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B2 conjunction 10 min read

~비록

birok

Practice it Examples Notes & Tips ~비록 in 30 Seconds

Explanation ~비록 in your Level:

At the A1 level, you usually don't need to use '비록' yet. You are just learning how to say 'but' using the ending '-지만'. However, it is good to recognize '비록' as a word that means 'although'. Think of it as a sign that says 'Wait, a BUT is coming!' For example, if you see '비록...', you know the sentence will eventually say something like '...but it's okay.' At this stage, focus on the basic meaning: 'Even though.' Don't worry about using it in your own speaking yet; just try to spot it in simple stories or songs. It always appears at the start of a thought to prepare you for a contrast. It's like a 'heads up' for the listener that the speaker is going to mention a challenge or a fact that doesn't change the main point.

At the A2 level, you can start using '비록' to make your sentences sound a bit more complete and formal. When you use the '-지만' (but) ending, you can add '비록' at the beginning to emphasize the contrast. For example, instead of just saying '비가 오지만 가요' (It's raining but I'm going), you can say '비록 비가 오지만 가요' (Even though it's raining, I'm going). This makes you sound more like a native speaker who is paying attention to the structure of the sentence. You will mostly use it with simple facts about the weather, your feelings, or your daily life. It helps you connect two different ideas in one sentence more clearly. Remember, it's like a partner to '-지만'—they often go together as a team!

At the B1 level, '비록' becomes a useful tool for expressing more complex thoughts and opinions. You can now pair it with more than just '-지만'. You might start using it with '-아/어도' (even if) to talk about possibilities. For instance, '비록 힘들어도 포기하지 마세요' (Even if it's hard, don't give up). This level is where you start to understand the 'nuance' of '비록'. It's not just a grammatical requirement; it's a way to show sincerity or to emphasize a point in a debate. You'll hear it in K-dramas during emotional scenes or in news reports. You should practice using it to acknowledge a difficulty before stating your intention. It helps in writing short essays where you need to show both sides of an argument.

At the B2 level, you should be able to use '비록' naturally in both writing and speaking. You understand that '비록' is a concessive adverb that requires a specific 'correlative' ending like '-지만', '-더라도', or '-ㄹ지라도'. You can use it to create sophisticated sentences in formal settings, such as job interviews or academic presentations. You also begin to see the difference between '비록' and other similar words like '아무리' (no matter how) or '설령' (even assuming). At this level, you use '비록' to structure your logic clearly. For example, you might use it to concede a minor point in a negotiation before presenting your main demand. It shows you have a high level of control over Korean sentence patterns and can manage long, complex clauses without losing the thread of your meaning.

At the C1 level, you use '비록' with precision and stylistic flair. You understand its literary value and can use it to set a specific tone in your writing. You are familiar with less common pairings, such as '비록 ... -(으)나' or '비록 ... -ㄹ망정', which appear in classical literature or high-level editorial writing. You can use '비록' to handle abstract concepts, philosophical arguments, and nuanced emotional states. You also know when *not* to use it—recognizing that in very casual settings, '비록' might sound too stiff or pretentious. Your use of the word helps you achieve a 'flow' in your Korean that mirrors the complexity of a native speaker's thought process. You can use it to build rhetorical tension in a speech, acknowledging the 'even though' condition to make the 'but' statement even more impactful.

At the C2 level, '비록' is a seamless part of your linguistic repertoire. You use it with the intuition of a native speaker, often employing it in creative writing, professional legal or academic discourse, and high-stakes diplomacy. You understand the historical evolution of the word and how it fits into the broader system of Korean honorifics and registers. You can manipulate the placement of '비록'—moving it after the subject for subtle shifts in emphasis—without any hesitation. You can also appreciate and produce puns or wordplay involving '비록'. For you, '비록' is not just a conjunction; it's a structural element that you use to craft elegant, balanced, and persuasive Korean prose. You can analyze its use in ancient texts and compare it to modern usage, demonstrating a master-level grasp of Korean semantics and syntax.

Practice it Examples Notes & Tips

~비록 in 30 Seconds

비록 is a formal adverb meaning 'although' or 'even though,' used to introduce a contrast.
It must be paired with a connective ending like -지만, -더라도, or -ㄹ지라도 later in the sentence.
It is commonly found in literature, formal speeches, and emotional K-drama scenes to add weight to a statement.
Using it correctly demonstrates an intermediate to advanced grasp of Korean sentence structure and logical flow.

The Korean word 비록 (bi-rok) is a powerful concessive adverb that serves as a signaling device in complex sentence structures. While English speakers often translate it simply as 'although' or 'even though,' its function in Korean is specifically to prepare the listener for a contrast that will be completed by a following connective ending. It acts as a semantic 'anchor,' establishing a premise that the speaker acknowledges as true, but which will not prevent the main action or state from occurring. In the hierarchy of Korean conjunctions, 비록 occupies a space of formal emphasis, often appearing in literature, news broadcasts, academic writing, and serious interpersonal discussions where a speaker wants to show depth of thought and acknowledgement of obstacles.

