Complex refers to a situation or object composed of many interconnected, hard-to-untangle parts.
Word in 30 Seconds
- Used for things with many interwoven parts.
- Describes situations that are difficult to understand.
- Commonly used in both daily and formal contexts.
Overview
- 1概要:複雑なとは、単一ではなく、多くの要素が混ざり合ったり、関係し合ったりしている状態を指す形容詞です。物理的な構造から、人間関係や社会的な問題まで幅広く使用されます。2) 使用パターン:名詞を修飾する際は「複雑な+名詞(例:複雑な問題)」、述語として使う際は「〜は複雑だ」という形をとります。程度を表す副詞「とても」「非常に」と一緒に使われることが多くあります。3) 一般的な文脈:日常生活では、機械の操作や人間関係の悩みに使われます。また、ビジネスや学術の場では、経済情勢や政策、科学的な現象などの「理解しにくいもの」を説明する際に多用されます。4) 類語との比較:「難しい」は「困難である」というニュアンスが強いのに対し、「複雑な」は「構造が込み入っている」という客観的な状態を強調します。「面倒な」は、感情的に「手間がかかって嫌だ」という主観的なニュアンスが含まれます。
Examples
このパズルはとても複雑だ。
everydayThis puzzle is very complex.
複雑な事情がありまして、お引き受けできません。
formalThere are complex circumstances, so I cannot accept.
人間関係って複雑だよね。
informalHuman relationships are complex, aren't they?
経済の仕組みは非常に複雑なシステムに基づいている。
academicThe economic mechanism is based on a very complex system.
Common Collocations
Common Phrases
複雑な心境
conflicted feelings
複雑に絡み合う
intricately intertwined
話が複雑になる
the story gets complicated
Often Confused With
Difficult focuses on the effort or skill required to perform an action. Complex focuses on the internal structure of the thing itself.
Troublesome implies that something is annoying or requires extra effort. Complex does not necessarily imply annoyance, just intricacy.
Grammar Patterns
How to Use It
Usage Notes
The word is neutral in register and can be used in almost any situation. It is commonly used as a noun-modifying adjective (連体詞的用法). When used at the end of a sentence, it often functions as a predicate.
Common Mistakes
Learners often use '複雑な' for physical weight or simple difficulty. Remember that it describes the 'how' or 'why' of a structure, not just the physical effort. Avoid using it to describe people's physical appearance.
Tips
Use with degree adverbs for emphasis
Pairing '複雑な' with 'とても' or '非常に' helps convey the severity of the complexity. This makes your Japanese sound more natural and descriptive.
Avoid using for simple physical tasks
Do not use '複雑な' for tasks that are just hard to do physically; use '難しい' instead. '複雑な' implies an intellectual or structural intricacy.
Japanese preference for nuance
Japanese people often use '複雑な' to avoid giving a direct 'no' when a situation is socially delicate. It signals that there are many hidden factors involved.
Word Origin
Derived from the kanji '複' (multiple) and '雑' (mixed/coarse). It literally means 'multiple things mixed together' to create a difficult state.
Cultural Context
In Japanese culture, '複雑な' is often used to express a sense of hesitation or depth. It is a polite way to suggest that a situation is too sensitive or layered to explain in simple terms.
Memory Tip
Think of a 'complex' puzzle where many pieces are tangled together. The Japanese word 'fukuzatsu' sounds like 'full of knots' (fuku-zatsu) to help remember the tangled meaning.
Frequently Asked Questions
4 questions「難しい」は達成や理解が困難であることを指しますが、「複雑な」は物事の構成が込み入っているという状態を指します。複雑だからこそ難しい、という因果関係になることが多いです。
はい、使えます。例えば「複雑な性格の人」と言うと、一言では言い表せない深い感情や矛盾を抱えた人という意味になります。
反対語は「単純な」や「簡単な」です。構造がシンプルであるか、理解が容易であることを表します。
「複雑な」自体は形容詞なので、丁寧語の「です・ます」を付けて「複雑です」とすれば、ビジネスや目上の人に対しても問題なく使用できます。
Test Yourself
この機械の操作方法は非常に___です。
機械の操作が込み入っていることを表すため、複雑なを使います。
「複雑な」の反対は?
単純なは構造がシンプルであることを意味し、複雑なの対義語です。
問題 / 複雑な / 私の / です / は
主語+述語の構成として自然な形です。
Score: /3
Summary
Complex refers to a situation or object composed of many interconnected, hard-to-untangle parts.
- Used for things with many interwoven parts.
- Describes situations that are difficult to understand.
- Commonly used in both daily and formal contexts.
Use with degree adverbs for emphasis
Pairing '複雑な' with 'とても' or '非常に' helps convey the severity of the complexity. This makes your Japanese sound more natural and descriptive.
Avoid using for simple physical tasks
Do not use '複雑な' for tasks that are just hard to do physically; use '難しい' instead. '複雑な' implies an intellectual or structural intricacy.
Japanese preference for nuance
Japanese people often use '複雑な' to avoid giving a direct 'no' when a situation is socially delicate. It signals that there are many hidden factors involved.
Examples
4 of 4このパズルはとても複雑だ。
This puzzle is very complex.
複雑な事情がありまして、お引き受けできません。
There are complex circumstances, so I cannot accept.
人間関係って複雑だよね。
Human relationships are complex, aren't they?
経済の仕組みは非常に複雑なシステムに基づいている。
The economic mechanism is based on a very complex system.
Related Content
Related Vocabulary
More general words
能力
A1Nouryoku refers to the mental or physical power, skill, or capacity required to perform a specific task or function. It can describe both innate talent and skills acquired through learning and practice.
異常
A1A word used to describe something that deviates from the normal state, standard, or expected pattern. It often implies a problem, malfunction, or an extraordinary occurrence that requires attention or investigation.
~について
A2About, concerning; indicates topic.
〜について
B1About, concerning; on the subject of.
~ぐらい
A2about, approximately
ぐらい
A2About; approximately; to the extent of.
ごろ
A2About, approximately (time).
うえ
A2At a higher position than.
絶対
B1Absolutely; definitely; never.
絶対に
B1Absolutely; definitely.