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B1 noun #5,000 most common 13 min read

병역

byeongyeok Top 5,000

Practice it Examples Notes & Tips 병역 in 30 Seconds

Explanation 병역 in your Level:

At the A1 level, you only need to know that '병역' (Byeong-yeok) means 'military service' and is a very important word for men in Korea. You might hear people talking about '군대' (Gundae - army) more often. Just remember that in Korea, young men have to go to the army for about 18 to 21 months. You don't need to use this word in daily conversation yet, but you might see it on signs or in the news. It is a formal word. If you see '병역', think 'army duty'. It is one of the things that makes Korean culture unique because almost every man you meet has done it or will do it. You can think of it like a long, mandatory job for the country.

At the A2 level, you should be able to recognize '병역' in simple sentences and understand its connection to the Korean lifestyle. You might learn phrases like '병역 의무' (military service duty). You will notice that many Korean male celebrities have to take a break from their work to fulfill this duty. This is called '병역 이행'. You should also know the word '군대' (army) as the place where they go. At this level, you can start to understand why university students (남학생) often take a two-year break. They are 'doing their 병역'. It is a formal term, so you will see it in newspapers or on official websites. If you are filling out a form in Korea, '병역' might be a question about whether you have served in the military.

At the B1 level, you should understand the social and legal weight of '병역'. It's not just 'going to the army'; it's a legal obligation (의무). You should be familiar with related terms like '병역 면제' (exemption) and '병역 기피' (evasion). You'll hear these in news reports about famous people. For example, 'He got an exemption because of an injury' would be '그는 부상으로 병역 면제를 받았습니다.' You should also understand that '병역' is the formal term used in job applications and official documents. At this level, you can participate in basic discussions about why military service is mandatory in Korea and how it affects a person's life and career timing. You should be able to distinguish between '군대' (the place) and '병역' (the obligation).

At the B2 level, you can engage in more complex discussions about the '병역 제도' (military service system). You should be able to understand the nuances of '병역 판정 검사' (physical exams for service) and the different types of service, such as '현역' (active duty) and '사회복무요원' (social service personnel). You can understand news articles discussing '병역법 개정' (amendment of the Military Service Act) and the public's sensitivity toward '병역 비리' (corruption/scandals). You should be able to use the word in formal writing or debates, discussing topics like whether the service period should be shortened or if '모병제' (volunteer system) should replace the current '징병제' (conscription). Your vocabulary should include collocations like '병역을 이행하다' and '병역을 마치다'.

At the C1 level, you should have a deep understanding of the historical and political context of '병역' in South Korea. You can analyze how '병역' influences Korean masculinity, social hierarchy, and the economy. You should be able to discuss complex legal issues like '양심적 병역 거부' (conscientious objection) and the implementation of '대체복무제' (alternative service system). You can follow high-level academic or political debates about '병역 자원 부족' (shortage of military resources) due to low birth rates. You should be able to use the term precisely in professional contexts, such as legal, political, or sociological discussions. You understand the subtle implications when a politician's '병역 기록' (military record) is brought up during an election and the cultural significance of being a '병역 명문가' (prestigious military family).

At the C2 level, you possess a native-like grasp of '병역' and all its sociopolitical ramifications. You can critique the evolution of the Military Service Act from the post-war era to the present. You understand the philosophical arguments surrounding the 'duty of national defense' versus individual rights. You can navigate the most technical legal documents regarding 병역 and understand the fine distinctions between various administrative statuses. You are aware of the linguistic nuances in historical contexts versus modern contexts. You can write persuasive essays or deliver speeches on the necessity of '병역 제도 개혁' (military service system reform) and its impact on national security and social equity. You understand the cultural 'shame' associated with avoiding service and the 'honor' associated with serving in elite units like the Marines, and how this affects public discourse at the highest levels.

Practice it Examples Notes & Tips

병역 in 30 Seconds

병역 (Byeong-yeok) is the formal term for mandatory military service in South Korea, primarily affecting male citizens as a constitutional duty.
It is derived from Hanja (兵 soldier + 役 service) and is used in formal, legal, and administrative contexts rather than casual conversation.
Commonly paired with verbs like '이행하다' (fulfill), '마치다' (complete), and '면제받다' (be exempted), it is a central topic in Korean society.
Understanding this word is crucial for grasping Korean male identity, career paths, and the social importance of fairness and national defense.

The Korean word 병역 (Byeong-yeok) is a formal and essential term in South Korean society, referring to the mandatory military service that almost all able-bodied male citizens must perform. Derived from the Hanja characters 兵 (병 - soldier) and 役 (역 - service/labor), it literally translates to the 'service of a soldier.' In a country where the threat of conflict remains a reality due to the ongoing division with North Korea, this word carries immense weight, symbolizing duty, sacrifice, and the transition into adulthood for men. It is not merely a job but a legal and social obligation that shapes the life trajectories of individuals, affecting their education, careers, and social standing.

Legal Status: In South Korea, 병역 is a constitutional duty. Under the Military Service Act, all male citizens are required to perform military service faithfully. This is often referred to as '국방의 의무' (duty of national defense).
Social Context: Completing one's 병역 is often seen as a rite of passage. In professional settings, having completed service is frequently a prerequisite for employment or a factor in determining seniority and starting salary.
Formal Usage: While '군대' (army) is the common word for the place or the institution, '병역' is the technical term used in legal documents, news reports, and official discussions regarding the obligation itself.