Semantic Function: It introduces a concessive clause, indicating that the speaker accepts the current condition but views it as secondary to the main point. It is rarely used in isolation and almost always requires a corresponding ending like -지만, -더라도, or -ㄹ지라도.
Register and Tone: While not strictly archaic, it carries a weightier tone than simply using the connective suffix alone. Using 비록 suggests a deliberate choice to highlight the contrast, making it common in inspirational speeches, tragic narratives, and formal apologies.

비록 몸은 멀리 떨어져 있지만, 마음만은 항상 곁에 있습니다.
— Even though our bodies are far apart, our hearts are always together.

Historically, 비록 has roots in Middle Korean and has maintained its status as a foundational logical connector. Unlike many other adverbs that have shifted toward casual slang, 비록 remains steadfast in its formal utility. When a student uses 비록, they signal to the listener that they have a sophisticated grasp of Korean syntax, as it requires planning the sentence structure ahead of time to match the adverb with the correct verb ending. This 'forward-looking' nature of the word is what makes it a hallmark of the B2 and C1 levels of the TOPIK (Test of Proficiency in Korean) examination.

비록 실패할지라도 도전하는 것 자체가 가치 있는 일입니다.
— Even if we fail, the act of challenging ourselves is valuable in itself.

Colloquial vs. Literary: In everyday spoken conversation, Koreans might skip 비록 and just use -지만 (e.g., "힘들지만 할게요"). However, when the situation demands sincerity or emphasis, 비록 is added back in (e.g., "비록 힘들지만 할게요"). This addition elevates the sentence from a simple statement of fact to a statement of resolve.

In summary, 비록 is not just a filler word; it is a structural pillar of the Korean language that bridges the gap between a recognized reality and a determined outcome. It allows speakers to acknowledge limitations without being defeated by them, embodying a linguistic spirit of resilience and nuance.

Mastering 비록 requires understanding its partnership with specific verb endings. In Korean grammar, this is known as a 'correlative pair.' You cannot use 비록 at the beginning of a sentence and then end that same clause with a standard declarative ending like -아요/어요 without a contrastive connector. It must be paired with endings that mean 'but,' 'even if,' or 'although.'

Pattern 1: 비록 ... -지만: This is the most common and standard pairing. It acknowledges a factual situation.
Example: 비록 날씨는 춥지만 산책을 나갔다. (Although the weather was cold, I went for a walk.)
Pattern 2: 비록 ... -더라도 / -ㄹ지라도: This pairing is used for hypothetical or extreme concessions. It suggests that even in a worst-case scenario, the main clause remains true.
Example: 비록 전 세계가 반대할지라도 나는 내 길을 가겠다. (Even if the whole world opposes me, I will go my way.)

비록 작은 성의이지만 부디 받아 주십시오.
— Although it is a small gesture, please accept it.

One of the most important aspects of using 비록 is its placement. It typically appears at the very beginning of the concessive clause, but it can also follow the subject of that clause. For example, '비록 내가...' and '내가 비록...' are both grammatically correct, though the former emphasizes the 'although' aspect more strongly, while the latter keeps the focus on the subject. When writing, placing 비록 at the start of the sentence provides a clear roadmap for the reader, making your prose easier to follow.

Another nuance involves the use of 비록 with nouns. When using it with a noun, you often use the form 비록 [Noun]일지라도 or 비록 [Noun]이지만. This is essential for defining identities or states. For instance, "비록 초보자이지만 (Although I am a beginner)" is a humble way to start a request for help or an explanation of a mistake.

비록 지금은 힘들어도 나중에는 웃게 될 거야.
— Although it's hard now, you will laugh later.

Advanced Usage: 비록 ... -으나: In highly formal or written texts (like legal documents or classic literature), you may see 비록 paired with -으나. This is functionally equivalent to -지만 but carries a much more literary flair.

Finally, consider the rhythm of the sentence. Because 비록 is often two syllables and ends in a consonant, it provides a rhythmic 'beat' that sets the pace for the rest of the sentence. This is why it is so popular in song lyrics and poetry, where the cadence of the words is just as important as the meaning.

In the modern Korean landscape, 비록 is a staple of emotional storytelling and formal communication. If you are watching a K-Drama, you will frequently hear this word during pivotal scenes—confessions of love, declarations of revenge, or moments of profound self-reflection. It provides the necessary gravitas to show that a character is making a choice despite significant odds. For example, a protagonist might say, "비록 우리가 헤어지더라도 (Even if we break up...)" to emphasize the weight of their current feelings.

In K-Pop Lyrics: Songwriters love 비록 because it creates immediate drama. It sets up a 'condition vs. emotion' dynamic that is perfect for ballads. Groups like BTS or IU often use such structures to express complex emotions of growth and hardship.
Example: "비록 내가 흔들릴지라도" (Even if I am shaken).
In News and Documentaries: News anchors use it to report on resilient communities or individuals who have overcome disasters. It frames the narrative in a way that respects the hardship while highlighting the triumph.

