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논박하다

B2 verb #10,000 most common 15 min read

논박하다

Q: Is '논박하다' common in daily life?

No, it is quite rare in casual daily life. If you use it with friends, it might sound like you are being overly argumentative or formal. It is mostly used in news, books, and formal debates.

Q: What is the difference between '논박하다' and '반박하다'?

'반박하다' is a broader term for any kind of rebuttal. '논박하다' specifically emphasizes using logic (논리) to refute a theory or structured argument. '논박' is more academic.

Q: Can I use '논박하다' to mean 'to argue'?

Not exactly. 'To argue' is usually '말다툼하다' or '논쟁하다'. '논박하다' is the specific act of refuting a point *within* an argument or debate.

Q: How do I say 'Your logic is irrefutable'?

You can say '당신의 논리는 논박 불가능합니다' or more naturally, '논박할 여지가 없습니다'.

Q: Can '논박하다' be used for people?

It is usually used for a person's *argument* or *theory*. While you can say '그를 논박했다', it usually implies you refuted his stance or claims.

Q: Is '논박당하다' a common expression?

Yes, especially in academia. When a theory is proven wrong by a newer study, we say the theory was '논박당했다'.

Q: What adverbs go well with '논박하다'?

'조목조목' (point by point), '강력히' (strongly), '철저히' (thoroughly), and '논리적으로' (logically) are the most common.

Q: Is there a noun form of '논박하다'?

Yes, the noun is '논박' (refutation/rebuttal). You can say '논박을 벌이다' (to engage in a refutation).

Q: Can I use this in a business email?

Yes, if you are formally disagreeing with a proposal or a report's logic, '논박하다' is appropriate and professional.

Q: Is it rude to use '논박하다'?

In a formal debate, it's not rude—it's expected. However, in a social setting, it can feel very confrontational and might be perceived as impolite.

Top 10,000

Practice it Examples Notes & Tips 논박하다 in 30 Seconds

Explanation 논박하다 in your Level:

At the A1 level, '논박하다' is a very difficult word that you won't usually need. It is much more advanced than words like '아니요' (no) or '틀려요' (it's wrong). If you want to understand it simply, think of it as 'saying someone is wrong using a very strong and smart reason.' It's like when a teacher explains why a student's answer is not correct by showing the rules. You won't use this when talking to your friends about games or food. You might only see it if you are looking at a very difficult book or a news program. For now, just remember that it means 'to prove someone is wrong' in a very formal way. It is a word used by smart people in big meetings or on TV. If you want to say something is wrong, you can just say '그것은 틀렸어요' (That is wrong) or '저는 그렇게 생각하지 않아요' (I don't think so). '논박하다' is like the 'boss level' of saying 'I disagree.'

At the A2 level, you are starting to learn more verbs for expressing opinions. '논박하다' is a formal verb that means 'to refute' or 'to prove an argument is wrong.' You can think of it as a combination of 'logic' and 'fighting back.' In Korean, we use it for serious things like debates or when someone writes a paper for school. For example, if someone says 'The earth is flat,' and you show them a photo of the round earth, you are '논박'-ing their idea. It is much more formal than '반대하다' (to oppose). You will usually see it in the form '주장을 논박하다' (refute a claim). Even though it's a B2 level word, knowing it exists helps you understand that Korean has different words for 'disagreeing' depending on how formal the situation is. If you are in a formal class or watching a simple news clip, you might hear this word when people are arguing about rules or facts. Just remember: it's not just 'no,' it's 'no, and here is the logical proof.'

As a B1 learner, you are moving into more complex topics like society, work, and history. '논박하다' is an important word for understanding formal discussions in these areas. It means to rebut or refute an opponent's argument by pointing out its logical flaws. This word is essential for anyone who wants to follow a debate or read an editorial in a Korean newspaper. Unlike '반박하다,' which can be used for any kind of counter-argument, '논박하다' emphasizes the use of logic (논리). You will often see it used with words like '조목조목' (point by point) to show how someone is carefully taking apart another person's idea. When you use this word, you sound very professional and intelligent. It's a great word to use in a speech or a formal essay when you want to show that you have thought deeply about a topic. For example, '그는 상대의 주장을 조목조목 논박했다' (He refuted the opponent's claims point by point). This shows a high level of control over the language and an ability to handle abstract concepts.

At the B2 level, you should be able to use '논박하다' correctly in its natural contexts: academic writing, formal debates, and legal discussions. This word is a key marker of upper-intermediate proficiency because it requires an understanding of how to structure a logical argument in Korean. To '논박하다' is to engage in a systematic refutation of a theory, claim, or logic. It often involves identifying '모순' (contradictions) or '오류' (errors) in the opponent's stance. You should also be familiar with its passive form, '논박당하다' (to be refuted), and how it's used to describe theories that have been proven wrong by new evidence. At this level, you can differentiate '논박하다' from similar words like '반박하다' (more general rebuttal) and '공박하다' (aggressive attack). Using '논박하다' in your own writing—for example, when addressing counter-arguments in an essay—will significantly boost your score on exams like TOPIK II. It shows that you can navigate the nuances of formal Korean discourse and participate in intellectual exchanges.

