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B1 conjunction 11 min read

従って

Practice it Examples Notes & Tips 従って in 30 Seconds

Explanation 従って in your Level:

At the A1 level, you don't really need to use '従って' (shitagatte) yourself. It is a very formal word that you won't hear in everyday greetings or simple conversations. However, it is good to know that it means 'therefore' or 'so.' In A1, you mostly use 'dakara' when you want to say 'so.' For example, 'I am hungry, so (dakara) I will eat.' 'Shitagatte' is like a very polite and serious version of 'dakara.' You might see it on a sign or hear it on the news. If you see it, just remember it connects two sentences where the first one is the reason and the second one is the result. It is like an arrow pointing from the cause to the effect. At this stage, focus on 'dakara' for your own speaking, but keep 'shitagatte' in the back of your mind as the 'serious' way to say 'therefore.'

At the A2 level, you are starting to learn more about formal and informal Japanese. '従って' (shitagatte) is a formal conjunction. You might encounter it in reading materials like short news articles or announcements at a train station. For example, if a train is late, the announcement might say, 'There was an accident. Therefore (従って), the train is delayed.' Even at A2, you should still mostly use 'dakara' or 'node' in your own speech. However, if you are writing a formal email to a teacher or a boss, you might start to see where '従って' fits. It makes your writing sound more professional and logical. Remember that it always comes at the start of a sentence and is followed by a comma. It shows that you are making a logical conclusion based on facts, not just your feelings.

At the B1 level, you should begin to actively use '従って' (shitagatte) in your formal writing and presentations. This is the level where you distinguish between subjective reasons and objective logic. While 'dakara' is fine for personal reasons, '従って' is used when the result is a natural or logical consequence that anyone would agree with. For example, 'The price of ingredients has gone up. Therefore (従って), we must raise our prices.' This is a business logic, not a personal whim. At B1, you should also be careful not to confuse '従って' with the grammar pattern '～に従って' (ni shitagatte), which means 'in accordance with.' The conjunction '従って' stands alone at the beginning of a sentence. Using it correctly will make your Japanese sound much more sophisticated and academic.

At the B2 level, '従って' (shitagatte) should be a natural part of your formal vocabulary. You should be able to use it fluently in business reports, academic essays, and formal debates. At this level, you understand that '従って' provides an objective, almost scientific tone to your arguments. You can use it to synthesize complex information and lead your reader to a clear conclusion. You should also be able to distinguish it from other formal conjunctions like 'yue ni' (more literary/mathematical) and 'sore de' (more sequential/narrative). B2 learners should use '従って' to build strong, logical structures in their writing, ensuring that the transition from cause to effect is seamless and authoritative. It is a key tool for achieving a professional level of Japanese communication.

At the C1 level, you have a nuanced understanding of '従って' (shitagatte) and its role in high-level discourse. You use it not just to show cause and effect, but to create a specific rhetorical effect. It signals to your audience that your conclusion is unavoidable based on the evidence provided. You are also aware of the historical and etymological roots of the word, which adds depth to your understanding. In C1, you can use '従って' in complex legal or technical documents where precision is vital. You also know how to balance it with other high-level transitions to keep your writing varied and engaging. Your use of '従って' reflects a deep grasp of Japanese register and the ability to navigate the most formal levels of Japanese society and academia with ease.

At the C2 level, '従って' (shitagatte) is a tool you use with precision and mastery. You understand its place in the history of Japanese logic and rhetoric. You can use it in the most demanding contexts, such as translating legal statutes, writing philosophical treatises, or delivering keynote speeches at international conferences. At this level, you can also identify when '従って' might be *too* formal or when a different nuance is required, showing a complete command of the language's subtleties. You can explain the logical implications of '従って' to others and use it to construct arguments that are both powerful and culturally appropriate. Your proficiency is indistinguishable from that of a highly educated native speaker, and '従って' is a natural part of your sophisticated rhetorical repertoire.

Practice it Examples Notes & Tips

従って in 30 Seconds

従って is a formal conjunction meaning 'therefore' or 'consequently,' used primarily in written reports, news, and academic contexts to show objective logical flow.
It originates from the verb 従う (to follow), implying that the second sentence naturally follows the first as a direct and inevitable result.
Unlike the casual 'dakara,' 従って sounds professional and authoritative, making it unsuitable for daily conversation with friends but perfect for business and law.
Always place it at the beginning of a sentence followed by a comma, and ensure the relationship between the two points is factual and logical.

The Japanese conjunction 従って (shitagatte) is a formal transitional word that functions similarly to 'therefore,' 'consequently,' or 'accordingly' in English. It is derived from the te-form of the verb 従う (shitagau), which means 'to follow' or 'to obey.' In its role as a conjunction, it implies that the second sentence follows logically or naturally from the first. When you use 従って, you are establishing a strong cause-and-effect relationship that is grounded in logic, rules, or objective facts rather than personal feelings or subjective reasoning. This makes it a staple in academic writing, business correspondence, and formal speeches where clarity and structural integrity are paramount.