비록 경제 상황은 어렵지만 국민들의 희망은 꺾이지 않았습니다.
— Although the economic situation is difficult, the people's hope has not been broken.

In the workplace, 비록 is used during presentations or meetings to acknowledge limitations in a professional manner. A manager might say, "비록 예산은 부족하지만 (Although the budget is insufficient...)" before proposing a creative solution. This shows that the speaker is realistic about the constraints but proactive about the goals. It is a key word for 'softening' bad news or acknowledging the hard work of employees despite lack of results.

Social media also sees its fair share of 비록. While Instagram captions are usually casual, 'deep' or 'sentimental' posts (known as 감성글 in Korean) frequently employ this word to create a poetic atmosphere. You might see a photo of a sunset with a caption like, "비록 오늘 하루는 힘들었지만..." (Although today was hard...).

비록 작은 시작일지라도 끝은 창대하리라.
— Although the beginning is small, the end shall be great.

Lastly, in educational settings, teachers use 비록 to encourage students. It’s a word that bridges the current state of 'not knowing' with the future state of 'mastery.' Understanding this word allows you to tap into the emotional and logical undercurrents of Korean culture, where acknowledging reality is the first step toward changing it.

One of the most frequent errors learners make with 비록 is treating it as a standalone conjunction like the English word 'But.' In English, you can start a sentence with 'Although...' and it works. In Korean, 비록 is an adverb that must be paired with a specific grammatical ending later in the clause. Failing to provide this ending creates a 'hanging' sentence that feels incomplete and confusing to native speakers.

Mistake 1: Missing the Suffix: Incorrect: 비록 비가 와요. (Even though it's raining - incomplete)
Correct: 비록 비가 오지만... (Even though it's raining...)
Mistake 2: Using with the Wrong Connective: Incorrect: 비록 비가 와서... (Because it's raining even though... - logical clash)
Correct: 비록 is for concession, so it cannot be paired with causal endings like -아서/어서 or -(으)니까.

비록 공부했어요 시험에 떨어졌어요. (X)
비록 공부했지만 시험에 떨어졌어요. (O)

Another common pitfall is overusing 비록 in casual, everyday speech. While not technically 'wrong,' using it while asking a friend to pass the salt or talking about what you ate for lunch can sound overly dramatic or 'bookish.' It’s like saying "Notwithstanding the fact that I am hungry..." instead of just "I'm hungry." Beginners often learn it and want to use it everywhere, but it's best reserved for times when you want to sound serious or poetic.

There is also a confusion between 비록 and 만약 (if). While both are adverbs that set up a specific sentence structure, 비록 deals with facts or strong possibilities being conceded, whereas 만약 deals with pure hypotheses. Mixing these up can change the entire meaning of your sentence from 'Even though this is true' to 'If this were true.'

Mistake 3: Misplacing the Adverb: While 비록 is flexible, placing it too far from the verb it modifies can make the sentence hard to parse. It should ideally be at the start of the clause or immediately following the subject.

Finally, remember that 비록 does not change based on politeness levels. Whether you are speaking in 반말 (informal) or 존댓말 (formal), 비록 remains the same. The politeness is determined by the final verb at the very end of the entire sentence.

In Korean, there are several ways to express concession, and choosing the right one depends on the level of formality and the specific nuance you wish to convey. While 비록 is the most versatile 'anchor' adverb for this purpose, comparing it with its 'cousins' can help you understand its unique position in the language.

비록 vs. 아무리 (A-mu-ri): 비록 emphasizes the *existence* of a condition (Even though it is X...), while 아무리 emphasizes the *degree* of a condition (No matter how X it is...).
비록 힘들지만 (Even though it is hard) vs. 아무리 힘들어도 (No matter how hard it is).
비록 vs. 설령 (Seol-lyeong): 설령 is used for extreme, hypothetical situations that are unlikely to happen but are being considered ('Even assuming that...'). 비록 is more grounded in reality or highly probable scenarios.
비록 vs. 비단 (Bi-dan): These sound similar but are very different. 비단 is usually followed by a negative and means 'not only' (e.g., 비단 그뿐만이 아니다 - It's not only that). Don't confuse them just because they start with '비'!

Comparison Chart:
비록: General concession (Formal/Standard)
아무리: Degree-based concession (Emotional/Emphatic)
설령: Hypothetical concession (Formal/Speculative)
기껏해야: 'At best' (Negative/Limiting concession)

When should you use an alternative? If you are speaking with close friends, you might find 비록 too stiff. In those cases, you can simply use the -아/어도 or -지만 endings without any preceding adverb. For example, instead of "비록 늦었지만 (Even though I'm late)," you would just say "늦었지만 (I'm late, but...)." This keeps the conversation light and natural.

Another alternative is 그렇다 하더라도 (Even if that is the case). This is used to respond to someone else's point. While 비록 is usually part of your own original sentence, 그렇다 하더라도 is a reactive phrase that acknowledges what the other person said before offering a counterpoint.

Ultimately, 비록 remains the 'gold standard' for clear, logical concession in Korean. By understanding its alternatives, you can fine-tune your speech to match the exact emotional and social context of your conversation.