For C1 learners, '논박하다' is a fundamental tool for sophisticated intellectual discourse. At this level, you should not only know the word but also be able to use it with various adverbs and in complex sentence structures to convey subtle nuances. You might use it to describe the historical evolution of ideas, such as how one philosophical school '논박'-ed another. You should also be comfortable with related academic terms like '반증하다' (to disprove/provide counter-evidence) and '부인하다' (to deny). In a C1 context, '논박' is often part of a larger '논쟁' (dispute/controversy). You might analyze how a certain '논박' was received by the public or the academic community. For instance, '그의 논박은 치밀했으나, 학계의 전반적인 동의를 얻지는 못했다' (His refutation was meticulous, but it did not gain the general consensus of the academic community). This level of expression allows you to critique arguments at a high level, identifying not just that they are wrong, but *why* they are wrong within a specific theoretical framework.

At the C2 level, you have a master-level grasp of '논박하다' and can use it to engage in the most demanding intellectual tasks. You understand the word's Hanja roots (論駁) and how they inform its use in classical and modern contexts. You can use '논박하다' to describe the dialectical process of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. In high-level academic writing or professional legal work, you use this word to navigate complex webs of argumentation, where one '논박' might lead to a complete paradigm shift in a field of study. You are also aware of the rhetorical power of the word; choosing '논박하다' over '반박하다' can signal a more rigorous, evidence-based approach to a disagreement. You can use the word in stylized or metaphorical ways, perhaps describing how reality itself '논박'-s our expectations. Your usage is indistinguishable from that of a highly educated native speaker, demonstrating an ability to handle the most abstract and formal aspects of the Korean language with precision, elegance, and authority.

Practice it Examples Notes & Tips

논박하다 in 30 Seconds

논박하다 is a formal verb meaning 'to refute' or 'to rebut' an argument using logic.
It is primarily used in academic, legal, and political contexts rather than casual conversation.
The word emphasizes disproving an idea by pointing out its specific logical flaws or errors.
Common collocations include '조목조목 논박하다' (refute point by point) and '주장을 논박하다' (refute a claim).

The Korean verb 논박하다 (non-bakhada) is a sophisticated, academic term that translates to 'to refute,' 'to rebut,' or 'to disprove.' It is not a word you would typically use when having a casual disagreement with a friend over where to eat lunch. Instead, it belongs to the realm of formal debates, legal proceedings, scientific inquiries, and philosophical discussions. To '논박하다' someone is to systematically dismantle their argument by pointing out logical fallacies, factual errors, or inconsistent reasoning. The word itself is composed of two Hanja characters: 論 (논) meaning 'argument' or 'theory,' and 駁 (박) meaning 'to refute' or 'to contradict.' Together, they signify the act of striking down a theory through the power of logic. This word is essential for students, researchers, and professionals who need to engage in high-level critical thinking and discourse in Korean.

Logical Precision: The use of 논박하다 implies that the speaker is not just expressing a different opinion, but is actively proving the other person's position to be false or invalid through evidence and reasoning.

In a society that values hierarchy and harmony, the act of '논박하다' must be handled with care. While it is a standard tool in academic settings, using it in a social context can come across as very aggressive or confrontational. It suggests a level of intellectual combat where only one truth can remain. When you hear this word in the news, it often refers to a political party refuting the claims of their opposition or a scientist publishing a paper that disproves a long-standing hypothesis. It is a word that carries the weight of authority and the sharpness of a well-honed intellect. Understanding this word allows a learner to navigate the complex world of Korean intellectual life and follow serious debates on television or in print media. It is the difference between saying 'I don't think so' and 'I will now demonstrate why your premise is fundamentally flawed.'

교수님께서는 상대 측의 논리를 조목조목 논박하셨다.

Historically, the concept of 'non-bak' has roots in the tradition of scholarly debate in Korea, particularly during the Joseon Dynasty when Neo-Confucian scholars would engage in lengthy written and oral exchanges to determine the correct interpretation of classical texts. In modern times, the word has migrated from the scholar's study to the courtroom and the television studio. When a lawyer refutes a witness's testimony, they are engaging in '논박.' When a journalist debunked a false rumor with hard facts, they are '논박'-ing that rumor. It is a verb of action, but the action is mental and verbal. It requires a deep understanding of the subject matter, as you cannot refute what you do not fully comprehend. Therefore, using '논박하다' also signals to others that you have done your homework and are prepared for a serious intellectual challenge.

변호인은 검찰의 주장을 강력하게 논박하며 피고인의 무죄를 주장했습니다.