Understanding 병역 is crucial for anyone studying Korean culture because it intersects with politics, entertainment, and daily life. For instance, when a famous K-pop idol or actor pauses their career, the news will report it as '병역 이행' (fulfilling military service). Conversely, scandals involving '병역 기피' (evading military service) can end a public figure's career overnight due to the high value placed on fairness and national duty. The term covers various forms of service, including active duty (현역) and supplemental service (보충역), such as social service personnel (사회복무요원).

대한민국 남성은 만 18세부터 병역 준비역에 편입됩니다. (South Korean men are enlisted in the preparatory military service from the age of 18.)

그는 건강상의 이유로 병역 면제를 받았습니다. (He received an exemption from military service for health reasons.)

The discussion around 병역 is evolving. In recent years, debates about the length of service, the compensation for soldiers, and the potential for an all-volunteer force (모병제) instead of the current conscription system (징병제) have become prominent in Korean media. Furthermore, the issue of 'alternative service' (대체복무) for conscientious objectors has led to significant legal changes, allowing those who refuse to bear arms for religious or moral reasons to serve in other capacities, such as working in correctional facilities. Despite these changes, the core concept of 병역 as a shared national burden remains a cornerstone of South Korean social cohesion and national identity.

정부는 병역 의무 이행자들에게 더 많은 혜택을 제공하겠다고 발표했습니다. (The government announced it would provide more benefits to those who fulfill their military service obligation.)

최근 병역 판정 검사 기준이 강화되었습니다. (Recently, the standards for the military service determination examination have been strengthened.)

그의 병역 비리 의혹이 사실로 밝혀져 충격을 주었습니다. (The allegations of his military service corruption turned out to be true, causing a shock.)

Finally, it is worth noting that while 병역 primarily affects men, women can volunteer for military service as officers or non-commissioned officers. However, the term 병역 in the context of 'obligation' almost exclusively refers to the male requirement. The word is often paired with verbs like '이행하다' (to fulfill), '기피하다' (to evade), '면제받다' (to be exempted), and '마치다' (to finish/complete). As you progress in your Korean studies, you will find that 병역 is a gateway to understanding the collective psyche of the nation and the structural realities of life for millions of Korean citizens.

Using 병역 (Byeong-yeok) correctly involves understanding its formal nature and the specific verbs it typically pairs with. Since it refers to a legal obligation, the language surrounding it is often administrative or serious. You won't typically hear this in casual 'bro' talk unless discussing official matters; instead, friends might use '군대' (army). However, in any discussion about rights, duties, or professional status, 병역 is the standard term.

Fulfilling the Duty (이행): The verb '이행하다' (to fulfill/carry out) is the most formal way to describe doing one's military service. Example: '그는 병역의 의무를 성실히 이행했다' (He faithfully fulfilled his military service duty).
Exemption (면제): '면제받다' is used when someone is legally excused from service, usually due to health (질병) or specific family circumstances. Example: '운동선수가 금메달을 따서 병역 면제 혜택을 받았다' (The athlete received military service exemption benefits for winning a gold medal).
Evading (기피): '기피하다' means to avoid or evade. This is a very negative term often associated with legal punishment. Example: '병역 기피는 심각한 범죄입니다' (Evading military service is a serious crime).

When discussing the process of being assigned a role, the term '병역 판정 검사' (Military Service Determination Examination) is used. This is the physical and mental health check that determines whether a person will serve as an active-duty soldier or in a supplemental role. You might also encounter '병역 특례' (Special military service), which refers to programs where individuals with specific skills (like researchers or skilled workers in defense industries) can serve their duty while working in their field.

그 배우는 병역을 마치고 복귀했습니다. (The actor returned after completing his military service.)

정부는 병역 제도를 개편하려고 합니다. (The government intends to reform the military service system.)

Another common context is '병역 비리' (military service corruption). This refers to illegal acts, such as bribing doctors to forge medical reports to avoid enlistment. Because fairness is such a sensitive topic in Korea, news about 병역 비리 often leads to intense public anger and long-term reputational damage for those involved. Conversely, '병역 명문가' (Military Service Prestigious Family) is an honorary title given to families where three generations have all served faithfully on active duty.

병역 의무는 국민의 4대 의무 중 하나입니다. (Military service duty is one of the four major duties of a citizen.)

그는 병역 거부로 인해 재판을 받았습니다. (He stood trial for refusing military service.)

대학생들은 보통 휴학을 하고 병역을 이행합니다. (University students usually take a leave of absence to fulfill their military service.)

To use 병역 naturally, remember that it functions as a noun that describes the 'status' or 'obligation'. If you want to say 'I am going to the army,' you say '군대 가요.' But if you are filling out a form that asks for your military status, the section will be labeled '병역.' In summary, use 병역 for formal, legal, or abstract discussions about military duty, and use 군대 for the physical place, the experience, or the institution itself.

You will encounter the word 병역 (Byeong-yeok) in several specific and high-stakes environments in South Korea. Because military service is a universal experience for half the population, the vocabulary associated with it permeates many aspects of public life. It is not a word you use to chat about your weekend, but it is a word that dictates the schedule of your 20s if you are a Korean male.

