. The plural oblique form becomes 'आर्द्रभूमियों' (aardrabhoomiyon). For instance, 'आर्द्रभूमियों में' means 'in the wetlands'.
Singular vs Plural
Singular: आर्द्रभूमि (aardrabhoomi). Plural: आर्द्रभूमियाँ (aardrabhoomiyan). Oblique Plural: आर्द्रभूमियों (aardrabhoomiyon).

भारत में कई आर्द्रभूमियाँ खतरे में हैं। (Many wetlands in India are in danger.)

Let us explore various sentence patterns. In a descriptive sentence, you might say, 'यह आर्द्रभूमि बहुत विशाल है' (This wetland is very vast). In an action-oriented sentence focusing on conservation, you might say, 'हमें अपनी आर्द्रभूमियों को बचाना चाहिए' (We must save our wetlands). Notice the use of 'को' (ko) which triggers the oblique plural form 'आर्द्रभूमियों'.
Postposition Usage
When followed by 'में' (in), 'से' (from), or 'का/की/के' (of), use the oblique form. Example: आर्द्रभूमि के पास (near the wetland).

वैज्ञानिक आर्द्रभूमि के पानी का परीक्षण कर रहे हैं। (Scientists are testing the water of the wetland.)

In academic or highly formal contexts, you will often see passive voice or complex sentence structures. For example, 'औद्योगीकरण के कारण आर्द्रभूमियों का तेजी से ह्रास हो रहा है' (Wetlands are rapidly degrading due to industrialization). Here, 'ह्रास' (degradation) is a high-register word that pairs perfectly with 'आर्द्रभूमि'.
Verb Agreement
Since it is feminine, past tense verbs will end in 'ई' or 'ईं'. Example: आर्द्रभूमि सूख गई (The wetland dried up).

वह आर्द्रभूमि पूरी तरह से सूख गई थी। (That wetland had completely dried up.)

स्थानीय लोग आर्द्रभूमि से मछलियाँ पकड़ते हैं। (Locals catch fish from the wetland.)

विश्व आर्द्रभूमि दिवस हर साल दो फरवरी को मनाया जाता है। (World Wetlands Day is celebrated every year on the second of February.)

Understanding these grammatical nuances is vital for B2 and C-level proficiency. It demonstrates not just vocabulary acquisition, but syntactic mastery. Practice writing sentences that combine 'आर्द्रभूमि' with different postpositions to gain fluency. Pay special attention to the pronunciation of the consonant cluster 'र्द्र' (rdra), which can be tricky for non-native speakers, but mastering it adds a polished, native-like quality to your spoken Hindi.
The word 'आर्द्रभूमि' is not typically heard in the bustling markets of Delhi or casual chats over chai. It belongs to a specific register of Hindi—formal, academic, journalistic, and governmental. You will encounter this word most frequently in environmental documentaries, news reports about climate change, geography textbooks, and government policy documents. When watching Hindi news channels like NDTV India or Aaj Tak, if there is a segment on pollution, floods, or the drying up of lakes, experts and news anchors will use 'आर्द्रभूमि'.
News Media
Anchors use it to sound authoritative when discussing ecological disasters or conservation milestones.

आज की रिपोर्ट में हम दिल्ली के पास की आर्द्रभूमि की स्थिति पर चर्चा करेंगे। (In today's report, we will discuss the condition of the wetland near Delhi.)

In educational settings, from middle school geography classes to university-level environmental science lectures, 'आर्द्रभूमि' is the standard term. Textbooks will dedicate entire chapters to 'आर्द्रभूमि पारिस्थितिकी' (wetland ecology). Teachers will explain how these areas act as the 'kidneys of the landscape' by filtering pollutants.
Education
Standard terminology in NCERT textbooks for geography and biology across India.

अध्याय चार: भारत की प्रमुख आर्द्रभूमियाँ और उनका महत्व। (Chapter Four: Major wetlands of India and their importance.)

Furthermore, you will hear this word in the context of tourism, particularly eco-tourism. Guides at national parks like Keoladeo National Park in Bharatpur (a famous bird sanctuary) will explain to tourists in Hindi that the area is a protected 'आर्द्रभूमि'. They will highlight how the shallow waters attract migratory birds from Siberia.
Eco-Tourism
Used by guides and on informational plaques at wildlife reserves and bird sanctuaries.

यह आर्द्रभूमि साइबेरियन क्रेन का शीतकालीन घर है। (This wetland is the winter home of the Siberian crane.)

पर्यटक आर्द्रभूमि में नौका विहार का आनंद ले रहे हैं। (Tourists are enjoying boating in the wetland.)

वन विभाग ने आर्द्रभूमि के चारों ओर बाड़ लगा दी है। (The forest department has fenced around the wetland.)