Academic Context: In academic writing, '논박하다' is used to show how a new study challenges existing theories, driving progress in the field.

Finally, it is worth noting that '논박하다' is often paired with adverbs like '조목조목' (point by point) or '강력하게' (strongly). These pairings emphasize the thoroughness of the refutation. If someone '논박'-s you '조목조목,' they are going through every single part of your argument and showing why each piece is wrong. This level of detail is a hallmark of the word's usage. It is not a sweeping dismissal but a surgical strike against specific ideas. For a Korean learner, mastering this word provides a key to understanding high-level discourse and participating in the intellectual life of the country. It is a word for those who seek truth through the rigorous application of logic and evidence, standing as a pillar of formal Korean communication.

그 학설은 최근의 연구 결과에 의해 완전히 논박당했다.

데이터를 통해 기존의 통념을 논박하는 것이 이번 논문의 목표입니다.

Formal Debates: In television debates, moderators might ask a participant to '논박' the opponent's previous statement.

우리는 그의 거짓된 주장을 사실에 근거하여 논박해야 합니다.

Using 논박하다 correctly requires an understanding of its grammatical role as a transitive verb. In Korean, this means it typically takes an object marked by the particles 을 or 를. The object of '논박하다' is usually an abstract concept such as a '주장' (assertion/claim), '이론' (theory), '논리' (logic), '의견' (opinion), or '설' (hypothesis/rumor). You are refuting the *idea*, not necessarily the person, though the person can be the indirect target. For example, '그의 주장을 논박하다' (to refute his claim) is the standard structure. If you want to say you refuted *him*, you would still usually specify what of his you refuted, or use the person as the object in a way that implies their stance: '그를 논박하다' is possible but less common than '그의 주장을 논박하다.'

Object Selection: Always aim to identify exactly what is being refuted. Is it a specific point (점), a logic (논리), or a whole theory (이론)?

One of the most common patterns involving '논박하다' is using it with the adverb '조목조목,' which means 'item by item' or 'point by point.' This creates a vivid image of a detailed and systematic refutation. For instance, '그는 상대방의 주장을 조목조목 논박했다' (He refuted the opponent's claims point by point). Another frequent pairing is with '철저히' (thoroughly) or '완벽하게' (perfectly/completely), indicating the total destruction of an argument. This verb is also frequently found in the form of a noun phrase, '논박을 받다' (to be refuted/receive a refutation) or '논박에 부딪히다' (to encounter a refutation). These variations allow you to describe the situation from different perspectives, whether you are the one doing the refuting or the one whose ideas are being challenged.

그 학설은 여러 학자들에 의해 논박되어 이제는 인정받지 못한다.

In more advanced usage, you might see '논박하다' used in conditional or hypothetical sentences to explore the strength of an argument. For example, '만약 이 논리가 논박당한다면, 전체 프로젝트가 위태로워질 것이다' (If this logic is refuted, the entire project will be in jeopardy). This shows how central '논박' is to the validation of ideas. Furthermore, in the context of writing an essay or a thesis, you might use '논박하다' to address counter-arguments. A common transition phrase is '혹자는 ~라고 주장할 수 있으나, 이는 다음과 같은 이유로 논박할 수 있다' (Some may claim ~, but this can be refuted for the following reasons). This structure demonstrates high-level academic writing skills and the ability to anticipate and dismantle opposing views.

상대의 모순을 논박하기 위해서는 정확한 증거가 필요합니다.

Evidence-Based Refutation: The phrase '근거를 들어 논박하다' (to refute by providing evidence) is a very natural and frequently used expression.

When speaking, '논박하다' is often used in formal presentations or debates. You might say, '방금 하신 말씀 중 사실과 다른 부분을 논박하고자 합니다' (I would like to refute the parts of what you just said that differ from the facts). This is a polite but firm way to challenge someone's statement in a professional setting. It is important to maintain a calm and objective tone when using this word, as the word itself implies a reliance on reason rather than emotion. If you become emotional, the word '논박' might feel out of place, and words like '말다툼하다' (to bicker) or '싸우다' (to fight) would be more accurate. Therefore, '논박하다' is not just a verb; it is a stylistic choice that signals your commitment to logical discourse and intellectual honesty.

그녀는 침착한 어조로 상대의 오류를 논박해 나갔다.

아무리 뛰어난 이론이라도 실험 결과 앞에서는 논박당할 수밖에 없다.

The Power of Facts: Use '논박당할 수밖에 없다' to express that a theory is inevitably proven wrong by undeniable facts.

그의 주장은 이미 여러 차례 논박된 바 있습니다.

If you are living in Korea or consuming Korean media, you will encounter 논박하다 in specific, high-stakes environments. The most prominent place is in the news, particularly during political cycles. When a political party issues a statement, the opposing party will often release a '논평' (commentary) that '논박'-s the original statement. You will hear news anchors say things like, '여당은 야당의 비판을 강력히 논박했습니다' (The ruling party strongly refuted the opposition's criticism). In these contexts, the word emphasizes the official and structured nature of the disagreement. It is part of the 'war of words' that defines modern politics, where each side tries to prove the other's logic is flawed to win over public opinion.