News and Media: The news is perhaps the most common place to hear 병역. Reports often discuss changes in '병역법' (Military Service Act), debates over '병역 혜택' (military service benefits) for athletes or artists, and high-profile '병역 비리' (military service scandals).
Administrative Offices: The '병무청' (Military Manpower Administration) is the government body that handles all things related to 병역. If you visit their website or office, the word appears everywhere—from '병역 판정' (service determination) to '병역 이행 안내' (guide to fulfilling service).
Job Market and Resumes: In the corporate world, '병역 사항' (military service details) is a standard field on application forms. Companies want to know if a male candidate has '병역필' (completed service), '미필' (not yet served), or was '면제' (exempted).

In the world of entertainment (K-pop and K-dramas), 병역 is a constant topic of speculation. Fans and reporters frequently discuss when a male celebrity will 'enlist' (입대). While '입대' is the action of entering the camp, the broader discussion about their 'military duty' is always framed as 병역. For example, when BTS's enlistment was being debated by the government, the term '병역 특례' (special exemption/alternative service) was used in almost every headline to discuss whether they should be allowed to continue their music career in lieu of traditional service.

이번 선거에서 병역 기간 단축이 주요 공약으로 등장했습니다. (In this election, shortening the military service period appeared as a major campaign promise.)

그는 병역 의무를 다하기 위해 해병대에 자원입대했습니다. (He volunteered for the Marine Corps to fulfill his military service duty.)

Furthermore, you will hear it in legal and human rights contexts. Discussions about '양심적 병역 거부' (conscientious objection to military service) have been a major part of Korea's legal landscape for decades. This led to the introduction of '대체복무제' (alternative service system) in 2020. In these serious, academic, or legal settings, using the word '군대' would sound too informal or imprecise; 병역 is the term that conveys the legal necessity and the social contract involved.

정부는 병역 자원 부족 문제를 해결하기 위해 대책을 마련 중입니다. (The government is preparing measures to solve the problem of military service resource shortage.)

그의 병역 기록을 확인해 보니 공군에서 복무했더군요. (Checking his military service record, I found he served in the Air Force.)

최근 병역 기피자에 대한 처벌이 강화되었습니다. (Recently, punishments for military service evaders have been strengthened.)

In summary, 병역 is found in formal documents, news broadcasts, political speeches, and professional environments. It is the language of the state and the law. If you are watching a Korean news report about a celebrity's enlistment or a politician's background, listen for the 'yeok' sound at the end of the word—it is a key marker of a conversation about national duty.

For English speakers, the most common mistake is confusing 병역 (Byeong-yeok) with 군대 (Gundae). While both relate to the military, they are not interchangeable in many contexts. Using them incorrectly can make your Korean sound unnatural or overly formal in the wrong places. Another common error involves the specific verbs used with 병역, as it requires more formal collocations than casual words.

Confusing with '군대': Think of '군대' as 'the army' (the place/organization) and '병역' as 'military service' (the duty). You 'go to' the 군대 (군대에 가다), but you 'fulfill' your 병역 (병역을 이행하다). Saying '병역에 가다' is grammatically awkward.
Incorrect Verb Choice: Learners often use '하다' (to do) with everything. While '병역을 하다' might be understood, it's better to use '이행하다' (fulfill), '마치다' (complete), or '복무하다' (serve). '복무' is specifically used for the act of serving.
Misunderstanding '면제' vs '기피': '면제' (exemption) is a legal and neutral/positive thing. '기피' (evasion) is an illegal and highly negative thing. Confusing these two in a conversation about someone's service status could be a major social faux pas.

Another nuance is the difference between '병역' and '국방' (national defense). 병역 is specifically the service performed by individuals, while 국방 is the broader concept of defending the country. You wouldn't say '병역비' when you mean '국방비' (defense budget). Similarly, '병역 의무' is the duty of the individual, whereas '국방의 의무' is the duty of the entire citizenry (which include paying taxes and education in some legal interpretations).

❌ 저의 형은 지금 병역에 있습니다. (My brother is in military service right now.) -> This sounds like he is 'inside' an abstract duty.

✅ 저의 형은 지금 군 복무 중입니다. (My brother is currently serving in the military.) or ✅ 저의 형은 군대에 있습니다. (My brother is in the army.)

A subtle mistake is using '병역' when talking about women's volunteer service. While technically correct as 'service,' the term in society so strongly implies the 'mandatory' aspect for men that using it for a female professional soldier might feel slightly off compared to using '군 복무' or '직업 군인' (professional soldier). Also, be careful with the pronunciation of '역' (yeok); ensure it doesn't sound like '욕' (yok - swear word), which would drastically change the meaning!

❌ 그는 병역을 안 하고 싶어해요. (He doesn't want to do military service.) -> Grammatically okay, but '기피하다' or '피하다' is more natural for 'avoiding'.

✅ 그는 병역을 기피했다는 의혹을 받고 있습니다. (He is under suspicion of evading military service.)

❌ 그 배우는 병역을 갔어요. (The actor went to military service.)

In summary, treat '병역' as a formal noun representing a legal status or obligation. Avoid using it for physical locations or casual actions. Stick to formal verbs like 이행하다, 마치다, and 면제받다 to sound like a proficient Korean speaker.

To truly master the vocabulary of national defense in Korea, you need to understand the relationship between 병역 (Byeong-yeok) and its related terms. Many words describe the military experience, but they differ in register, focus, and legal nuance. Here is a breakdown of the most common alternatives and how they compare to 병역.