How Formal Is It?

Fun Fact

Despite sounding like it could be a Hanja word (like 기록 or 초록), it is actually a pure Korean word, which is why it feels so essential and foundational to the language's grammar.

Pronunciation Guide

UK /bi.ɾok/

US /bi.ɾok/

Stress is equal on both syllables, as is typical in Korean.

Rhymes With

기록 (gi-rok - record) 부록 (bu-rok - appendix) 수록 (su-rok - inclusion) 초록 (cho-rok - green) 목록 (mok-rok - list) 등록 (deung-rok - registration) 영록 (yeong-rok - brilliant) 지록 (ji-rok - record)

Common Errors

Pronouncing the 'r' like an English 'r'—it should be a light tap of the tongue (flap).
Over-aspirating the 'k' at the end—it should be an unreleased stop.
Making the 'i' in 'bi' too long like 'beeee'.

Difficulty Rating

Reading 3/5

Easy to recognize once learned, but appears in complex sentences.

Writing 4/5

Requires knowledge of correlative verb endings.

Speaking 4/5

Hard to use spontaneously in casual conversation without sounding stiff.

Listening 3/5

Clear pronunciation makes it easy to spot in speech.

What to Learn Next

Prerequisites

하지만 (But) -지만 (Connective suffix) 비 (Rain) 크다 (Big) 작다 (Small)

Learn Next

설령 (Even if) 아무리 (No matter how) 불구하고 (Despite) 과연 (Indeed) 오히려 (Rather)

Advanced

양보 (Concession - Grammar term) 대조 (Contrast) 문어체 (Written style) 수사학 (Rhetoric)

Grammar to Know

Concessive Connectives (-지만, -아/어도)

비록 비가 오지만 나갔다.

Hypothetical Concession (-더라도, -ㄹ지라도)

비록 죽더라도 항복 안 해.

Formal Contrast (-으나)

비록 가난하나 행복하다.

Noun Concession (-일지라도, -이지만)

비록 어린아이일지라도 생각이 깊다.

Adverbial Placement in Korean

비록 내가... vs 내가 비록...

Examples by Level

비록 작지만 예뻐요.

Although it is small, it is pretty.

비록 + Adjective + -지만

비록 맵지만 맛있어요.

Although it is spicy, it is delicious.

비록 + Adjective + -지만

비록 비가 오지만 학교에 가요.

Although it's raining, I go to school.

비록 + Verb + -지만

비록 멀지만 괜찮아요.

Although it's far, it's okay.

비록 + Adjective + -지만

비록 비싸지만 샀어요.

Although it was expensive, I bought it.

비록 + Adjective + -지만 (Past tense)

비록 추워요, 하지만 나가요.

Although it's cold, I'm going out.

Simplified two-sentence structure for A1 learners.

비록 힘들지만 웃어요.

Although it's hard, I smile.

비록 + Adjective + -지만

비록 늦었지만 미안해요.

Although I am late, I am sorry.

비록 + Adjective + -지만

비록 돈은 없지만 행복해요.

Although I don't have money, I am happy.

비록 + Noun + -은/는 없지만

비록 한국말을 잘 못하지만 노력하고 있어요.

Although I can't speak Korean well, I am trying.

비록 + Verb + -지 못하지만

비록 몸은 피곤하지만 공부를 해야 해요.

Although my body is tired, I have to study.

비록 + Noun + -은/는 + Adjective + -지만

비록 날씨가 안 좋지만 여행을 갔어요.

Although the weather was bad, I went on a trip.

비록 + Noun + -가 + Adjective + -지만

비록 키는 작지만 축구를 잘해요.

Although he is short, he is good at soccer.

비록 + Noun + -는 + Adjective + -지만

비록 실수가 많았지만 끝까지 했어요.

Although there were many mistakes, I did it until the end.

비록 + Noun + -가 + 많았지만

비록 혼자 살지만 외롭지 않아요.

Although I live alone, I am not lonely.

비록 + Adverb + Verb + -지만

비록 시험은 끝났지만 계속 공부해요.

Although the exam is over, I keep studying.

비록 + Noun + -은 + Verb + -았/었지만

비록 실패할지라도 다시 도전할 것입니다.

Even if I fail, I will try again.

비록 + Verb + -ㄹ지라도 (Hypothetical)

비록 지금은 서툴러도 연습하면 잘할 수 있어요.

Although you are clumsy now, you can do well if you practice.

비록 + Adjective + -어도

비록 부모님의 반대가 있었지만 제 꿈을 포기하지 않았어요.

Although there was opposition from my parents, I didn't give up on my dream.

비록 + Noun + -가 있었지만

비록 우리가 처음 만났을 때는 어색했지만 지금은 친해요.

Although it was awkward when we first met, we are close now.

비록 + Clause + -았/었지만

비록 이 방법이 조금 느리더라도 가장 정확합니다.

Even if this method is a bit slow, it is the most accurate.

비록 + Adjective + -더라도

비록 큰 도움은 아니지만 제 성의를 받아 주세요.