Political News: Listen for this word during election debates or when spokespeople for government ministries are responding to controversies.

Another common arena for '논박하다' is the courtroom. In legal dramas (which are very popular in Korea) or real-life reporting on trials, lawyers and prosecutors spend a significant amount of time '논박'-ing each other's evidence and arguments. A defense attorney might '논박' the credibility of a witness, or a prosecutor might '논박' the defendant's alibi. The word carries a legalistic weight, suggesting that the refutation is being made within a formal system of rules. If you watch shows like 'Extraordinary Attorney Woo' or 'Stranger,' you will likely hear this word used when the characters are engaged in intense courtroom battles. It highlights the intellectual rigor required in the legal profession and the importance of finding the '모순' (contradiction) in the opponent's case.

검사는 피고인의 알리바이를 과학적 증거로 논박했다.

The academic world is perhaps the most natural home for '논박하다.' In university lecture halls, at academic conferences, and in scholarly journals, '논박' is the engine of intellectual progress. Scholars '논박' existing theories to propose new ones. When a student writes a thesis, they are often required to '논박' potential criticisms of their work. If you are reading a Korean academic paper, you will see '논박' used in the literature review section to describe how previous studies have been challenged. It is a sign of a healthy academic environment where ideas are tested and refined through rigorous debate. For international students in Korea, being able to use and understand this word is crucial for participating in seminars and writing high-quality academic papers.

이번 세미나의 주제는 기존의 경제 모델을 논박하는 것입니다.

Academic Discourse: In papers, look for phrases like '기존 연구의 한계를 논박하다' (to refute the limitations of existing research).

Finally, you might hear '논박하다' in high-level documentaries or talk shows that discuss social issues, philosophy, or history. Programs like '차이나는 클라스' (Differing Class) or '어쩌다 어른' often feature experts who '논박' common misconceptions or historical myths. In these settings, the word is used to educate the public by showing how logic and research can overturn popular but incorrect beliefs. It adds a layer of intellectual excitement to the program, as the audience watches a well-established idea being systematically dismantled. Understanding '논박하다' in these contexts helps you engage with the deeper intellectual currents of Korean society, moving beyond basic communication to a more profound understanding of how Koreans debate and refine their collective knowledge.

역사학자는 그 문서가 위조되었음을 문헌학적 근거로 논박했다.

전문가들은 그 루머가 과학적으로 근거 없음을 논박했습니다.

Public Discourse: In the age of information, '논박하다' is increasingly used to describe the debunking of fake news and misinformation.

토론자들은 서로의 논리를 논박하며 팽팽하게 맞섰다.

One of the most frequent mistakes learners make with 논박하다 is using it in situations that are too casual. As mentioned before, this is a heavy, formal word. If you are just disagreeing with a friend about which movie to watch, saying '너의 의견을 논박하겠어' (I will refute your opinion) would sound incredibly strange, almost like you are role-playing as a 19th-century philosopher. In casual settings, verbs like '반대하다' (to oppose/disagree) or simply saying '내 생각은 달라' (my thought is different) are much more appropriate. Using '논박하다' inappropriately can make you sound arrogant or socially awkward because it implies a level of intellectual aggression that isn't suited for friendship.

Formality Mismatch: Avoid '논박하다' in casual conversations. Reserve it for debates, essays, and professional critiques.

Another common error is confusing '논박하다' with '비판하다' (to criticize). While they are related, they are not interchangeable. '비판하다' is a broader term that can mean pointing out faults, judging something's value, or expressing disapproval. You can '비판' a movie, a person's behavior, or a government policy without necessarily proving it logically wrong. However, '논박하다' specifically requires a logical dismantling of an argument. If you '비판' a theory, you might just be saying you don't like it or it has flaws. If you '논박' a theory, you are claiming to have proven it incorrect. Using '비판하다' when you mean '논박하다' weakens your statement, while using '논박하다' when you mean '비판하다' might make a claim you can't actually back up with proof.

(Mistake) 친구의 점심 메뉴 선택을 논박했다.

Learners also sometimes struggle with the difference between '논박하다' and '반박하다' (to rebut/counter). These two are very close in meaning and often used as synonyms, but '반박하다' is slightly more common and can be used in a wider range of contexts, including slightly less formal ones. '논박하다' specifically emphasizes the '논' (logic/theory) aspect. If someone makes a quick retort to an insult, that is a '반박,' but it is definitely not a '논박.' '논박' requires a structured argument. A common mistake is using '논박하다' for any kind of 'talking back.' If a child talks back to a parent, that is '말대꾸하다,' not '논박하다.' Using the wrong word here can lead to significant misunderstandings about the nature of the interaction.