Etymological Connection: The word literally means 'following that.' If 'A' happens, then 'B' follows as a direct result. This sense of 'following' is what gives the word its logical weight.
Register and Tone: It is significantly more formal than 'dakara' or 'node.' You will rarely hear it in casual conversation among friends, as it sounds overly stiff and robotic in a social setting.

In a professional environment, 従って is used to present conclusions based on data or previous statements. For instance, if a company reports a loss in profits, the subsequent sentence might begin with 従って to explain why budget cuts are necessary. It signals to the listener or reader that what follows is not just an opinion, but a necessary outcome of the preceding information. This objective quality is why it is preferred in legal documents and scientific papers where the author must appear neutral and logical.

研究の結果、新薬の有効性が証明された。従って、市販化を決定した。(Kenkyū no kekka, shin'yaku no yūkōsei ga shōmei sareta. Shitagatte, shihanka o kettei shita.)

Furthermore, 従って is often used in instructional contexts. When a set of rules is presented, the consequences of those rules are introduced with this conjunction. It creates a sense of inevitability. In the world of Japanese news broadcasting, you will hear it used to transition from a weather report (e.g., 'A typhoon is approaching') to the resulting advice (e.g., 'Therefore, please stay indoors'). This usage ensures that the information is conveyed with an air of authority and seriousness. Using it correctly demonstrates a high level of proficiency and an understanding of Japanese social hierarchy and situational appropriateness.

Contextual Usage: Used in news, academic journals, business reports, and formal speeches.

本日は大雨が予想されます。従って、運動会は中止となります。(Honjitsu wa ōame ga yosō saremasu. Shitagatte, undōkai wa chūshi to narimasu.)

Understanding the nuance of 従って also involves knowing when *not* to use it. If you were to say 'It's cold today. Therefore, let's eat ramen' using 従って, it would sound as if the law of the universe dictates ramen-eating whenever the temperature drops. In such personal or subjective cases, 'dakara' or 'sore de' are the appropriate choices. 従って demands a logical bridge that is wider than personal preference.

Using 従って correctly requires attention to sentence structure and punctuation. As a conjunction, it typically appears at the very beginning of a new sentence that follows a statement of cause or fact. It is almost always followed by a comma (、) to provide a pause, emphasizing the logical transition that is about to occur. This structural placement helps the reader or listener prepare for the 'result' portion of the logical argument. It acts as a signpost, indicating that the preceding context is the foundation for what is coming next.

The Standard Pattern: [Statement of Fact/Cause]。従って、[Logical Consequence/Result]。

One of the most important aspects of using 従って is ensuring that the relationship between the two sentences is objectively sound. Unlike 'dakara,' which can express a personal reason ('I'm tired, so I'm going to sleep'), 従って is used for broader, more universal truths. For example, 'The population is aging; therefore, the labor force is shrinking.' Here, the second part is a direct, observable consequence of the first. This objective link is the hallmark of 従って usage.

物価が上昇している。従って、消費者の購買意欲は低下するだろう。(Bukka ga jōshō shite iru. Shitagatte, shōhisha no kōbai iyoku wa teika suru darō.)

In academic writing, 従って is used to synthesize arguments. After presenting several pieces of evidence, a researcher will use 従って to introduce their final conclusion. This creates a rigorous flow that guides the reader through the evidence to the inevitable result. In business, it is used to justify decisions. If sales are down, 従って is used to introduce the new marketing strategy. It frames the new strategy as a necessary response to the data, rather than a random idea.

Syntactic Variety: While it usually starts a sentence, in very formal writing, it can sometimes follow a semicolon-like break, though in modern Japanese, starting a new sentence is the standard practice.

彼は経験が豊富だ。従って、このプロジェクトのリーダーにふさわしい。(Kare wa keiken ga hōfu da. Shitagatte, kono purojekuto no rīdā ni fusawashii.)

When practicing, try to replace 'so' or 'because' with 従って in a formal context to see if it fits. If the sentence sounds like a theorem in geometry, you've used it correctly. If it sounds like a casual excuse, you should probably stick to 'dakara.' Mastering this distinction is key to reaching the B1 and B2 levels of Japanese proficiency, where tone and register become as important as vocabulary and grammar.

You are most likely to encounter 従って in environments where formal communication is the norm. This includes the workplace, educational institutions, and media broadcasts. It is a word of 'officialdom.' When a government official gives a press conference, or when a university professor delivers a lecture, 従って is the tool they use to link complex ideas. It provides a sense of professionalism and intellectual rigor that simpler conjunctions cannot provide.

The News and Media: In NHK news reports, 従って is used to explain the consequences of political decisions or economic shifts. It maintains the objective distance required of a journalist.

