없다

이것은 연필이 없어요.

This does not have a pencil.

Using '이/가' with '없다' to indicate the absence of an object.

시간이 없어요.

There is no time.

Expressing the lack of an abstract concept (time).

돈이 없어요.

I don't have money.

Expressing non-possession of an item.

차가 없어요.

There is no car.

Stating the absence of a physical object.

집에 아무도 없어요.

There is no one at home.

Indicating the absence of people.

이거 맛이 없어요.

This food has no taste.

Describing a lack of a quality (taste).

숙제가 없어요.

There is no homework.

Stating the absence of an assignment.

질문이 없어요.

There are no questions.

Indicating the absence of inquiries.

그 가게에는 원하는 물건이 없었어요.

The item I wanted was not in that store.

Past tense of '없다' used in a shopping context.

내일은 약속이 없어서 좋아요.

I'm glad I have no appointments tomorrow.

Using '없다' to describe a lack of plans.

이 문서는 중요한 정보가 하나도 없네요.

This document doesn't have any important information.

Emphasizing complete absence with '하나도' (not even one).

어제 친구한테서 전화가 없었어요.

I didn't receive a call from my friend yesterday.

Indicating the absence of an event (a call).

그 영화는 재미가 없어서 실망했어요.

I was disappointed because that movie was not fun.

Using '없다' to describe a lack of a quality (fun).

주차할 자리가 없어서 다른 곳으로 갔어요.

We went somewhere else because there was no parking space.

Describing a practical problem due to absence.

그는 용기가 없어서 아무 말도 못 했어요.

He couldn't say anything because he lacked courage.

Expressing the absence of an abstract quality (courage).

이 빵은 설탕이 안 들어갔어요.

This bread does not contain sugar.

Using '안' (not) with '들어가다' (to go in/be included) as an alternative to '없다' for ingredients.

그는 사업 자금이 부족해서 시작도 못 했습니다.

He couldn't even start because he lacked business funds.

Using '부족하다' (to be insufficient) which is related to lack, but implies some existence. Here, '없다' would mean absolutely no funds.

이 지역에는 대중교통이 잘 갖춰져 있지 않아요.

Public transportation is not well-equipped in this area.

Using the negative form of '갖추어져 있다' (to be equipped) as an alternative to simply saying '없다'.

그는 자신의 의견을 말할 용기가 없었다.

He did not have the courage to state his opinion.

A more literary way to express lack of courage, using '없었다' (past tense of 없다).

이번 프로젝트는 예산이 없어서 중단될 위기에 처했습니다.

This project is in danger of being halted due to lack of budget.

Using '없어서' (because there is none) to explain a consequence.

그는 늘 겸손함이 부족하다는 비판을 받습니다.

He always receives criticism for lacking humility.

Similar to '부족하다', but focusing on a character trait. '겸손함이 없다' would be stronger, meaning absolutely no humility.

이 보고서에는 명확한 결론이 없습니다.

This report has no clear conclusion.

Using the formal '없습니다' in a written context.

기회가 없어서 새로운 도전을 할 수 없었다.

I couldn't make a new challenge because there were no opportunities.

Using '없어서' to indicate a reason for inability.

그는 진실을 말할 의지가 없었을 뿐이다.

He simply had no will to tell the truth.

Using '없었을 뿐이다' (it's just that there wasn't) to add nuance to the absence.

현대 사회에서는 개인의 사생활이 점점 더 침해받고 있으며, 이를 막을 법적 장치가 미흡합니다.

In modern society, personal privacy is increasingly violated, and legal measures to prevent this are insufficient.

Using '미흡하다' (to be insufficient/inadequate) which implies a lack, but not necessarily complete absence. This is a more formal and nuanced way of expressing a deficiency.

그의 연설은 통찰력이 부족하다는 평을 받았다.

His speech received criticism for lacking insight.

'부족하다' is used here to describe a lack of a quality in a critical context. '통찰력이 없었다' would be a stronger statement of complete absence of insight.

이 문제는 해결책이 없는 것처럼 보였다.

This problem seemed to have no solution.

Using '없는 것처럼 보였다' (it seemed like there was none) to express a perceived absence.

그는 진실을 외면할 만큼 양심이 없었다.

He lacked the conscience to turn away from the truth.

A strong statement about the absence of a moral quality.

기업의 사회적 책임이 부재한 상황에서 소비자의 불만이 고조되고 있다.

Consumer dissatisfaction is rising in a situation where corporate social responsibility is absent.

Using '부재하다' (to be absent/non-existent), a more formal synonym for '없다', often used in academic or official contexts.