(Mistake) 아이가 부모님의 꾸중을 논박했다.

Logical Requirement: Remember that '논박하다' implies a high level of reasoning. It is not just 'saying no' or 'talking back.'

Finally, pay attention to the particles. Some learners mistakenly use '와/과' (with) as if they are 'disputing with' someone, but '논박하다' is a transitive verb that takes an object. You '논박' a '주장' (claim), you don't '논박' *with* a claim in the same way. While you can say '논리로써 논박하다' (refute by means of logic), the thing being refuted must be the direct object. Also, be careful with the passive form '논박당하다.' It is a strong word; if your theory is '논박당했다,' it means it has been effectively killed by logic. Using it too lightly can exaggerate the situation. Understanding these nuances will help you use this powerful word with the precision it demands.

(Mistake) 그는 상대방과 논박했다.

그의 논리는 너무 허술해서 쉽게 논박당하고 말았다.

Summary of Errors: Casual usage, confusion with 'criticize', confusion with 'talk back', and incorrect particle usage are the main pitfalls.

우리는 감정적인 비난이 아니라 이성적인 논박을 해야 합니다.

To truly master 논박하다, it is helpful to compare it with its synonyms and related terms. The most frequent alternative is 반박하다 (ban-bakhada). While both mean 'to refute,' '반박하다' is more general and can be used in less formal situations. If someone makes an accusation and you deny it with a counter-statement, that is a '반박.' '논박하다' is a subset of '반박하다' that specifically involves formal logic and theoretical frameworks. Think of '반박' as 'hitting back' and '논박' as 'disproving through argument.' In many cases, they are interchangeable, but '논박' always sounds more academic and thorough.

반박하다 vs. 논박하다: Use '반박하다' for general counter-arguments and '논박하다' for systematic, logical disproof of theories or complex claims.

Another related word is 공박하다 (gong-bakhada). This word adds a sense of 'attack' (공격) to the refutation. To '공박하다' is to attack someone's flaws or mistakes aggressively. While '논박하다' focuses on the logical falsity of an argument, '공박하다' focuses on the act of attacking the person's position or behavior. It is often used in political contexts where one party 'attacks and refutes' the other's platform. Then there is 변박하다 (byeon-bakhada), which is less common but specifically refers to refuting something by explaining the reasons or changing the perspective. These nuances allow for very precise expression in Korean discourse.

그는 상대의 주장을 반박하며 자신의 입장을 설명했다.

For a more critical tone, you might use 비판하다 (bipan-hada) or 비난하다 (binan-hada). As discussed, '비판하다' is 'to criticize' based on judgment, while '비난하다' is 'to blame' or 'to criticize' in a more emotional or moral sense. If you say someone's argument is '논박당했다,' it means it was proven wrong. If you say it was '비판받았다,' it means people found faults in it. If you say it was '비난받았다,' it means people spoke ill of it. Understanding these distinctions is key to choosing the right level of intensity and objectivity in your speech. Finally, 부정하다 (bujeong-hada) simply means 'to deny.' It is the simplest form of disagreement, lacking the logical depth of '논박하다.'

야당은 정부의 예산안을 강력히 공박했다.

Register and Nuance: 부정하다 (Deny) < 반박하다 (Rebut) < 논박하다 (Refute logically) < 공박하다 (Attack and refute).

In summary, '논박하다' sits at the top of the hierarchy of disagreement in terms of formality and logical rigor. It is the word of the scholar, the lawyer, and the serious debater. By learning its alternatives, you gain a palette of words to describe different types of conflict and disagreement. Whether you want to gently point out a mistake, strongly attack a political opponent, or systematically dismantle a scientific theory, there is a specific Korean verb for the job. Mastering the use of '논박하다' alongside '반박하다,' '공박하다,' and '비판하다' will significantly elevate your Korean proficiency and allow you to express complex intellectual positions with clarity and impact.

그의 주장은 과학적 데이터에 의해 부정될 수 없는 사실이다.

변호사는 검찰의 논리를 조목조목 논박하며 반론을 제기했다.

Formal Writing Tip: In academic papers, using '논박하다' shows that you are engaging deeply with the existing literature and contributing to the field's development.

우리는 편견에 근거한 주장을 논박할 준비가 되어 있어야 합니다.

How Formal Is It?

Fun Fact

The character '박' (駁) originally depicted a horse with mixed colors, which later evolved to mean 'inconsistent' or 'contradictory,' and eventually 'to refute' those contradictions.

Pronunciation Guide

UK /non.bak.ha.da/

US /noʊn.bɑːk.hɑː.dɑː/

In Korean, stress is generally even across syllables, but a slight emphasis may be placed on the first syllable '논' to highlight the 'logic' aspect of the word.