In written form, it is ubiquitous in manuals, textbooks, and legal contracts. If you are reading a manual for a new electronic device, the safety warnings might say, 'The battery is sensitive to heat. Therefore (従って), do not leave it in direct sunlight.' Here, it conveys a serious instruction that must be followed. In legal contracts, it links the conditions of the agreement to the obligations of the parties involved. It leaves no room for ambiguity.

契約違反が認められました。従って、契約は解除されます。(Keiyaku ihan ga mitomeraremashita. Shitagatte, keiyaku wa kaijo saremasu.)

In the business world, 従って is the sound of a decision being made. During a meeting, after a long discussion about market trends, the CEO might summarize with 'Our competitors are lowering prices. Therefore (従って), we must innovate.' It signals the end of the deliberation and the beginning of the action plan. It is a word of leadership and clarity. If you use it in your own business Japanese, you will come across as someone who is logical, prepared, and serious about their work.

Academic Lectures: Professors use it to bridge the gap between a theory and its application. It helps students follow the logical flow of a complex lecture.

この理論は多くの実験で支持されています。従って、広く受け入れられています。(Kono riron wa ōku no jikken de shiji sarete imasu. Shitagatte, hiroku ukeirerarete imasu.)

Even in non-fiction books, such as those about history or science, 従って is used to connect historical events or scientific facts. It helps build a narrative of cause-and-effect that makes the information easier to digest and remember. Whenever you see 従って, you know that the author is about to tell you the 'why' or the 'so what' of the information they just shared. It is a vital tool for anyone looking to understand high-level Japanese discourse.

One of the most frequent errors learners make is confusing the conjunction 従って with the grammar pattern ～に従って (ni shitagatte). While they share the same root, they are used very differently. The conjunction 従って starts a sentence and means 'therefore.' The pattern ～に従って follows a noun or a verb and means 'in accordance with' or 'as [something] changes.' Forgetting the 'ni' or putting 'ni' where it doesn't belong can completely change the meaning of your sentence and confuse your audience.

Mistake: Confusing with ~に従って: Incorrect: 規則従って、行動してください。(Kisoku shitagatte...)
Correct: 規則に従って、行動してください。(Kisoku ni shitagatte...) - Follow the rules.

Another common mistake is using 従って in casual conversation. If you are at a bar with friends and say, 'I have no money. Therefore (従って), I cannot buy a drink,' you will sound incredibly strange. In casual settings, 'dakara' or 'sore de' are the only natural choices. 従って is reserved for formal writing or speaking. Using it casually can make you seem like you are trying too hard to be formal, or worse, like you are mocking the person you are talking to by being overly stiff.

✕ お腹が空いた。従って、ご飯を食べる。(Too formal for a daily activity)
○ お腹が空いた。だから、ご飯を食べる。(Natural for daily life)

Learners also sometimes fail to provide a strong enough logical link. 従って requires that the second sentence be a direct, objective consequence of the first. If the link is weak or based on personal opinion, 従って feels out of place. For example, 'I like cats. Therefore (従って), I will buy a car' makes no sense. Even 'I like cats. Therefore (従って), I will get a kitten' is a bit weak because getting a kitten is a personal choice, not a logical necessity. In this case, 'node' or 'dakara' would still be better.

Logical Weakness: Avoid using 従って when the result is a matter of personal taste or a sudden whim. It must feel like a 'conclusion' or a 'deduction.'

✕ 明日は休みだ。従って、映画を見に行こう。(Sounds like a legal mandate to see a movie)
○ 明日は休みだ。だから、映画を見に行こう。(Natural suggestion)

Finally, remember the comma! In written Japanese, a comma after 従って is standard. It provides the necessary pause for the reader to process the logical shift. Skipping the comma can make the sentence feel rushed and less formal, which defeats the purpose of using such a high-level word in the first place. Consistency in punctuation shows that you have not just memorized the word, but also the conventions of the formal register it belongs to.

Japanese has a variety of conjunctions that mean 'therefore' or 'so,' each with its own level of formality and nuance. Understanding the differences between 従って and its alternatives is crucial for natural expression. The most common alternative is だから (dakara), which is used in daily conversation. It is subjective and can express personal reasons, emotions, or even a bit of insistence. In contrast, 従って is objective and formal.

従って vs. だから (Dakara): 従って: Formal, objective, logical. Used in reports.
だから: Casual/Neutral, subjective, personal. Used in daily talk.
従って vs. そのため (Sono tame): 従って: Focuses on the logical conclusion ('A implies B').
そのため: Focuses on the cause/reason ('Because of A, B happened'). It is slightly more common in general formal writing.

Another formal alternative is ゆえに (yue ni). This is even more formal than 従って and is often used in mathematical proofs or highly philosophical texts. It feels very stiff and 'literary.' While 従って is used in business and news, ゆえに is mostly found in books or formal academic logic. Then there is それゆえ (sore yue), which is similar but slightly softer and more classical in feel. You might see it in literature or older texts.