그는 자신의 실패를 인정할 만한 자존심조차 없었다.

He didn't even have the pride to admit his failure.

Using '조차 없었다' (didn't even have) to emphasize the complete lack of something.

이 도시에는 문화 시설이 턱없이 부족하다.

This city is severely lacking in cultural facilities.

'턱없이 부족하다' means 'severely lacking,' highlighting a deficiency rather than complete absence.

그는 진정성 없는 말만 되풀이했다.

He only repeated insincere words.

Using '없는' as an adjective modifier to describe something lacking a quality (sincerity).

그의 발언은 논리적인 근거가 결여되어 있었다.

His statement was lacking in logical grounds.

Using '결여되어 있다' (to be lacking/deficient), a formal synonym for '없다' or '부족하다', often used in academic or analytical contexts.

사회적 약자에 대한 배려가 부족한 현실을 개탄하지 않을 수 없다.

One cannot help but lament the reality where consideration for the socially vulnerable is lacking.

'부족한 현실' (a reality that is lacking) highlights a societal issue. '배려가 없는 현실' would be a stronger, more absolute statement.

그는 자신의 잘못을 인정하는 성숙함이 부족해 보였다.

He seemed to lack the maturity to admit his mistakes.

'성숙함이 부족하다' describes a developmental deficiency. '성숙함이 없었다' would imply a complete absence of maturity.

그 사건은 명확한 증거가 없었음에도 불구하고 유죄 판결이 내려졌다.

Despite the lack of clear evidence, a guilty verdict was handed down.

Using '없었음에도 불구하고' (despite not having) to create a complex sentence structure highlighting a contrast.

그녀의 작품에서는 독창성이 결여되어 있다는 비판이 제기되었다.

Criticism was raised that her work lacked originality.

'독창성이 결여되어 있다' is a formal way to say 'lacks originality'.

정부의 적극적인 지원이 없었더라면 그 사업은 성공하지 못했을 것이다.

Had there not been active government support, that business would not have succeeded.

Using the hypothetical past conditional '없었더라면' (if there had not been) to express a counterfactual situation.

그는 타인의 고통에 대한 공감이 전무했다.

He had absolutely no empathy for the suffering of others.

'전무하다' (to be non-existent, completely absent) is a very strong and formal synonym for '없다'.

이러한 상황에서는 윤리적인 판단 기준이 희박해지기 마련이다.

In such situations, ethical judgment standards tend to become scarce.

'희박하다' (to be sparse, thin, rare) implies a lack of density or prevalence, similar to '없다' but with a sense of diffusion.

그의 주장에는 논리적 일관성이 결여되어 있어 설득력이 떨어진다.

His argument lacks logical consistency, thus reducing its persuasiveness.

'결여되어 있다' is used in a formal analytical context to describe the absence of a crucial element for effectiveness.

현대 사회의 물질만능주의는 인간적인 가치를 퇴색시키고 있다.

The materialism of modern society is causing human values to fade.

'퇴색시키다' (to cause to fade) implies a gradual loss or absence of something previously present, a more descriptive way to express a lack of value.

그는 타인의 감정에 대한 미묘한 차이를 감지할 능력이 부재했다.

He lacked the ability to detect subtle differences in others' emotions.

'부재했다' is a formal past tense of '부재하다', emphasizing the absolute absence of a capability.

그의 발언은 진정성 없이 공허한 메아리처럼 울려 퍼졌다.

His words echoed emptily, devoid of sincerity.

'공허한' (empty, hollow) and '메아리처럼 울려 퍼졌다' (echoed like an echo) metaphorically describe a lack of substance or meaning.

국가의 미래를 위한 장기적인 비전이 결여된 정책은 단기적인 성과에만 급급하게 된다.

Policies lacking a long-term vision for the nation's future tend to focus only on short-term gains.

'결여된 정책' (policies lacking) is a formal construction used in policy analysis.

그는 자신의 행동에 대한 책임감을 전적으로 결여하고 있었다.

He was entirely devoid of a sense of responsibility for his actions.

'전적으로 결여하고 있었다' is a strong, formal expression for complete absence of a trait.

이 문학 작품은 인간 심리에 대한 깊이 있는 탐구가 미흡하다는 평가를 받았다.

This literary work received an evaluation of being deficient in in-depth exploration of human psychology.

'미흡하다' is used in literary criticism to denote a lack of depth or thoroughness.

진정한 소통이 부재한 상황에서 오해와 불신만이 싹튼다.

In a situation where genuine communication is absent, only misunderstanding and distrust sprout.

'부재한 상황' (a situation where something is absent) is a formal phrase used to describe circumstances.