Rhymes With

박하다 (to be stingy) 착하다 (to be good/kind) 탁하다 (to be murky) 막하다 (to be blocked - though usually '막히다') 적막하다 (to be lonely/quiet) 강박하다 (to be obsessive/compulsive) 긴박하다 (to be urgent) 희박하다 (to be sparse/thin)

Common Errors

Pronouncing '논' like 'noon' (rhyming with 'moon'). It should be a short 'o' sound like 'non' in 'nonsense'.
Failing to aspirate the 'h' in '하다', making it sound like '논바가다'.
Pronouncing the 'k' in 'bak' too strongly before the 'h'. In '논박하다', the 'k' and 'h' combine to sound like a strong 'k' [논바카다].
Stress on the second syllable '박' which sounds unnatural.
Confusing it with '농박' (which is not a common word).

Difficulty Rating

Reading 4/5

Requires understanding of Hanja-based academic vocabulary.

Writing 4/5

Hard to use naturally without sounding overly formal.

Speaking 5/5

Rarely used in daily speech; mostly for formal presentations.

Listening 4/5

Common in news and documentaries but requires high comprehension.

What to Learn Next

Prerequisites

논리 (Logic) 주장 (Claim) 반대 (Opposition) 틀리다 (To be wrong) 설명하다 (To explain)

Learn Next

반증하다 (To disprove) 입증하다 (To prove) 모순 (Contradiction) 개연성 (Probability) 추론 (Inference)

Advanced

변증법 (Dialectics) 형이상학 (Metaphysics) 인과관계 (Causality) 귀납법 (Induction) 연역법 (Deduction)

Grammar to Know

Passive with -당하다

그의 주장은 논박당했다. (His claim was refuted.)

Adverbial -게

강력하게 논박하다. (To refute strongly.)

Nounizing with -(으)ㅁ

그의 주장이 틀렸음을 논박했다. (Refuted that his claim was wrong.)

Causal -아서/어서

논리가 부족해서 논박당했다. (Was refuted because the logic was lacking.)

Sequential -며

증거를 제시하며 논박했다. (Refuted while presenting evidence.)

Examples by Level

그것은 틀렸다고 논박했어요.

I refuted it, saying it was wrong.

Simple past tense of 논박하다.

선생님이 학생의 말을 논박했어요.

The teacher refuted what the student said.

Subject + Object + Verb structure.

그 주장을 논박하고 싶어요.

I want to refute that claim.

-고 싶다 (want to) attached to the verb stem.

우리는 논박해야 해요.

We must refute it.

-아야/어야 하다 (must/have to).

그는 논박하지 않았어요.

He did not refute it.

-지 않다 (negative form).

논박하는 것은 어려워요.

Refuting is difficult.

-는 것 (nominalizing the verb).

이것을 논박할 수 있어요?

Can you refute this?

-(으)ㄹ 수 있다 (can/ability).

그는 똑똑해서 논박을 잘해요.

He is smart, so he refutes well.

-아서/어서 (reason/cause).

그의 주장을 논리적으로 논박했습니다.

I refuted his claim logically.

Adverb '논리적으로' (logically) used with the verb.

상대방의 말을 조목조목 논박했어요.

I refuted the opponent's words point by point.

Adverb '조목조목' (point by point) is a common collocation.

이 이론을 논박하기는 쉽지 않아요.

It is not easy to refute this theory.

-기 (nominalizing) + 는 (topic marker).

그는 내 의견을 강력하게 논박했다.

He strongly refuted my opinion.

Adverb '강력하게' (strongly).

우리는 사실을 가지고 논박해야 합니다.

We must refute using facts.

-(으)ㄹ 가지고 (with/using).

그의 거짓말은 금방 논박당했다.

His lie was refuted quickly.

Passive form '논박당하다'.

토론에서 상대의 주장을 논박했다.

I refuted the opponent's claim in the debate.

Locative particle '에서' (in/at).

그 학설을 논박할 증거가 있나요?

Is there evidence to refute that theory?

Adjective form -(으)ㄹ (to/for refuting).

전문가는 그 루머를 과학적으로 논박했다.

The expert refuted the rumor scientifically.

Formal subject '전문가' (expert).

그의 논리는 너무 허술해서 쉽게 논박할 수 있었다.

His logic was so weak that it could be easily refuted.

-아서/어서 (cause) + -(으)ㄹ 수 있다 (possibility).

변호사는 검찰의 주장을 조목조목 논박하기 시작했다.

The lawyer began to refute the prosecution's claims point by point.

-기 시작하다 (begin to).

그가 제시한 근거들은 이미 논박된 것들이다.

The evidence he presented has already been refuted.

Past participle form '논박된'.

상대의 모순을 찾아내어 논박하는 것이 중요하다.

It is important to find and refute the opponent's contradictions.

-아/어/여서 (sequence of actions).

아무리 강력한 주장이라도 논박당할 가능성이 있다.

No matter how strong a claim is, there is a possibility it will be refuted.