我思う、ゆえに我あり。(Ware omou, yue ni ware ari.) - I think, therefore I am. (Classic usage of ゆえに)

For a slightly less formal but still professional tone, you can use それで (sore de). It is often used to mean 'and then' or 'so,' and it connects events in a sequence. It is less about 'logic' and more about the 'flow' of a story or event. In a business meeting, if you are explaining a timeline, それで is useful. If you are explaining a decision based on data, 従って is the better choice. Lastly, よって (yotte) is another formal alternative often used in legal contexts or when presenting an award (e.g., 'Therefore, we present you with this certificate').

従って vs. よって (Yotte): よって is very common in formal certificates and legal judgments. It has a slightly more 'final' and 'authoritative' ring than 従って.

成績優秀なり。よって、これを賞する。(Seiseki yūshū nari. Yotte, kore o shō suru.) - Your grades are excellent. Therefore, we award you.

Choosing the right word depends entirely on the context and the relationship between the speaker and the listener. As you progress in Japanese, try to notice which 'therefore' is used in different situations. You'll find that 従って is the backbone of logical, objective Japanese, providing a clear path from premise to conclusion.

How Formal Is It?

Fun Fact

The kanji 従 looks like people walking in a line, which perfectly illustrates the meaning of 'following' or 'obeying.'

Pronunciation Guide

UK ʃitaɡatte

US ʃitɑɡɑteɪ

Japanese is a pitch-accent language. In 従って, the pitch typically rises on 'ta' and stays relatively level, though it can vary by dialect.

Rhymes With

わかって (wakatte) うかって (ukatte) ちかって (chikatte) はかって (hakatte) つかって (tsukatte) おくって (okutte) つくって (tsukutte) わらって (waratte)

Common Errors

Pronouncing 'shi' too strongly like 'sheee'.
Missing the small 'tsu' (pause) in 'tte'.
Pronouncing 'ga' as 'ja'.
Putting the stress on the wrong syllable like 'shi-TA-gatte'.
Ending the word with a 'u' sound.

Difficulty Rating

Reading 3/5

Easy to recognize in text once you know the kanji, but must distinguish from 'ni shitagatte'.

Writing 4/5

Requires understanding of formal register to use correctly without sounding weird.

Speaking 5/5

Rarely used in speech except in very specific formal contexts.

Listening 3/5

Clear and distinct when spoken in news or lectures.

What to Learn Next

Prerequisites

だから (dakara) ので (node) 従う (shitagau) そして (soshite) しかし (shikashi)

Learn Next

ゆえに (yue ni) それゆえ (sore yue) よって (yotte) ゆえあって (yue atte) しからば (shikaraba)

Advanced

～に即して (ni sokushite) ～に則って (ni nottotte) ～に準じて (ni junjite) ～を鑑みて (o kangamite) ～を踏まえて (o fumaete)

Grammar to Know

～に従って (ni shitagatte)

山を登るに従って、空気が薄くなる。

～につれて (ni tsurete)

年をとるにつれて、忘れっぽくなる。

～に伴って (ni tomonatte)

人口の増加に伴って、食料不足が起きる。

～ゆえに (yue ni)

貧しさゆえに、学校に行けなかった。

～結果 (kekka)

努力した結果、合格した。

Examples by Level

雨が降っています。従って、傘が必要です。

It is raining. Therefore, an umbrella is necessary.

従って (Shitagatte) is a very formal way to say 'therefore' at the start of a sentence.

バスが遅れました。従って、遅刻しました。

The bus was late. Therefore, I was late.

Used here to show a simple cause and effect in a formal way.

お腹が空きました。従って、ご飯を食べます。

I am hungry. Therefore, I will eat a meal.

Note: This is very formal! In real life, A1 students would use 'dakara'.

今日は日曜日です。従って、学校は休みです。

Today is Sunday. Therefore, school is closed.

A logical fact: Sunday means no school.

火は熱いです。従って、触らないでください。

Fire is hot. Therefore, please do not touch it.

A formal warning based on a physical fact.

彼は先生です。従って、皆から尊敬されています。

He is a teacher. Therefore, he is respected by everyone.

Shows a logical social consequence.

窓が開いています。従って、寒いです。

The window is open. Therefore, it is cold.

Direct cause and effect.

テストが終わりました。従って、遊びに行きます。

The test is over. Therefore, I will go out to play.

Formal way to state a plan after an event.

台風が近づいています。従って、外出は控えてください。

A typhoon is approaching. Therefore, please refrain from going out.

Commonly used in formal announcements and news.

この本は難しいです。従って、辞書が必要です。

This book is difficult. Therefore, a dictionary is necessary.

Objective conclusion based on the difficulty of the book.

彼は病気です。従って、今日の会議は欠席します。

He is sick. Therefore, he will be absent from today's meeting.

Standard formal way to explain an absence in business.