Although it's not a big help, please accept my sincerity.

비록 + Noun + -은 아니지만

비록 그가 나에게 거짓말을 했지만 나는 그를 용서했다.

Although he lied to me, I forgave him.

비록 + Clause + -았/었지만

비록 상황이 어렵더라도 희망을 잃지 맙시다.

Even if the situation is difficult, let's not lose hope.

비록 + Adjective + -더라도

비록 경제적 여건은 넉넉하지 못하지만 마음만은 부자입니다.

Although our economic conditions are not affluent, we are rich in heart.

비록 + Noun + -은 + Adjective + -지 못하지만

비록 결과가 기대에 못 미칠지라도 최선을 다했다는 것이 중요합니다.

Even if the results fall short of expectations, the fact that we did our best is important.

비록 + Clause + -ㄹ지라도

비록 얼굴은 한 번도 본 적 없지만 우리는 편지로 깊은 우정을 쌓았다.

Although we have never met face to face, we built a deep friendship through letters.

비록 + Noun + -은 + Verb + -ㄴ 적 없지만

비록 짧은 시간이었지만 많은 것을 배울 수 있는 기회였습니다.

Although it was a short time, it was an opportunity to learn many things.

비록 + Adjective + -ㄴ 시간이었지만

비록 정부의 정책이 비판을 받고 있으나 긍정적인 측면도 존재한다.

Although the government's policy is being criticized, positive aspects also exist.

비록 + Noun + -이 + Verb + -고 있으나 (Formal)

비록 내일 지구가 멸망할지라도 나는 오늘 한 그루의 사과나무를 심겠다.

Even if the earth were to perish tomorrow, I would plant an apple tree today.

비록 + Clause + -ㄹ지라도 (Classic quote)

비록 그가 범죄를 저질렀을지라도 인권은 존중받아야 한다.

Even if he committed a crime, human rights must be respected.

비록 + Clause + -았/었을지라도

비록 이번 계획은 무산되었지만 우리는 더 나은 대안을 찾을 것이다.

Although this plan fell through, we will find a better alternative.

비록 + Noun + -은 + Verb + -았/었지만

비록 시대의 흐름을 거스를 수는 없으나 우리의 전통을 지키려는 노력은 계속되어야 한다.

Although we cannot go against the flow of the times, efforts to preserve our traditions must continue.

비록 + Clause + -(으)나

비록 그가 학문적 성취는 뛰어날망정 인격적으로는 결함이 많다는 평가가 지배적이다.

Although his academic achievements may be outstanding, the dominant evaluation is that he has many personal flaws.

비록 + Clause + -ㄹ망정 (Literary concession)

비록 외교적 갈등이 심화되고 있음에도 불구하고 양국 간의 문화 교류는 지속되고 있다.

Despite the deepening diplomatic conflicts, cultural exchanges between the two countries continue.

비록 + Clause + -음에도 불구하고

비록 인간의 지혜가 한계가 있을지라도 끊임없이 진리를 탐구하는 자세가 필요하다.

Even if human wisdom has its limits, an attitude of constantly seeking the truth is necessary.

비록 + Noun + -이 + Verb + -ㄹ지라도

비록 그 작품이 대중적인 인기를 얻지는 못했으나 예술적 가치만큼은 높게 평가받는다.

Although the work did not gain popular popularity, its artistic value alone is highly evaluated.

비록 + Clause + -지는 못했으나

비록 과거의 상처가 깊을지언정 그것이 우리의 미래를 결정하게 해서는 안 된다.

Even though the wounds of the past may be deep, we must not let them determine our future.

비록 + Clause + -ㄹ지언정 (Strong literary concession)

비록 예산상의 제약이 따를 것으로 예상되나 프로젝트의 핵심 가치는 훼손되지 않도록 하겠다.

Although budgetary constraints are expected, we will ensure that the core value of the project is not compromised.

비록 + Noun + -이 + Verb + -(으)나

비록 육신은 쇠약해졌을지라도 그의 정신만큼은 여전히 청년처럼 맑고 힘찼다.

Although his physical body had weakened, his spirit was still as clear and powerful as a youth's.

비록 + Noun + -은 + Verb + -았/었을지라도

비록 인간사가 새옹지마라 할지라도, 현재의 고난이 훗날의 복이 될 것임을 믿어 의심치 않는다.

Even though human affairs are like 'Saeyongjima' (a blessing in disguise), I do not doubt that current hardships will become future blessings.

비록 + Idiom + -라 할지라도

비록 작금의 사태가 미증유의 위기임은 분명하나, 우리 공동체의 저력을 믿고 나아가야 한다.

Although it is clear that the current situation is an unprecedented crisis, we must move forward believing in the potential of our community.

비록 + Advanced Noun + -임은 분명하나

비록 칸트의 정언명령이 현대 윤리학에서 비판의 대상이 되기도 하지만, 그 도덕적 숭고함은 여전히 유효하다.

Although Kant's categorical imperative is sometimes a subject of criticism in modern ethics, its moral sublimity remains valid.