Finally, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) working in environmental conservation use this term extensively in their campaigns, pamphlets, and awareness drives. If you volunteer or work in the environmental sector in India, 'आर्द्रभूमि' will be a part of your daily vocabulary. Understanding it connects you deeply with the modern ecological dialogue happening in the Hindi-speaking world.
When learning the word 'आर्द्रभूमि', students frequently encounter a few specific stumbling blocks. The most prominent issue is pronunciation and spelling. The word contains a complex consonant cluster: 'र्द्र' (rdra). It consists of the letter 'र' (r) as a top stroke (reph) over 'द' (d), which also has a bottom stroke for another 'र' (r). Many learners mispronounce it as 'आदर-भूमि' (aadar-bhoomi) or misspell it by missing one of the 'r' sounds. It must be pronounced smoothly as 'aar-dra-bhoo-mi'.
Spelling Error
Writing आद्रभूमि (aadra-bhoomi) instead of आर्द्रभूमि (aardra-bhoomi). The top 'r' (reph) on 'd' is crucial.

उसने निबंध में आर्द्रभूमि की सही वर्तनी लिखी। (He wrote the correct spelling of wetland in the essay.)

Another common mistake relates to gender agreement. As mentioned earlier, 'भूमि' (land) is feminine in Hindi. Therefore, the entire compound word 'आर्द्रभूमि' is feminine. English speakers often default to masculine agreements for inanimate objects, leading to incorrect phrases like 'बड़ा आर्द्रभूमि' (bada aardrabhoomi) instead of the correct 'बड़ी आर्द्रभूमि' (badi aardrabhoomi).
Gender Agreement
Incorrect: मेरा आर्द्रभूमि (mera aardrabhoomi). Correct: मेरी आर्द्रभूमि (meri aardrabhoomi).

यह एक बहुत ही सुंदर आर्द्रभूमि है। (This is a very beautiful wetland.)

Students also sometimes confuse 'आर्द्रभूमि' with generic terms for water bodies. A lake (झील - jheel) or a river (नदी - nadee) is not necessarily a wetland, though they can be part of one. Using 'आर्द्रभूमि' to simply mean 'a place with water' is a semantic error. It strictly refers to marshes, swamps, bogs, and similar saturated landmasses.
Contextual Error
Using it for a simple pond (तालाब) is overkill and scientifically inaccurate unless that pond is part of a larger marshy ecosystem.

हमें इस आर्द्रभूमि को प्रदूषण से बचाना होगा। (We must save this wetland from pollution.)

शहर के विकास ने कई आर्द्रभूमियों को नष्ट कर दिया है। (City development has destroyed many wetlands.)

क्या आपने कभी किसी आर्द्रभूमि का दौरा किया है? (Have you ever visited a wetland?)

Lastly, pluralization mistakes are common. Because it ends in 'ई', the direct plural is 'आर्द्रभूमियाँ' (aardrabhoomiyan), not 'आर्द्रभूमिओं' (which is the oblique plural, only used before postpositions). Mastering these distinctions will ensure your Hindi sounds educated, precise, and grammatically flawless.
While 'आर्द्रभूमि' is the most precise and formal term for a wetland, Hindi offers several related words that describe similar geographical features, each with its own nuance and appropriate context. The most common colloquial alternative is 'दलदल' (daldal), which translates to swamp, bog, or marsh. 'दलदल' carries a slightly negative or dangerous connotation in everyday speech—it implies a place where one might get stuck. For example, 'वह दलदल में फँस गया' (He got stuck in the swamp). In contrast, 'आर्द्रभूमि' is neutral and scientific.
दलदल (Daldal)
Meaning: Swamp or marsh. Usage: Casual, often implies danger or being stuck. Less scientific than आर्द्रभूमि.

यह क्षेत्र एक आर्द्रभूमि है, न कि केवल एक दलदल। (This area is a wetland, not just a swamp.)

Another related term is 'तराई' (tarai). The Tarai region refers specifically to a belt of marshy grasslands, savannas, and forests located at the base of the Himalayas in India, Nepal, and Bhutan. While 'तराई' is a specific geographic zone characterized by wetlands, 'आर्द्रभूमि' is the general term for the habitat itself, regardless of location.
तराई (Tarai)
Meaning: Foothills, marshy tract. Usage: Specific to the Himalayan foothill region.

हिमालय की तराई में कई आर्द्रभूमियाँ पाई जाती हैं। (Many wetlands are found in the Himalayan Tarai.)

We also have words like 'कच्छ' (kachchh), famous from the Rann of Kutch. It refers to a marshy, salty lowland. Then there is 'कीचड़' (keechad), which simply means mud. While a wetland has mud, calling a wetland 'कीचड़' is a vast oversimplification. 'झील' (jheel) means lake, and 'तालाब' (taalaab) means pond. Both can be components of a larger 'आर्द्रभूमि' ecosystem, but they denote deeper, more open bodies of water compared to the saturated earth of a wetland.
झील (Jheel)
Meaning: Lake. Usage: A large body of open water, unlike a wetland which is saturated land.