군 복무 (Gun Bok-mu): This refers to the actual 'act of serving' in the military. While '병역' is the obligation, '복무' is the performance of that obligation. You would say '복무 기간' (period of service) rather than '병역 기간' in many official contexts. It is more active.
국방의 의무 (Guk-bang-ui Uimmu): This is the 'duty of national defense.' It is a broader constitutional term. 병역 is the primary way men fulfill this duty, but '국방의 의무' is the overarching legal principle found in the Korean Constitution.
입대 (Ip-dae): This means 'enlistment' or 'entering the military camp.' It is an event. People say '입대 날짜' (enlistment date). You wouldn't use '병역' to describe the specific day you start your service.

Comparison Table:

Word	Focus	Usage Example
병역	Legal Obligation	병역 면제 (Exemption)
군대	Institution/Place	군대에 가다 (Go to the army)
군 복무	Active Service	복무 중 (Currently serving)
병역필/군필	Completion Status	군필자 우대 (Preference for veterans)

Other terms like '징병' (conscription) and '모병' (recruitment/volunteer) describe the *system* of military service. South Korea currently uses a '징병제' (conscription system), where 병역 is mandatory. If you are discussing the future of the military, you might argue for a transition to a '모병제' (volunteer system). Additionally, '대체복무' (alternative service) is a crucial term for those serving in non-military roles due to special qualifications or conscientious objection.

그는 병역 대신 사회복무요원으로 대체복무를 하고 있습니다. (Instead of [active] military service, he is performing alternative service as a social service agent.)

최근 군 복무 환경이 많이 개선되었습니다. (Recently, the military service environment has improved a lot.)

In formal writing, you might also see '병역 자원' (military service resources), referring to the pool of young men available for enlistment. As the birth rate in Korea drops, this term appears frequently in economic and demographic reports. Understanding these nuances—from the abstract '병역' to the specific '입대'—will allow you to navigate Korean news, history, and social conversations with much greater precision and cultural awareness.

How Formal Is It?

Fun Fact

In ancient times, '역' (service) referred not just to military duty but also to forced labor for building walls, roads, or palaces for the king.

Pronunciation Guide

UK /bjʌŋ.jʌk/

US /bjʌŋ.jʌk/

In Korean, syllables generally have equal stress, but there is a slight emphasis on the first syllable '병' in this word.

Rhymes With

현역 (Hyeon-yeok - Active duty) 예비역 (Yebi-yeok - Reservist) 보충역 (Bochung-yeok - Supplemental service) 공역 (Gong-yeok - Airspace) 영역 (Yeong-yeok - Territory) 번역 (Beon-yeok - Translation) 무역 (Mu-yeok - Trade) 전역 (Jeon-yeok - Discharge from service)

Common Errors

Pronouncing 'yeok' as 'yok' (욕), which means 'insult' or 'swear word'.
Not making the 'ng' sound clearly in 'byeong'.
Over-emphasizing the final 'k' sound.
Confusing the vowel 'eo' (ㅓ) with 'o' (ㅗ).
Pronouncing it as three syllables instead of two.

Difficulty Rating

Reading 3/5

The word itself is simple, but it often appears in complex legal or news contexts.

Writing 4/5

Requires knowledge of formal collocations like '이행하다' and '면제받다'.

Speaking 3/5

Pronunciation of 'yeok' needs care to avoid sounding like 'yok'.

Listening 3/5

Common in news and formal dramas, usually easy to pick out.

What to Learn Next

Prerequisites

군대 (Army) 의무 (Duty) 남자 (Man) 나라 (Country) 법 (Law)

Learn Next

징병제 (Conscription system) 현역 (Active duty) 전역 (Discharge) 예비군 (Reserve forces)

Advanced

양심적 병역 거부 (Conscientious objection) 대체복무제 (Alternative service system) 병역 판정 검사 (Physical exam for conscription)

Grammar to Know

Noun + 의 의무 (Duty of [Noun])

국방의 의무, 교육의 의무, 병역의 의무.

-을/를 이행하다 (To fulfill/carry out [Object])

약속을 이행하다, 병역을 이행하다.

-을/를 마치다 (To finish/complete [Object])

공부를 마치다, 병역을 마치다.

-으로 인해 (Due to [Noun] - Formal)

병역 비리로 인해 이미지가 실추되었다.

-에 따른 (According to/Following [Noun])

병역 판정 결과에 따른 보직 변경.

Examples by Level

한국 남자는 병역 의무가 있어요.

Korean men have a military service duty.

Noun + 의무 (duty) + 가 있다 (to have).

그는 지금 병역 중이에요.

He is currently doing his military service.

중 (in the middle of) + 이에요 (is).

병역은 중요해요.

Military service is important.

Topic marker -은 used for general statements.

오빠는 병역을 마쳤어요.

My older brother finished his military service.

Past tense -었/았어요.

병역은 몇 년이에요?

How many years is the military service?

Interrogative sentence ending in -이에요?

제 친구는 병역을 가요.

My friend is going to do his military service.

Using '가다' (to go) in a simple sense, though '입대하다' is more formal.

병역은 힘들어요.

Military service is hard.

Adjective '힘들다' (to be hard/difficult).

병역은 한국의 법이에요.

Military service is a Korean law.

Noun + 이다 (to be).

그 배우는 다음 달에 병역을 시작해요.