비록 + Philosophical term + -기도 하지만

비록 기술의 진보가 인간 소외를 야기할 수 있다는 우려가 있으나, 이는 결국 인간이 해결해야 할 과제이다.

Although there are concerns that technological progress can cause human alienation, this is ultimately a task that humans must solve.

비록 + Noun + -이 + Verb + -ㄴ다는 우려가 있으나

비록 언어라는 그릇이 인간의 심오한 사유를 온전히 담아내기에는 부족할지라도, 우리는 끊임없이 소통해야 한다.

Even if the vessel of language is insufficient to fully contain profound human thoughts, we must constantly communicate.

비록 + Noun + -이 + Verb + -ㄹ지라도

비록 권력의 속성이 부패하기 쉽다 하더라도, 민주주의의 근간은 시민의 감시와 참여에 있다.

Even if the nature of power is prone to corruption, the foundation of democracy lies in the surveillance and participation of citizens.

비록 + Noun + -이 + Verb + -다 하더라도

비록 예술이 배고픈 길이라 할지언정, 영혼의 자유를 갈구하는 이들에게는 그 무엇보다 풍요로운 길이다.

Even if art is a 'hungry path' (unprofitable), for those who crave freedom of the soul, it is a path more abundant than anything else.

비록 + Noun + -이라 할지언정

비록 생의 끝자락에서 만난 인연일지라도 그 깊이와 무게는 평생의 그것과 다르지 않았다.

Even if it was a connection met at the end of life, its depth and weight were no different from that of a lifetime.

비록 + Noun + -일지라도

Common Collocations

비록 ... -지만

비록 ... -더라도

비록 ... -ㄹ지라도

비록 ... -으나

비록 짧은 시간이지만

비록 몸은 멀리 있어도

비록 부족한 점이 많지만

비록 지금은 힘들어도

비록 작은 보탬이지만

비록 ... -ㄹ지언정

Common Phrases

비록 그렇다 하더라도

— Even if that is so; nonetheless. Used to acknowledge a point before disagreeing.

비록 그렇다 하더라도 이건 규칙 위반입니다.

비록 ... -ㄴ다 해도

— Even if one says that... Used to concede a statement or claim.

비록 그가 천재라 해도 이번 문제는 못 풀 거야.

비록 ... -ㄹ망정

— Even if/though... Used to show a strong, often defiant concession.

비록 죽을망정 항복은 못 한다.

비록 ... -어도

— Even though/if... A standard way to connect a condition with an unexpected result.

비록 옷은 낡았어도 마음은 깨끗하다.

비록 ... -으나

— Although... A formal and literary way to connect contrastive clauses.

비록 얼굴은 예쁘나 성격은 나쁘다.

비록 ... -음에도 불구하고

— Despite the fact that... A very formal and explicit way to show concession.

비록 나이가 많음에도 불구하고 그는 도전을 멈추지 않았다.

비록 보잘것없지만

— Although it is humble/trivial. Used when giving a gift or offering help.

비록 보잘것없지만 제 선물입니다.

비록 늦은 감이 있지만

— Although it feels a bit late. Used when starting something after the ideal time.

비록 늦은 감이 있지만 이제라도 시작합시다.

비록 한때는

— Although at one time... Used when talking about the past versus the present.

비록 한때는 적이었지만 이제는 친구다.

비록 꿈일지라도

— Even if it is just a dream. Used to express a strong wish or a romantic sentiment.

비록 꿈일지라도 당신을 다시 보고 싶어요.

Often Confused With

~비록 vs 비단

Sounds similar but means 'not only' and is used with negatives.

~비록 vs 기록

Sounds similar but means 'record' or 'document' (Noun).

~비록 vs 비로소

Sounds similar but means 'at last' or 'finally'.

Idioms & Expressions

"비록 개천에서 용 난다 할지라도"

— Even if a dragon rises from a stream. Refers to achieving great success from humble beginnings.

비록 개천에서 용 난다 할지라도 노력이 없으면 불가능하다.

Proverbial

"비록 뱁새가 황새를 따라가려다 가랑이가 찢어질지언정"

— Even if a crow-tit tears its legs trying to follow a stork. Refers to trying too hard to mimic someone superior.

비록 뱁새가 황새를 따라가려다 가랑이가 찢어질지언정 나는 도전하겠다.

Proverbial

"비록 입은 비뚤어졌어도 말은 바로 해라"

— Even if your mouth is crooked, speak straight. Means one should always tell the truth regardless of the situation.

비록 입은 비뚤어졌어도 말은 바로 해야지, 왜 거짓말을 하니?

Common Idiom

"비록 짚신도 짝이 있다지만"

— Even though even straw shoes have a pair. Means everyone has a soulmate, though used here to set up a contrast.

비록 짚신도 짝이 있다지만 내 짝은 어디 있나?

Humorous/Proverbial

"비록 산 넘어 산일지라도"

— Even if it's mountains beyond mountains. Refers to facing one difficulty after another.

비록 산 넘어 산일지라도 우리는 멈추지 않을 것이다.