झील के किनारे की आर्द्रभूमि पक्षियों का स्वर्ग है। (The wetland at the edge of the lake is a bird's paradise.)

हमें दलदल और आर्द्रभूमि के बीच का अंतर समझना चाहिए। (We must understand the difference between a swamp and a wetland.)

यह आर्द्रभूमि मानसून के दौरान और भी हरी-भरी हो जाती है। (This wetland becomes even greener during the monsoon.)

By distinguishing between these terms, learners can elevate their Hindi from basic conversational levels to advanced, descriptive, and academic proficiency. Knowing when to use 'दलदल' versus 'आर्द्रभूमि' marks the difference between a casual speaker and a highly educated one.
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Examples by Level

1

यह एक आर्द्रभूमि है।

This is a wetland.

Simple present tense with 'है' (is).

2

आर्द्रभूमि में पानी है।

There is water in the wetland.

Use of postposition 'में' (in).

3

वह आर्द्रभूमि बहुत बड़ी है।

That wetland is very big.

'बड़ी' (big) is feminine to match 'आर्द्रभूमि'.

4

मुझे आर्द्रभूमि पसंद है।

I like the wetland.

'मुझे ... पसंद है' structure for liking something.

5

आर्द्रभूमि में पक्षी हैं।

There are birds in the wetland.

Plural noun 'पक्षी' (birds) with plural verb 'हैं' (are).

6

हम आर्द्रभूमि देखने गए।

We went to see the wetland.

Past tense verb 'गए' (went).

7

क्या यह आर्द्रभूमि है?

Is this a wetland?

Question structure starting with 'क्या'.

8

आर्द्रभूमि हरी है।

The wetland is green.

Adjective 'हरी' (green) in feminine form.

1

मेरे घर के पास एक सुंदर आर्द्रभूमि है।

There is a beautiful wetland near my house.

Use of 'के पास' (near).

2

आर्द्रभूमि में कई जानवर रहते हैं।

Many animals live in the wetland.

Present habitual tense 'रहते हैं' (live).

3

हमें आर्द्रभूमि को साफ रखना चाहिए।

We should keep the wetland clean.

Use of 'चाहिए' (should) with infinitive verb.

4

बारिश के बाद आर्द्रभूमि भर जाती है।

After the rain, the wetland fills up.

'के बाद' (after) and passive-like verb 'भर जाती है'.

5

कल हम स्कूल से आर्द्रभूमि गए थे।

Yesterday we went to the wetland from school.

Past perfect tense 'गए थे' (had gone).

6

आर्द्रभूमि में बहुत सारे पेड़ और पौधे हैं।

There are many trees and plants in the wetland.

Listing nouns with 'और' (and).

7

सर्दियों में यहाँ नई आर्द्रभूमि बन जाती है।

In winter, a new wetland forms here.

Use of 'सर्दियों में' (in winter).

8

क्या तुम आर्द्रभूमि के बारे में जानते हो?

Do you know about the wetland?

Use of 'के बारे में' (about).

1

आर्द्रभूमि पर्यावरण की रक्षा के लिए बहुत महत्वपूर्ण है।

The wetland is very important for protecting the environment.

Use of 'के लिए' (for) and complex noun phrase.

2

प्रवासी पक्षी हर साल इस आर्द्रभूमि में आते हैं।

Migratory birds come to this wetland every year.

Vocabulary: 'प्रवासी पक्षी' (migratory birds).

3

सरकार ने इस आर्द्रभूमि को संरक्षित क्षेत्र घोषित किया है।

The government has declared this wetland a protected area.

Present perfect tense with 'ने' (ergative marker).

4

प्रदूषण के कारण कई आर्द्रभूमियाँ नष्ट हो रही हैं।

Due to pollution, many wetlands are being destroyed.

Use of 'के कारण' (due to) and present continuous passive.

5

आर्द्रभूमि बाढ़ के पानी को सोखने का काम करती है।

The wetland works to absorb flood water.

Infinitive + 'का काम करती है' (does the work of).

6

हमें आर्द्रभूमियों के महत्व को समझना होगा।

We will have to understand the importance of wetlands.

Compulsion expressed with 'होगा' (will have to).

7

स्थानीय लोग मछली पकड़ने के लिए आर्द्रभूमि पर निर्भर हैं।

Local people depend on the wetland for fishing.

Use of 'पर निर्भर हैं' (are dependent on).

8

विश्व आर्द्रभूमि दिवस पर कई कार्यक्रम आयोजित किए गए।

Many programs were organized on World Wetlands Day.