工事中です。従って、この道は通れません。

It is under construction. Therefore, you cannot pass through this road.

Formal notice often seen on signs.

材料が足りません。従って、料理が作れません。

There are not enough ingredients. Therefore, I cannot cook the dish.

States a factual limitation.

時間は有限です。従って、大切に使いましょう。

Time is finite. Therefore, let's use it wisely.

A formal, logical piece of advice.

ルールは守らなければなりません。従って、罰金があります。

Rules must be followed. Therefore, there are fines.

Links a requirement to its consequence.

彼はプロの選手です。従って、毎日練習します。

He is a professional player. Therefore, he practices every day.

Shows a logical requirement of a profession.

円安が進んでいます。従って、輸入品の価格が上昇しています。

The yen is weakening. Therefore, the price of imported goods is rising.

Typical usage in economic news or business reports.

この地域は地震が多い。従って、建物の耐震補強が重要だ。

This area has many earthquakes. Therefore, earthquake reinforcement of buildings is important.

Logical conclusion based on environmental facts.

参加者が予想より少ない。従って、予算を削減する必要がある。

There are fewer participants than expected. Therefore, we need to cut the budget.

Used to justify a necessary business decision.

彼は非常に誠実な人物だ。従って、多くの人に信頼されている。

He is a very sincere person. Therefore, he is trusted by many people.

Objective result of a personality trait in a formal context.

新製品の需要が高まっている。従って、生産量を増やすことにした。

Demand for the new product is increasing. Therefore, we decided to increase production.

Standard business cause-and-effect.

法律が改正された。従って、これまでのやり方は通用しない。

The law has been revised. Therefore, the old ways are no longer valid.

Formal statement regarding legal consequences.

インターネットは便利だが危険もある。従って、セキュリティ対策が不可欠だ。

The internet is convenient but also dangerous. Therefore, security measures are indispensable.

A balanced logical argument leading to a conclusion.

彼は十分な準備をしてきた。従って、成功する可能性が高い。

He has prepared sufficiently. Therefore, the possibility of success is high.

Objective assessment of probability.

少子高齢化が加速している。従って、労働力不足が深刻な課題となっている。

The declining birthrate and aging population are accelerating. Therefore, the labor shortage is becoming a serious issue.

High-level societal analysis using formal conjunctions.

証拠が不十分である。従って、被告人を無罪とする。

The evidence is insufficient. Therefore, the defendant is found not guilty.

Legal judgment style; very formal and final.

この物質は水に溶けやすい。従って、湿気の多い場所での保管は避けるべきだ。

This substance is highly soluble in water. Therefore, storage in humid places should be avoided.

Scientific/Technical instruction based on chemical properties.

売上が目標に届かなかった。従って、来期の戦略を見直さなければならない。

Sales did not reach the target. Therefore, we must review the strategy for the next term.

Professional accountability and logical next steps.

彼の主張には矛盾がある。従って、彼の説を支持することはできない。

There are contradictions in his argument. Therefore, we cannot support his theory.

Critical analysis and logical rejection.

教育は国家の基盤である。従って、政府は教育への投資を惜しむべきではない。

Education is the foundation of a nation. Therefore, the government should not hesitate to invest in it.

Formal political or social commentary.

環境破壊が深刻化している。従って、我々はライフスタイルを変える必要がある。

Environmental destruction is worsening. Therefore, we need to change our lifestyles.

Societal imperative based on objective facts.

実験データに誤りが見つかった。従って、これまでの結論を修正する。

Errors were found in the experimental data. Therefore, the previous conclusions will be revised.

Academic integrity and logical correction.

当該案件は憲法に抵触する恐れがある。従って、慎重な審議が必要である。

The matter in question may conflict with the constitution. Therefore, careful deliberation is required.

Extremely formal legal/political language.

市場の飽和状態が続いている。従って、新規参入には多大なリスクが伴う。

The market remains saturated. Therefore, new entry involves significant risk.

Sophisticated economic analysis.

哲学的な観点から見れば、存在は認識に依存する。従って、客観的真理は主観に左右される。

From a philosophical perspective, existence depends on perception. Therefore, objective truth is influenced by subjectivity.

Philosophical reasoning and logical deduction.

歴史的背景を考慮すると、この条約の意義は大きい。従って、後世に語り継ぐべきだ。

Considering the historical background, the significance of this treaty is great. Therefore, it should be passed down to future generations.

Historical analysis and value judgment.

グローバル化の進展により、文化の均質化が進んでいる。従って、伝統文化の保護が急務である。

With the progress of globalization, cultural homogenization is advancing. Therefore, the protection of traditional culture is an urgent task.

Sociological analysis and urgent recommendation.

このアルゴリズムは効率性に欠ける。従って、より高速な手法を開発しなければならない。

This algorithm lacks efficiency. Therefore, a faster method must be developed.

Technical/Scientific critique and goal setting.