Metaphorical

"비록 마른하늘에 날벼락일지라도"

— Even if it's a bolt from the blue (unexpected disaster).

비록 마른하늘에 날벼락일지라도 정신만 차리면 산다.

Idiomatic

"비록 고생 끝에 낙이 온다지만"

— Even though they say pleasure comes after hardship.

비록 고생 끝에 낙이 온다지만 지금은 너무 힘들다.

Common Saying

"비록 천 리 길도 한 걸음부터라지만"

— Even though they say a journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.

비록 천 리 길도 한 걸음부터라지만 시작이 너무 막막하다.

Common Saying

"비록 밑 빠진 독에 물 붓기일지라도"

— Even if it's like pouring water into a bottomless pot (a futile effort).

비록 밑 빠진 독에 물 붓기일지라도 나는 계속 노력할 거야.

Metaphorical

"비록 소 잃고 외양간 고치기일지라도"

— Even if it's like mending the barn after losing the cow (too late).

비록 소 잃고 외양간 고치기일지라도 다음을 위해 준비해야 한다.

Proverbial

Easily Confused

~비록 vs 설령

Both mean 'even if/though'.

설령 is more for hypothetical or unlikely scenarios, while 비록 is for actual or highly likely ones.

설령 지구가 멸망해도 (Hypothetical) vs. 비록 비가 오지만 (Actual).

~비록 vs 아무리

Both express concession.

아무리 emphasizes the degree (no matter how much), while 비록 emphasizes the existence of the condition.

아무리 먹어도 (No matter how much I eat) vs. 비록 많이 먹었지만 (Even though I ate a lot).

~비록 vs 만약

Both are adverbs that start a conditional/concessive clause.

만약 is 'if' (possibility), 비록 is 'although' (concession).

만약 비가 오면 (If it rains) vs. 비록 비가 오지만 (Although it's raining).

~비록 vs 비로소

Phonetic similarity.

비로소 means 'finally/at last' after a long wait or condition.

비로소 깨달았다 (I finally realized).

~비록 vs 비단

Phonetic similarity.

비단 means 'not only' or 'silk'.

비단 옷 (Silk clothes) or 비단 그뿐만이 아니다 (It's not only that).

Sentence Patterns

비록 [Adj/Verb]지만

비록 맵지만 맛있어요.

비록 [Noun]이지만

비록 학생이지만 돈이 많아요.

비록 [Adj/Verb]더라도

비록 늦더라도 꼭 오세요.

비록 [Adj/Verb]ㄹ지라도

비록 세상이 변할지라도 나는 안 변해.

비록 [Adj/Verb]으나

비록 몸은 떠나나 마음은 남는다.

비록 [Noun]이라 할지언정

비록 거지라 할지언정 자존심은 있다.

비록 [Adj/Verb]어도

비록 힘들어도 웃으세요.

비록 [Noun]임에도 불구하고

비록 초보임에도 불구하고 잘하네요.

Word Family

비록 ... -지만

비록 ... -더라도

비록 ... -ㄹ지라도

비록 ... -으나

비록 ... -어도

How to Use It

frequency

Common in written text, medium-high in formal speech, low in casual slang.

Common Mistakes

Using 비록 with -니까 (because). → 비록 ... -지만
비록 is for concession/contrast, while -니까 is for cause and effect. They cannot be used together in the same clause.
Using 비록 as a standalone word for 'Although'. → 비록 ... -지만
In English, you can say 'Although it rained.' In Korean, you must say '비록 비가 왔지만.' You cannot just say '비록 비가 왔어요.'
Confusing 비록 with 비로소. → 비록 (although) vs 비로소 (finally)
These sound similar but have completely different meanings. 비로소 is used when something finally happens after a long time.
Using 비록 in very casual slang with friends. → Just use -지만.
Using 비록 in casual speech can sound overly dramatic or unnatural. It's best for formal or semi-formal contexts.
Putting 비록 at the end of the sentence. → Place it at the beginning of the clause.
Adverbs like 비록 must precede the verb they modify. They cannot come after the verb or at the very end of a thought.

Tips

Pairing is Key

Always remember that 비록 is the first half of a pair. If you start with 비록, you must end that clause with a contrastive marker like -지만 or -더라도. It's like an open bracket that needs to be closed.

Use for Sincerity

When you want to show that you are being very honest or sincere, especially in an apology or a confession, use 비록. It shows you are acknowledging the reality of the situation.

Exam Favorite

비록 is a very common word in TOPIK II reading and writing sections. Practice identifying the -지만 or -ㄹ지라도 that follows it to quickly understand the logic of long sentences.

Avoid Overuse

In casual settings, using 비록 can make you sound a bit like a professor. If you're just hanging out with friends, just use -지만 or -아/어도 without the 비록.

Sentence Starter

Starting a paragraph with '비록' can be a great way to link it to a previous point while introducing a new, contrasting perspective.

The Signaling Effect

Train your ears to hear 비록 as a signal. As soon as you hear it, you know the speaker is about to mention a challenge or obstacle that they are overcoming.