That actor starts his military service next month.

Subject marker -는 and object marker -을.

병역 면제를 받는 것은 어려워요.

It is difficult to get a military service exemption.

-는 것 (making a verb into a noun) + 어렵다.

병역 기간이 조금 짧아졌어요.

The military service period has become a bit shorter.

-아/어지다 (to become).

그는 병역을 위해 휴학했어요.

He took a leave of absence for his military service.

-을 위해 (for the sake of).

병역 비리는 큰 뉴스예요.

Military service corruption is big news.

Noun + noun compound.

병역을 마치면 어른이 된다고 해요.

They say you become an adult when you finish military service.

-면 (if/when) + -는다고 하다 (indirect quotation).

병역 판정 검사를 받으러 가요.

I am going to get the military service determination exam.

-(으)러 가다 (go in order to).

그는 병역 의무를 다하고 싶어해요.

He wants to fulfill his military service duty.

-고 싶어하다 (third person wants to).

많은 한국 남성들이 병역 이행을 자랑스럽게 생각합니다.

Many Korean men consider fulfilling military service a source of pride.

Adverbial -게 + 생각하다 (to think/consider).

병역 기피는 사회적으로 큰 비난을 받습니다.

Military service evasion receives great social criticism.

Passive construction -을 받다.

그는 건강 문제로 병역 면제 판정을 받았습니다.

He received a military service exemption ruling due to health issues.

-로 (due to/by means of).

병역 특례 제도를 이용하는 사람들도 있습니다.

There are also people who use the special military service system.

Noun modifying clause -는 사람들.

정부는 병역 의무자들에게 혜택을 주려고 합니다.

The government intends to give benefits to those obligated for military service.

-(으)려고 하다 (intend to).

대학 졸업 전에 병역을 마치는 것이 일반적입니다.

It is common to finish military service before graduating from university.

-기 전에 (before doing).

병역 문제는 항상 정치권의 뜨거운 감자입니다.

The military service issue is always a hot potato in politics.

Metaphorical expression '뜨거운 감자'.

그는 병역을 마치고 사회로 복귀했습니다.

He returned to society after completing his military service.

-고 (and then/sequence).

병역 자원 부족으로 인해 징집 기준이 완화되었습니다.

Due to the shortage of military service resources, conscription standards have been relaxed.

-로 인해 (due to - formal).

양심적 병역 거부자들을 위한 대체복무제가 시행되고 있습니다.

An alternative service system is being implemented for conscientious objectors.

Passive progressive -고 있다.

병역 비리는 공정성을 해치는 심각한 범죄로 간주됩니다.

Military service corruption is considered a serious crime that harms fairness.

-로 간주되다 (to be considered as).

그는 병역 특례 요원으로 선발되어 연구소에서 근무했습니다.

He was selected as a special military service agent and worked at a research institute.

Passive -어/아지다 or -되다.

병역 의무 이행에 따른 보상 체계가 논의되고 있습니다.

A compensation system according to the fulfillment of military service duty is being discussed.

-에 따른 (according to/following).

그 가수는 병역 기피 의혹으로 입국이 금지되었습니다.

That singer was banned from entering the country due to suspicions of military service evasion.

Noun + -으로 (reason).

병역 판정 검사에서 4급을 받아 사회복무요원이 되었습니다.

He received Grade 4 in the military service determination exam and became a social service agent.

Sequential -아/어서.

현대 사회에서 병역은 단순한 의무 이상의 의미를 지닙니다.

In modern society, military service holds meaning beyond simple duty.

- 이상의 (more than).

병역 제도의 형평성 문제는 한국 사회의 고질적인 갈등 요소입니다.

The issue of fairness in the military service system is a chronic element of conflict in Korean society.

Complex noun phrases.

인구 절벽 현상으로 인해 병역 자원의 수급에 비상이 걸렸습니다.

Due to the population cliff phenomenon, an emergency has been declared in the supply and demand of military service resources.

Idiomatic expression '비상이 걸리다'.

병역 명문가로 선정된 이 가족은 3대째 현역 복무를 마쳤습니다.

This family, selected as a prestigious military service family, has completed active duty for three generations.

-째 (ordinal suffix for generations/times).

대체복무의 기간과 강도가 징벌적이라는 비판이 제기되고 있습니다.

Criticism is being raised that the duration and intensity of alternative service are punitive.

-라는 비판 (criticism that...).

병역 거부권이 헌법상 기본권과 충돌하는 지점에 대해 토론합시다.

Let's discuss the point where the right to refuse military service conflicts with basic constitutional rights.

Formal suggestion -읍시다.

병역 혜택이 특정 직업군에 편중되어 있다는 지적이 있습니다.

There are points made that military service benefits are biased toward specific occupational groups.

-고 있다는 지적 (pointing out that...).

그는 병역 의무를 회피하기 위해 국적을 포기하는 극단적인 선택을 했습니다.

He made the extreme choice of giving up his nationality to avoid military service duty.

-기 위해 (in order to).

병역 이행은 단순한 법적 의무를 넘어 사회적 연대의 상징으로 작용합니다.

Fulfilling military service goes beyond simple legal duty and acts as a symbol of social solidarity.

-를 넘어 (beyond).

징병제에서 모병제로의 전환은 국가 안보 전략의 근본적인 변화를 수반합니다.

The transition from conscription to a volunteer system entails a fundamental change in national security strategy.