言論の自由は民主主義の根幹である。従って、検閲は断じて許されない。

Freedom of speech is the backbone of democracy. Therefore, censorship is absolutely unacceptable.

Strong rhetorical statement on human rights.

資源の枯渇は避けられない。従って、代替エネルギーへの転換は不可避である。

The depletion of resources is unavoidable. Therefore, the transition to alternative energy is inevitable.

Logical necessity based on physical constraints.

本件における原告の主張は、法的根拠を欠くものと言わざるを得ない。従って、請求を棄却する。

It must be said that the plaintiff's claim in this case lacks legal grounds. Therefore, the request is dismissed.

Highest level of legal formality and judicial finality.

宇宙の膨張速度は加速していることが観測された。従って、宇宙の終焉に関する既存のモデルは再考を迫られている。

It was observed that the expansion rate of the universe is accelerating. Therefore, existing models regarding the end of the universe are being forced into reconsideration.

Advanced scientific discourse and theoretical implication.

認識主体と客体は不可分な関係にある。従って、純粋な客観性は理論上の仮定に過ぎない。

The perceiving subject and the object are in an inseparable relationship. Therefore, pure objectivity is nothing more than a theoretical assumption.

Profound philosophical synthesis.

マクロ経済の動向は、個々の企業の経営戦略に多大な影響を及ぼす。従って、多角的な視点からの分析が肝要である。

Macroeconomic trends have a significant impact on the management strategies of individual companies. Therefore, analysis from diversified perspectives is essential.

High-level management and economic synthesis.

言語は思考を規定する枠組みである。従って、翻訳不可能な概念が存在することは自明である。

Language is the framework that defines thought. Therefore, it is self-evident that untranslatable concepts exist.

Linguistic and cognitive analysis.

社会システムの複雑化に伴い、予測不可能な事態が増加している。従って、レジリエンスの強化が組織運営の鍵となる。

As social systems become more complex, unpredictable events are increasing. Therefore, strengthening resilience is the key to organizational management.

Strategic organizational theory.

倫理的判断は、時代や文化によって変容し得る。従って、絶対的な道徳基準を定義することは極めて困難である。

Ethical judgments can change depending on the era and culture. Therefore, defining absolute moral standards is extremely difficult.

Ethical and cultural relativistic analysis.

情報の非対称性は、市場の失敗を招く一因となる。従って、透明性の確保が市場の健全な発展には欠かせない。

Information asymmetry is one factor that leads to market failure. Therefore, ensuring transparency is indispensable for the healthy development of the market.

Technical economic theory.

Common Collocations

従って、結論として

従って、次のように

従って、言うまでもなく

従って、我々は

従って、本件は

従って、以上の理由により

従って、当然ながら

従って、今後は

従って、結果として

従って、今回の件は

Common Phrases

従って、中止とする

— Therefore, we will cancel it. Used in formal notices.

雨がひどい。従って、中止とする。

従って、不可欠である

— Therefore, it is indispensable. Used to emphasize necessity.

水は命の源だ。従って、不可欠である。

従って、認められない

— Therefore, it is not allowed/recognized. Used in rules.

期限を過ぎた。従って、認められない。

従って、同様に

— Therefore, in the same way. Used in logical comparisons.

Aは正解だ。従って、Bも同様に正解だ。

従って、明らかである

— Therefore, it is clear. Used in proofs or arguments.

証拠がある。従って、犯人は明らかである。

従って、推奨される

— Therefore, it is recommended. Used in manuals or health tips.

運動は体に良い。従って、推奨される。

従って、期待される

— Therefore, it is expected. Used in business forecasting.

景気は回復する。従って、成長が期待される。

従って、考慮すべきだ

— Therefore, it should be considered. Used in suggestions.

リスクがある。従って、考慮すべきだ。

従って、以下の通り

— Therefore, as follows. Used to introduce a list.

決定した。従って、内容は以下の通りだ。

従って、解決策は

— Therefore, the solution is... Used in problem-solving.

赤字だ。従って、解決策は節約だ。

Often Confused With

従って vs ～に従って (ni shitagatte)

A grammar pattern meaning 'as' or 'in accordance with'. Requires 'ni'.

従って vs 従って (verb form)

The te-form of 'shitagau'. Means 'obeying' or 'following someone'.

従って vs したがって (hiragana)

Same word, but sometimes learners think it's different because of the script.

Idioms & Expressions

"道理に従って"

— To follow reason/logic. While not using the conjunction, it uses the root verb.

道理に従って行動する。

Formal

"流れに従って"

— To go with the flow / follow the trend.

時代の流れに従って変化する。

Neutral

"法に従って"

— In accordance with the law.

法に従って処罰する。

Formal

"慣例に従って"

— According to custom/tradition.

慣例に従って儀式を行う。

Formal

"指示に従って"

— To follow instructions.

指示に従って作業を進める。

Neutral

"本能に従って"

— To follow one's instincts.