Pure Korean

Appreciate that 비록 is a native Korean word. It doesn't have a Hanja equivalent that is used as commonly, making it a unique part of the core Korean lexicon.

Fact vs. Hypothesis

Use 비록 ... -지만 for things that are definitely true, and 비록 ... -더라도 for things that might be true or are extreme possibilities.

Humility Marker

Use '비록 부족하지만' (Although I am lacking) when presenting something you made or did to show politeness and humility.

The 'B' Connection

Connect the 'B' in '비록' with the 'B' in 'But'. It helps you remember that this word always leads to a 'But' statement.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Think of 'BI-ROK' as 'BE-ROCK'. Even though you want to 'BE' as hard as a 'ROCK', you still have feelings or challenges. (Even though/Although).

Visual Association

Imagine a tiny sprout pushing through a heavy rock. The sprout is '비록' (although) small, it is strong.

Word Web

Contrast Concession Logic Formal Resilience Emphasis But Structure

Challenge

Try to write three sentences about your life using '비록'. One about your studies, one about your hobbies, and one about a challenge you overcame.

Word Origin

The word '비록' is a native Korean adverb (pure Korean, not Hanja-based). It has been used since Middle Korean to introduce concessive clauses.

Original meaning: Its original meaning was 'even though' or 'even if,' serving as a logical marker for contrast.

Koreanic

Cultural Context

There are no major sensitivities, but using it in very casual settings might make you sound like you are trying too hard to be 'deep' or formal.

English speakers often use 'although' or 'but' interchangeably, but in Korean, '비록' adds a layer of formality and intentionality that 'but' (-지만) alone does not.

Used in the Korean translation of Spinoza's famous quote: '비록 내일 지구가 멸망할지라도...' Frequently appears in the lyrics of 'Arirang' variations and modern ballads. A common opening for formal presidential addresses in South Korea.

Practice in Real Life

Real-World Contexts

Acknowledging a weakness

비록 부족하지만
비록 서툴지만
비록 초보자이지만
비록 실수는 했지만

Expressing determination

비록 힘들지라도
비록 실패하더라도
비록 비가 와도
비록 시간이 걸려도

Formal apologies

비록 고의는 아니었지만
비록 사과가 늦었지만
비록 큰 잘못을 했지만
비록 변명의 여지는 없으나

Giving gifts

비록 작은 성의이지만
비록 비싼 것은 아니지만
비록 마음에 드실지 모르겠지만
비록 보잘것없지만

Discussing history/society

비록 과거의 일이지만
비록 어려운 상황이었으나
비록 갈등은 있었지만
비록 전례는 없지만

Conversation Starters

"비록 오늘 날씨는 안 좋지만, 우리 뭐 할까요?"

"비록 한국어 공부가 힘들지만, 계속하는 이유가 뭐예요?"

"비록 우리가 처음 만났지만, 왠지 친근한 느낌이 들어요."

"비록 지금은 바쁘시겠지만, 잠시 이야기 좀 할 수 있을까요?"

"비록 결과는 안 좋았지만, 과정에서 배운 게 많지 않나요?"

Journal Prompts

비록 오늘 하루는 힘들었지만, 감사했던 일 세 가지를 적어보세요.

비록 내가 가진 것은 적지만, 내가 가장 부자라고 느낄 때는 언제인가요?

비록 실패했던 경험이더라도, 나를 성장시킨 사건에 대해 써보세요.

비록 지금은 이룰 수 없는 꿈일지라도, 내가 꼭 하고 싶은 일은 무엇인가요?

비록 다른 사람들과 의견이 달랐지만, 내 소신을 지켰던 순간을 기록해보세요.

Frequently Asked Questions

10 questions

Generally, no. '비록' is a signaling adverb that needs a corresponding connective ending like '-지만', '-더라도', or '-ㄹ지라도' to complete the logical structure. Using it alone makes the sentence feel unfinished.

It is more common in formal or literary contexts, but it can be used in neutral daily conversation when you want to sound sincere or emphasize a point. It's rarely used in very casual slang.

Usually at the very beginning of the clause. However, you can also place it right after the subject (e.g., '나는 비록...'). Both are correct, but starting with '비록' is more common.

'비록' focuses on the fact (Even though it is true that...), while '아무리' focuses on the intensity (No matter how much...). For example, '비록 춥지만' (Even though it is cold) vs. '아무리 추워도' (No matter how cold it is).

Yes! You just change the verb ending to the past tense, like '비록 공부했지만' (Although I studied).

No, it is a pure Korean word (순우리말), which is quite interesting given its formal and structural utility.

The word '비록' itself doesn't change, but the final verb of the entire sentence must use the appropriate honorific or polite ending.

Yes, but you need to add the copula '이다'. For example, '비록 학생이지만' (Although I am a student).

Absolutely! It's very common in emotional ballads to create a dramatic contrast between a difficult situation and the singer's feelings.

Your sentence will still be grammatically correct and understandable. '비록' just adds emphasis and a more formal, logical flow.