-로의 (to/toward - formal).

병역 자원의 정예화는 첨단 과학 기술 군대로 나아가기 위한 필수 과제입니다.

The elite-ization of military service resources is an essential task for moving toward a high-tech scientific military.

-기 위한 (for the purpose of).

양심적 병역 거부에 대한 대법원 판결은 인권 신장의 중대한 이정표가 되었습니다.

The Supreme Court ruling on conscientious objection to military service became a significant milestone in the advancement of human rights.

Honorific/Formal noun endings.

병역 의무의 보편적 가치가 훼손되지 않도록 엄격한 관리가 요구됩니다.

Strict management is required so that the universal value of military service duty is not undermined.

-지 않도록 (so that... not).

병역 특례 제도의 존폐 여부를 둘러싼 사회적 합의 도출이 시급합니다.

It is urgent to derive a social consensus regarding the existence or abolition of the special military service system.

-를 둘러싼 (surrounding/concerning).

병역 기피자에 대한 사회적 낙인 효과는 법적 처벌보다 더 강력할 때가 많습니다.

The social stigma effect on military service evaders is often more powerful than legal punishment.

-보다 (than).

국가 공동체의 존립을 위한 병역 의무의 정당성은 헌법적 가치에 기반합니다.

The legitimacy of military service duty for the existence of the national community is based on constitutional values.

-에 기반하다 (to be based on).

병역 이행 과정에서의 인권 침해 사례를 근절하기 위한 범정부적 노력이 지속되고 있습니다.

Pan-government efforts to eradicate cases of human rights violations during the fulfillment of military service are continuing.

-기 위한 (for the purpose of).

Common Collocations

병역 의무

병역 면제

병역 기피

병역 비리

병역 특례

병역 판정

병역 이행

병역 자원

병역 거부

병역법

Common Phrases

병역을 마치다

— To finish or complete military service.

그는 작년에 병역을 마쳤다.

병역을 필하다

— A formal way to say 'to complete military service'.

병역을 필한 사람만 지원 가능합니다.

병역을 면제받다

— To be exempted from military service.

그는 신체적 이유로 병역을 면제받았다.

병역에 복무하다

— To serve in the military.

그는 공군에서 병역에 복무했다.

병역의 의무를 다하다

— To do one's duty of military service.

모든 남성은 병역의 의무를 다해야 한다.

병역 관련 서류

— Documents related to military service.

병역 관련 서류를 제출해 주세요.

병역 판정 검사

— Physical examination for military service.

내일 병역 판정 검사가 있어요.

병역 기피자

— A person who evades military service.

병역 기피자의 명단이 공개되었다.

병역 특례 요원

— Personnel serving under special military service programs.

그는 병역 특례 요원으로 일하고 있다.

병역 명문가

— A family recognized for faithful military service across generations.

우리 집안은 병역 명문가로 선정되었다.

Often Confused With

병역 vs 군대 (Gundae)

Gundae is the physical place or the organization (The Army). Byeong-yeok is the abstract legal obligation (Military Service).

병역 vs 국방 (Guk-bang)

Guk-bang is National Defense. It's a larger concept. Byeong-yeok is specifically the service provided by individuals to achieve Guk-bang.

병역 vs 역 (Yeok)

Yeok can mean a station (역), a role (역할), or service (役). In 병역, it specifically means the service/duty.

Idioms & Expressions

"병역은 신성한 의무다"

— Military service is a sacred duty. Often used to emphasize its importance.

정치인들은 항상 병역은 신성한 의무라고 말한다.

Formal/Political

"군대 밥을 먹다"

— Literally 'to eat army food', meaning to serve in the military.

나도 군대 밥 좀 먹어본 사람이야.

Informal

"거꾸로 매달아도 국방부 시계는 돌아간다"

— Even if you hang upside down, the Ministry of Defense clock keeps ticking. Meaning time in the army will eventually pass.

힘들어도 참아, 국방부 시계는 돌아가니까.

Slang/Common

"말년 병장"

— A sergeant in their final days of service. Refers to someone who is relaxed and ready to leave.

그는 이제 말년 병장이라 아주 편해 보여.

Informal

"신의 아들"

— Son of God. A sarcastic term for someone who gets exempted from service (병역 면제) through luck or connections.

그는 병역 면제를 받아서 친구들 사이에서 신의 아들이라고 불린다.

Slang

"장군의 아들"

— Son of a General. Someone who gets a very easy military assignment due to their parents' influence.

그가 편한 곳에서 복무하는 걸 보니 장군의 아들인가 봐.

Slang

"어둠의 자식들"

— Children of darkness. Sarcastic term for those who actually have to serve, compared to 'God's sons'.

우리는 병역을 해야 하는 어둠의 자식들이지.

Slang

"군기가 빠지다"

— To lose military discipline. Often said to soldiers or even civilians who are being lazy.

요즘 신입 사원들이 군기가 좀 빠진 것 같아.

Informal

"말뚝을 박다"

— To drive a stake. Meaning to stay in the military as a career soldier instead of leaving after mandatory service.

그는 군대가 적성에 맞아서 아예 말뚝을 박기로 했어.

Slang

"고무신을 거꾸로 신다"

— To wear rubber shoes backward. Meaning a girlfriend breaks up with her boyfriend while he is serving his 병역.

그녀가 고무신을 거꾸로 신을까 봐 걱정돼.