아무리 ~더라도 (no matter how...).

그는 자신의 이론이 논박당하자 당황했다.

He was flustered when his theory was refuted.

-자 (as soon as/when).

우리는 편견에 사로잡힌 주장을 논박해야 한다.

We must refute claims that are caught up in prejudice.

Relative clause '편견에 사로잡힌'.

이 논문은 기존의 통념을 정면으로 논박하고 있다.

This paper is directly refuting conventional wisdom.

Adverb '정면으로' (directly/head-on).

정부는 야당의 비판에 대해 조목조목 논박하는 성명을 발표했다.

The government released a statement refuting the opposition's criticism point by point.

Relative clause describing '성명' (statement).

그의 주장은 논리적 일관성이 부족하여 쉽게 논박당할 수밖에 없다.

His argument lacks logical consistency and cannot help but be easily refuted.

-(으)ㄹ 수밖에 없다 (cannot help but/inevitable).

상대의 허점을 찔러 논박함으로써 토론의 주도권을 잡았다.

By refuting the opponent's weak point, he took the lead in the debate.

-(으)ㅁ으로써 (by doing/through).

어떤 학설이든 새로운 발견에 의해 논박될 위험이 늘 존재한다.

Any theory always faces the risk of being refuted by new discoveries.

-(으)ㄴ/는 위험이 존재하다 (the risk exists).

그는 상대의 주장이 사실과 다름을 명확하게 논박했다.

He clearly refuted that the opponent's claim was different from the facts.

-(으)ㅁ (nominalizing the clause).

우리는 감정에 치우치지 않고 이성적으로 상대의 논리를 논박해야 한다.

We must refute the opponent's logic rationally without being biased by emotion.

-지 않고 (without doing).

그 학자는 평생에 걸쳐 경쟁자의 이론을 논박하는 데 힘썼다.

That scholar spent his whole life refuting his rival's theory.

-는 데 (in the act of/for the purpose of).

칸트는 선대 철학자들의 형이상학적 전제를 신랄하게 논박했다.

Kant harshly refuted the metaphysical premises of earlier philosophers.

Adverb '신랄하게' (harshly/scathingly).

그의 주장은 언뜻 타당해 보이지만, 면밀히 검토하면 조목조목 논박 가능하다.

His claim seems valid at first glance, but upon close examination, it can be refuted point by point.

- 가능하다 (is possible).

이번 연구의 목적은 기존의 지배적인 패러다임을 논박하고 새로운 대안을 제시하는 데 있다.

The purpose of this study is to refute the existing dominant paradigm and suggest a new alternative.

-는 데 있다 (the purpose/point lies in...).

그는 결정적인 증거를 제시함으로써 상대의 알리바이를 완전히 논박해 버렸다.

He completely refuted the opponent's alibi by presenting decisive evidence.

-어 버리다 (completing an action with emphasis).

상대의 논리를 논박하기에 앞서, 우선 그 전제 조건부터 검토할 필요가 있다.

Before refuting the opponent's logic, it is first necessary to examine the prerequisites.

-기에 앞서 (prior to doing).

아무리 정교한 변론이라 할지라도 진실 앞에서는 결국 논박당하기 마련이다.

No matter how sophisticated the defense, it is bound to be refuted in the face of the truth.

-기 마련이다 (is bound to happen).

그의 논박은 워낙 치밀해서 반론의 여지를 전혀 남기지 않았다.

His refutation was so meticulous that it left absolutely no room for counter-argument.

-(으)ㄹ 여지 (room/possibility for).

우리는 타인의 의견을 무조건 논박하기보다, 먼저 경청하는 태도를 가져야 한다.

Rather than unconditionally refuting others' opinions, we should first have an attitude of listening carefully.

-기보다 (rather than).

포퍼는 귀납주의의 한계를 지적하며 과학적 방법론으로서의 반증 가능성을 통해 이를 논박했다.

Popper pointed out the limits of inductivism and refuted it through falsifiability as a scientific methodology.

Highly technical academic terminology.

그 사상가는 당대의 지배적인 이데올로기를 해체하고 논박함으로써 사상의 자유를 부르짖었다.

By deconstructing and refuting the dominant ideology of the time, that thinker called for freedom of thought.

Complex gerund structure '해체하고 논박함으로써'.

역사적 수정주의자들은 기존의 정설을 논박하기 위해 새로운 사료를 발굴하는 데 매진하고 있다.

Historical revisionists are devoted to excavating new historical materials to refute existing established theories.

Compound verb '매진하고 있다' (is devoted/striving).

그의 변론은 상대의 논리적 모순을 파고들어 체계적으로 논박해 나가는 치밀함을 보였다.

His defense showed a meticulousness in digging into the opponent's logical contradictions and systematically refuting them.

-아/어 나가다 (continuing an action into the future/progressing).