本能に従って生きる。

Neutral

"命令に従って"

— To follow orders.

命令に従って動く。

Formal

"ルールに従って"

— According to the rules.

ルールに従ってプレーする。

Neutral

"自然の摂理に従って"

— In accordance with the laws of nature.

自然の摂理に従って生きる。

Literary

"心に従って"

— To follow one's heart.

自分の心に従って決める。

Informal/Neutral

Easily Confused

従って vs だから (Dakara)

Both mean 'therefore'.

Dakara is subjective and casual; Shitagatte is objective and formal.

お腹空いた。だから食べる (OK). お腹空いた。従って食べる (Weird).

従って vs そのため (Sono tame)

Both used in formal writing.

Sono tame emphasizes the cause; Shitagatte emphasizes the logical deduction.

雪が降った。そのため遅れた (Focus on snow). 雪が降った。従って中止だ (Focus on decision).

従って vs ゆえに (Yue ni)

Both mean 'hence/therefore'.

Yue ni is much more literary and mathematical/philosophical.

1+1=2。ゆえに、A=B。

従って vs そこで (Sore de)

Both connect sentences.

Sore de is sequential (and then); Shitagatte is logical (consequently).

店に行った。それでパンを買った (Sequence).

従って vs よって (Yotte)

Both very formal.

Yotte is often used in administrative summaries and awards.

君は優勝した。よって賞金を授与する。

Sentence Patterns

Aです。従って、Bです。

雨です。従って、休みです。

A（事実）。従って、B（結果）。

工事中です。従って、通れません。

A（状況）。従って、B（判断）。

円安です。従って、値上げします。

A（データ）。従って、B（結論）。

売上が減った。従って、戦略を変える。

A（理論）。従って、B（帰結）。

自由は尊い。従って、検閲は不可だ。

A（法規）。従って、B（判決）。

法に触れる。従って、罰金に処す。

Academic

Aと推察される。従って、Bは自明である。

Business

Aの問題がある。従って、Bを提案する。

コストが高い。従って、外注を提案する。

Word Family

Nouns

従順 (jūjun) - obedience

主従 (shujū) - master and servant

Verbs

従う (shitagau) - to follow / to obey

従える (shitagaeru) - to be accompanied by / to subdue

Adjectives

従順な (jūjun-na) - obedient / submissive

従来 (jūrai) - up to now / traditional

従業員 (jūgyōin) - employee

従事する (jūji suru) - to be engaged in

服従 (fukujū) - submission

追従 (tsuijū) - following / flattery

How to Use It

frequency

High in formal writing/broadcasts; Low in casual speech.

Common Mistakes

Using it in a casual chat with friends. → Use 'dakara' or 'sore de'.
従って is too formal for casual settings. It makes you sound like a textbook or a lawyer.
Confusing 従って with ～に従って. → Use 'に従って' for 'according to' and '従って' for 'therefore'.
The 'ni' makes a huge difference. One is a conjunction, the other is part of a grammar pattern.
Using it for a purely subjective reason. → Use 'node' or 'dakara'.
従って implies an objective, logical link. 'I'm sleepy, therefore I'll sleep' is too personal for 従って.
Forgetting the comma in writing. → 従って、...
The comma is necessary for formal punctuation and clarity in Japanese writing.
Putting 従って at the end of a sentence. → Place it at the beginning of the second sentence.
As a conjunction, its job is to link forward to the next thought, not end the current one.

Tips

Formal Writing Only

Keep this word in your 'professional' toolbox. Use it for essays, reports, and formal emails to ensure you sound polite and logical.

Check the Link

Ensure the connection between your sentences is objective. If it's a personal whim, stick to 'dakara'. 従って requires a factual bridge.

The Comma Rule

Always add a comma after 従って. It’s like the pause after 'Therefore' in English. It makes your writing look polished.

Spot the Kanji

Learn the kanji 従. It will help you quickly identify 従って and its related family of words like 従う (to follow).

Presentation Power

In a presentation, using 従って to introduce your final slide or main point makes you sound authoritative and well-prepared.

News Cues

When you hear 従って on the news, pay close attention—the most important part (the result or action) is coming next.

Think 'Following'

Remember it comes from 'following'. If A happens, B follows. This mental image makes the meaning of 'therefore' easier to grasp.

Objective vs Subjective

If the result is a choice, use 'node'. If the result is a logical necessity, use 従って.

Don't Overuse

Even in formal writing, using 従って in every paragraph is tiring. Mix it up with 'sono tame' or 'kekka to shite'.

Business Etiquette

In a business email to a client, 従って is much more appropriate than 'dakara', which can sound too pushy or informal.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Think of a 'SHIny TAG' (Shitagatte) that you follow. If the tag says 'Go Left,' you go left. Therefore, you follow the tag.

Visual Association

Imagine a long line of dominoes. When one falls, the next MUST fall. 従って is the link between the dominoes.