Idiomatic

Easily Confused

병역 vs 병역 (Byeong-yeok)

Sounds like 'Byeon-yeok' (Translation).

Byeong-yeok (兵役) is military service. Byeon-yeok (翻訳/번역) is translating text from one language to another.

병역 의무 (Military duty) vs 번역 업무 (Translation work).

병역 vs 병역 (Byeong-yeok)

Sounds like 'Byeong-won' (Hospital).

Byeong-yeok is service; Byeong-won is a place for treatment. They share the 'Byeong' sound but different Hanja (Soldier vs Sickness).

병역 판정 (Service check) vs 병원 진료 (Hospital treatment).

병역 vs 병역 (Byeong-yeok)

Similar to 'Jeon-yeok' (Discharge).

Byeong-yeok is the whole service; Jeon-yeok is specifically the end of it when you leave active duty.

병역 기간 (Service period) vs 전역 날짜 (Discharge date).

병역 vs 병역 (Byeong-yeok)

Confused with 'Hyeon-yeok' (Active duty).

Byeong-yeok is the general term for all types of service. Hyeon-yeok is specifically serving in the actual military units (not social service).

모든 병역은 힘들지만 현역이 특히 힘들다.

병역 vs 병역 (Byeong-yeok)

Confused with 'Bu-yeok' (Forced labor).

Bu-yeok is an old term for forced labor. While 'yeok' is the same, 병역 is specifically military and modern.

과거에는 부역이 있었지만 지금은 병역이 있다.

Sentence Patterns

N은/는 병역을 해요.

그는 병역을 해요.

N은/는 병역을 마쳤어요.

형은 병역을 마쳤어요.

N은/는 병역 의무가 있습니다.

한국 남성은 병역 의무가 있습니다.

N으로 인해 병역을 면제받다.

질병으로 인해 병역을 면제받다.

병역 이행은 N의 상징이다.

병역 이행은 성실함의 상징이다.

N을 둘러싼 병역 논란이 거세다.

그 연예인을 둘러싼 병역 논란이 거세다.

Formal

병역 사항을 확인 바랍니다.

Academic

병역 제도의 변천사는 다음과 같다.

Word Family

Nouns

병무 (Military affairs)

병역법 (Military Service Act)

병역필 (Completion of service)

병역자 (Person subject to service)

Verbs

복무하다 (To serve in the military)

입대하다 (To enlist)

전역하다 (To be discharged)

징집하다 (To conscript)

Adjectives

병역의 (Related to military service)

군대 (Army)

국방 (National defense)

의무 (Duty)

면제 (Exemption)

기피 (Evasion)

How to Use It

frequency

Extremely high in news, politics, and among men aged 18-35.

Common Mistakes

Using '병역에 가다' (Going to military service). → 군대에 가다 or 입대하다.
You go to a place (군대), but you fulfill an obligation (병역). You can't 'go to' an abstract duty.
Confusing '병역' with '번역'. → 병역 (Military service) vs 번역 (Translation).
They sound very similar to beginners. Listen for the 'ng' vs 'n' at the end of the first syllable.
Saying '병역을 하다' in a formal speech. → 병역을 이행하다.
'하다' is too simple for such a formal and legal concept as military duty.
Using '병역' to refer to a female soldier's career. → 군 복무 or 직업 군인.
While technically okay, '병역' implies the 'mandatory duty' for men. For a professional female soldier, '군 복무' is more respectful.
Confusing '면제' (Exemption) and '전역' (Discharge). → 면제 (Never served) vs 전역 (Finished serving).
If you say someone was '면제' when they actually finished their service, it changes their social status completely.

Tips

Formal vs. Informal

Always use '병역' in formal writing, such as essays, reports, or job applications. In casual talk, '군대' is the preferred and more natural term for 'the army'.

Verb Pairing

Pair '병역' with '이행하다' (to fulfill) for a highly proficient and formal sound. Avoid saying '병역을 하다' if you want to sound like an advanced speaker.

Sensitivity

Be sensitive when asking about military service. It can be a stressful topic for those about to go, and a point of pride or trauma for those who have returned.

Related Statuses

Learn '병역필' (completed) and '미필' (not yet). These are the most common ways to describe one's status on official documents.

The 'Yeok' sound

Ensure the 'eo' in 'yeok' is a low, unrounded vowel. If you make it too much like 'o', you will be saying 'yok' (swear word).

Hanja Power

Knowing that '역' (役) means 'duty' or 'service' helps you understand other words like '역할' (role) and '현역' (active duty).

Bonding

If you are a man talking to Korean men, showing interest or respect regarding their '병역' experience is a quick way to build rapport.

Keyword

Treat '병역' as a keyword. When you hear it on the news, the story is almost certainly about politics, law, or a celebrity scandal.

Compound Nouns

Korean loves compound nouns. '병역' + '의무', '병역' + '비리', '병역' + '법'. Treat these as single vocabulary units.

Context Clues

If you hear '면제' (exemption) or '기피' (evasion), the word '병역' is usually right before it.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Think of **Byeong** (sounds like 'young' with a B) and **Yeok** (sounds like 'yuck'). 'Young men think military service is yuck, but it's a duty.'

Visual Association

Imagine a young man in a uniform holding a law book. The uniform is the 'soldier' (兵) and the law book is the 'duty/service' (役).