Passive voice in past tense 'आयोजित किए गए'.

1

रामसर सम्मेलन के तहत भारत में कई आर्द्रभूमियों को मान्यता मिली है।

Under the Ramsar Convention, many wetlands in India have received recognition.

Use of 'के तहत' (under) and abstract noun 'मान्यता'.

2

आर्द्रभूमि का पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र अत्यधिक संवेदनशील और जटिल होता है।

The ecosystem of a wetland is highly sensitive and complex.

Advanced vocabulary: 'पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र' (ecosystem), 'संवेदनशील' (sensitive).

3

शहरीकरण के बढ़ते दबाव ने आर्द्रभूमियों के अस्तित्व को खतरे में डाल दिया है।

The increasing pressure of urbanization has put the existence of wetlands in danger.

Complex subject phrase with ergative 'ने'.

4

वैज्ञानिकों का मानना है कि आर्द्रभूमियाँ कार्बन सिंक के रूप में कार्य करती हैं।

Scientists believe that wetlands act as carbon sinks.

Subordinate clause with 'कि' (that) and 'के रूप में' (as).

5

इस परियोजना का मुख्य उद्देश्य नष्ट हो चुकी आर्द्रभूमि को पुनर्जीवित करना है।

The main objective of this project is to revitalize the destroyed wetland.

Infinitive used as the subject complement 'पुनर्जीवित करना है'.

6

आर्द्रभूमियों के संरक्षण के बिना जैव विविधता को बनाए रखना असंभव है।

Without the conservation of wetlands, it is impossible to maintain biodiversity.

Use of 'के बिना' (without) and 'असंभव' (impossible).

7

वन विभाग ने आर्द्रभूमि के आसपास अवैध निर्माण पर रोक लगा दी है।

The forest department has banned illegal construction around the wetland.

Compound verb 'रोक लगा दी है' (has put a ban).

8

आर्द्रभूमि जल शोधन की प्राकृतिक प्रक्रिया में अहम भूमिका निभाती है।

The wetland plays a crucial role in the natural process of water purification.

Idiomatic expression 'अहम भूमिका निभाती है' (plays a crucial role).

1

जलवायु परिवर्तन के शमन में आर्द्रभूमियों की अपरिहार्य भूमिका को नकारा नहीं जा सकता।

The indispensable role of wetlands in mitigating climate change cannot be denied.

Formal passive 'नकारा नहीं जा सकता' (cannot be denied).

2

औद्योगिक अपशिष्ट के अनियंत्रित निस्तारण ने इस जीवनदायी आर्द्रभूमि को एक विषाक्त दलदल में तब्दील कर दिया है।

The uncontrolled disposal of industrial waste has transformed this life-giving wetland into a toxic swamp.

Highly formal vocabulary: 'निस्तारण' (disposal), 'तब्दील' (transformed).

3

नीति निर्माताओं को आधारभूत संरचना के विकास और आर्द्रभूमि संरक्षण के मध्य संतुलन स्थापित करना होगा।

Policymakers will have to establish a balance between infrastructure development and wetland conservation.

Use of 'के मध्य' (between) and formal obligation.

4

यह आर्द्रभूमि न केवल स्थानिक प्रजातियों का आश्रय स्थल है, अपितु भूजल पुनर्भरण का भी प्रमुख स्रोत है।

This wetland is not only a sanctuary for endemic species but also a major source of groundwater recharge.

Correlative conjunctions 'न केवल... अपितु' (not only... but also).

5

पारिस्थितिक क्षरण के दृष्टिगत, इस आर्द्रभूमि का त्वरित जीर्णोद्धार समय की मांग है।

In view of ecological degradation, the rapid restoration of this wetland is the need of the hour.

Formal preposition 'के दृष्टिगत' (in view of) and idiom 'समय की मांग' (need of the hour).

6

आर्द्रभूमियों का अतिक्रमण एक संज्ञेय अपराध घोषित किया जाना चाहिए ताकि भू-माफियाओं पर अंकुश लग सके।

Encroachment of wetlands should be declared a cognizable offense so that land mafias can be curbed.

Subordinate clause with 'ताकि' (so that) and passive obligation.

7

सुंदरवन आर्द्रभूमि का जटिल ज्वारीय तंत्र इसे विश्व के सबसे अद्वितीय पारिस्थितिक क्षेत्रों में से एक बनाता है।

The complex tidal system of the Sundarbans wetland makes it one of the most unique ecological regions in the world.

Complex subject and superlative phrase 'सबसे अद्वितीय' (most unique).

8

आर्द्रभूमि के जलग्रहण क्षेत्र में वनों की कटाई से गाद जमा होने की समस्या विकराल रूप ले चुकी है।

Deforestation in the wetland's catchment area has caused the problem of siltation to take a formidable form.

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