Word Web

Logic Formal Cause Effect Writing Therefore Follow Rule

Challenge

Write three sentences about the weather using 従って. Make sure they sound like a serious news report!

Word Origin

The word comes from the verb 従う (shitagau), which means to follow behind someone or to obey a rule. The 'te-form' (従って) was historically used to link actions: 'Following [this], [that happens].' Over time, it solidified into a standalone conjunction.

Original meaning: To follow along; to be in accordance with.

Japonic / Japanese

Cultural Context

Avoid using it with close friends or children; it can sound cold, patronizing, or like you are reading from a textbook.

English speakers often use 'so' for everything. Learning 従って helps break the habit of being too casual in formal Japanese settings.

Descartes' 'I think, therefore I am' is often translated using 'yue ni', but 従って could be used in a modern logical explanation of the same concept. Japanese Constitution: Formal legal documents like the constitution use similar logical connectors. NHK News: The most famous place to hear this word daily.

Practice in Real Life

Real-World Contexts

Business Report

従って、利益は減少した。
従って、改善が必要だ。
従って、次期計画を立てる。
従って、検討を要する。

Academic Essay

従って、本論では...
従って、仮説は立証された。
従って、矛盾が生じる。
従って、考察を深める。

News Broadcast

従って、注意が必要です。
従って、影響が懸念されます。
従って、政府は対応を急いでいます。
従って、交通機関が乱れています。

Legal Document

従って、無効とする。
従って、義務を負う。
従って、権利を有する。
従って、罰せられる。

Instruction Manual

従って、火気厳禁です。
従って、分解しないでください。
従って、正しくお使いください。
従って、保証対象外となります。

Conversation Starters

"「最近、物価が上がっていますね。従って、節約を考えていますか？」 (Lately prices are rising. Therefore, are you thinking of saving?)"

"「明日は大雨のようです。従って、予定を変更しますか？」 (It seems like heavy rain tomorrow. Therefore, will you change your plans?)"

"「このプロジェクトは重要です。従って、誰がリーダーになるべきだと思いますか？」 (This project is important. Therefore, who do you think should be the leader?)"

"「健康が第一です。従って、毎日どのようなことに気をつけていますか？」 (Health is number one. Therefore, what do you pay attention to every day?)"

"「日本語の勉強は大変です。従って、効率的な方法は何だと思いますか？」 (Studying Japanese is hard. Therefore, what do you think is an efficient method?) Gold standard for formal starters."

Journal Prompts

今日の天気はどうでしたか？従って、あなたは何をしましたか？ (How was the weather today? Therefore, what did you do? Use formal style.)

あなたの将来の目標は何ですか？従って、今何をすべきですか？ (What is your future goal? Therefore, what should you do now?)

最近読んだニュースを一つ挙げてください。従って、社会はどう変わると思いますか？ (Mention one recent news item. Therefore, how do you think society will change?)

健康のために気をつけていることは何ですか？従って、どのような効果がありましたか？ (What do you do for your health? Therefore, what effects did it have?)

仕事や勉強で失敗したことはありますか？従って、次はどうしますか？ (Have you failed at work/study? Therefore, what will you do next time?)

Frequently Asked Questions

10 questions

Technically yes, but it will sound like a joke. It is far too formal for texting friends. Use 'dakara' or 'node' instead. If you use it, your friend might think you are being sarcastic or pretending to be a robot.

There is no difference in meaning. 従って uses kanji, while したがって is just hiragana. In formal documents, kanji is more common, but in general books, you might see both. Kanji makes the text look a bit more 'dense' and professional.

No! 従って is a conjunction that starts a sentence. に従って is a compound particle that follows a noun (e.g., 規則に従って). They are related but used in different grammatical structures. Don't forget the 'ni' if you want to say 'according to'!

Use 従って when you want to emphasize that your conclusion is a logical necessity. Use そのため when you just want to explain the reason for something happening. 従って is slightly more 'argumentative' or 'deductive'.

Yes, absolutely. Using it to explain your reasoning or conclusions shows that you are logical and professional. For example, 'I have experience in sales. Therefore (従って), I can contribute to your team.'

In written Japanese, it almost always has a comma. This is the standard style for conjunctions at the start of a sentence. It helps with readability and maintains the formal rhythm of the language.

Only in formal settings like speeches, presentations, or news reports. You won't hear it in casual daily conversations. If you hear it on the street, it's probably someone reading a formal announcement.

There isn't a single 'opposite' conjunction, but 'shikashi' (however) or 'tokoroga' (nevertheless) are used when the result is NOT what you would logically expect from the cause.

No, it is a conjunction that must appear at the beginning of a sentence or a clause to link it to the previous one. It never ends a sentence.

Yes, it is typically associated with the N3 or N2 levels, corresponding to CEFR B1/B2. It is a key word for anyone wanting to pass the higher levels of the exam.