Word Web

군대 (Army) 의무 (Duty) 면제 (Exemption) 기피 (Evasion) 입대 (Enlistment) 전역 (Discharge) 현역 (Active duty) 병무청 (MMA)

Challenge

Try to explain to a friend why '병역' is different from '군대'. Use the terms 'obligation' vs 'place'.

Word Origin

The word is composed of two Hanja (Sino-Korean) characters: 兵 (병) and 役 (역).

Original meaning: 兵 (병) means 'soldier' or 'weapon', and 役 (역) means 'labor', 'service', or 'duty'. Together, they mean 'the labor/duty of a soldier'.

Sino-Korean (Hanja)

Cultural Context

Be careful when discussing exemptions. Some men are very proud of their service and may look down on those who were exempted without a 'valid' reason.

Unlike the US or UK, which have all-volunteer forces, South Korea's system is more like Israel's or Switzerland's, where service is a mandatory civic duty for almost everyone.

BTS's enlistment debate (The 'BTS Law'). The movie 'Silmido' which depicts intense military training. The singer Yoo Seung-jun (Steve Yoo) who was banned from Korea for avoiding service.

Practice in Real Life

Real-World Contexts

Job Applications

병역필 (Service completed)
병역 미필 (Service not completed)
병역 면제 (Exempted)
병역 사항 기입 (Fill in service details)

News/Politics

병역법 개정 (Military Service Law amendment)
병역 비리 수사 (Investigation into service corruption)
병역 혜택 논란 (Controversy over service benefits)
병역 기간 단축 (Shortening the service period)

Celebrity News

병역 이행을 위해 입대 (Enlisting to fulfill service)
병역 기피 의혹 (Suspicion of service evasion)
병역 특례 대상 (Subject to special service)
병역을 마치고 복귀 (Returning after finishing service)

Legal/Human Rights

양심적 병역 거부 (Conscientious objection)
대체복무 도입 (Introduction of alternative service)
병역 거부자 처벌 (Punishment of service refusers)
병역의 정당성 (Legitimacy of military service)

Personal Planning

병역 연기 신청 (Applying for service postponement)
병역 판정 결과 (Service determination result)
병역 문제 상담 (Consultation on service issues)
병역 전 휴학 (Leave of absence before service)

Conversation Starters

"한국 남성들에게 병역은 어떤 의미인가요? (What does military service mean to Korean men?)"

"병역 기간을 더 줄여야 한다고 생각하세요? (Do you think the military service period should be shortened further?)"

"요즘 병역 특례에 대한 논란이 많은데 어떻게 생각하세요? (There's a lot of controversy about special military service benefits lately; what do you think?)"

"병역 면제를 받으려면 어떤 조건이 필요한가요? (What conditions are needed to get a military service exemption?)"

"외국인으로서 한국의 병역 제도를 보면 어떤 느낌이 드나요? (As a foreigner, what are your impressions of the Korean military service system?)"

Journal Prompts

내가 만약 한국 남자라면 병역 의무에 대해 어떻게 느꼈을지 써보세요. (Write about how you would feel about the military service duty if you were a Korean man.)

병역이 한국 사회의 조직 문화에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는지 분석해 보세요. (Analyze how military service has influenced the organizational culture of Korean society.)

양심적 병역 거부와 국가 안보 사이의 균형에 대해 자신의 생각을 정리해 보세요. (Organize your thoughts on the balance between conscientious objection and national security.)

병역 혜택(운동선수, 예술가 등)이 공정하다고 생각하는지 논하세요. (Discuss whether you think military service benefits for athletes, artists, etc., are fair.)

병역을 마친 사람들에게 국가가 어떤 보상을 해줘야 할까요? (What kind of compensation should the state provide to those who have completed their military service?)

Frequently Asked Questions

10 questions

No, currently 병역 is only mandatory for male citizens. Women can volunteer to serve as officers or non-commissioned officers, but they do not have the legal 'obligation' that men do. This remains a topic of significant social debate.

The duration varies by branch. As of recent years, the Army and Marines serve 18 months, the Navy 20 months, and the Air Force 21 months. Supplemental service (social service) is usually 21 months.

If you are a foreign national, you have no 병역 duty. However, if you become a naturalized South Korean citizen, you may be subject to service depending on your age and the laws at the time of naturalization.

Evading service is a criminal offense punishable by imprisonment. Furthermore, it carries a heavy social stigma that can prevent someone from getting a job or living a normal public life in Korea.

It is a system for those who refuse to serve in the military for religious or personal beliefs (conscientious objectors). They serve for a longer period (36 months) in correctional facilities (prisons) in non-combat roles.

Technically, it's not a full 'exemption' but a 'special case' (병역 특례). Athletes who win any Olympic medal or an Asian Games gold medal serve only 3 weeks of basic training and then continue their athletic career for a period, which counts as fulfilling their duty.

It is a comprehensive physical and psychological exam taken at age 19. Based on the results (Grades 1-7), a person is assigned to active duty, supplemental service, or exempted.

Most men go after their first or second year of university, usually between the ages of 19 and 23. They take a leave of absence (휴학) and return to finish their degree after discharge.

Yes, they can delay it for various reasons (like education or overseas activities) until the age of 28 or 30 in special cases, but eventually, all eligible men must serve.

Yes, the term is used in North Korea as well, but their service period is much longer (often 8-10 years for men and 5 years for women).