어떠한 절대적 진리도 후대의 비판적 이성에 의해 논박당할 수 있다는 것이 현대 철학의 핵심이다.

The core of modern philosophy is that any absolute truth can be refuted by the critical reason of later generations.

Noun clause '-(으)ㄴ/는 것이 핵심이다'.

그는 방대한 자료를 바탕으로 상대의 주장이 지닌 허구성을 낱낱이 논박하며 좌중을 압도했다.

Based on vast data, he overwhelmed the audience by refuting every single piece of the opponent's claim's fictionality.

Adverb '낱낱이' (in detail/one by one).

상대의 전제를 논박하는 행위는 단순히 의견을 달리하는 것을 넘어, 지적 투쟁의 성격을 띤다.

The act of refuting an opponent's premise goes beyond simply having a different opinion and takes on the character of an intellectual struggle.

-을 넘어 (beyond...).

그 학설이 지닌 내적 모순은 이미 수세기 전에 논박되었음에도 불구하고 여전히 영향력을 발휘하고 있다.

Despite the fact that the internal contradictions of that theory were refuted centuries ago, it still exerts influence.

-(으)ㅁ에도 불구하고 (despite the fact that...).

Synonyms

반박하다 부정하다 반대하다 공격하다

Antonyms

수긍하다 동의하다 지지하다

Common Collocations

조목조목 논박하다

주장을 논박하다

강력하게 논박하다

이론을 논박하다

논리적으로 논박하다

철저히 논박하다

오류를 논박하다

정면으로 논박하다

사실에 근거하여 논박하다

논박당할 여지가 없다

Common Phrases

논박의 여지가 없다

— There is no room for refutation; it is indisputable.

이 사실은 논박의 여지가 없는 진실입니다.

조목조목 논박하다

— To refute point by point in a detailed and systematic manner.

변호인은 검찰의 주장을 조목조목 논박했습니다.

논박을 당하다

— To be refuted; to have one's argument proven wrong.

그의 이론은 학계에서 큰 논박을 당했다.

논박에 부딪히다

— To encounter a refutation or strong opposition.

새로운 정책은 전문가들의 강력한 논박에 부딪혔다.

논박을 시도하다

— To attempt to refute something.

그는 여러 차례 논박을 시도했지만 실패했다.

논박할 가치가 없다

— It is not even worth refuting (because it is so absurd).

그런 터무니없는 주장은 논박할 가치도 없습니다.

논박의 대상이 되다

— To become the subject of refutation.

그의 발언은 집중적인 논박의 대상이 되었다.

논박을 이끌어내다

— To elicit a refutation from someone.

도발적인 질문은 상대의 논박을 이끌어냈다.

논박을 멈추다

— To stop refuting or arguing.

그들은 더 이상의 소모적인 논박을 멈추기로 했다.

논박을 준비하다

— To prepare a refutation.

우리는 상대 측의 예상 주장에 대한 논박을 준비했다.

Often Confused With

논박하다 vs 반박하다

'반박하다' is more general and can include simple retorts. '논박하다' specifically requires a logical, theoretical basis.

논박하다 vs 비판하다

'비판하다' is to criticize or evaluate faults. You can criticize something without proving it logically wrong (which is what '논박하다' does).

논박하다 vs 비난하다

'비난하다' is to blame or speak ill of someone, often emotionally. '논박하다' is strictly intellectual and objective.

Idioms & Expressions

"입을 막다"

— To silence someone (often by refuting them so thoroughly they can't speak).

그는 완벽한 논리로 상대의 입을 막아버렸다.

Informal/Idiomatic

"콧대를 꺾다"

— To bring someone down a notch (often by refuting their arrogant claims).

그녀의 논박은 오만한 그의 콧대를 꺾어 놓았다.

Idiomatic

"뼈를 때리다"

— To make a comment that hits a painful truth (often used in modern slang for a sharp refutation).

그의 논박은 정말 뼈를 때리는 수준이었다.

Slang

"찬물을 끼얹다"

— To throw cold water on something (refuting an overly optimistic or wrong idea).

그의 논박은 축제 분위기에 찬물을 끼얹었다.

Idiomatic

"쐐기를 박다"

— To drive a wedge or finish something off (a final refutation that settles the matter).

마지막 증거는 그의 주장에 쐐기를 박는 논박이었다.

Idiomatic

"허를 찌르다"

— To catch someone off guard (by refuting a point they thought was safe).

그의 논박은 상대의 허를 찌르는 것이었다.

Idiomatic

"말문이 막히다"

— To be at a loss for words (after being refuted).

그녀의 날카로운 논박에 그는 말문이 막혔다.

Neutral

"일침을 가하다"

— To give a stinging reproach or a sharp refutation.

그는 사회적 편견에 대해 논리적인 논박으로 일침을 가했다.

Formal/Idiomatic

"명불허전"

— A reputation well-deserved (used when a famous debater refutes someone brilliantly).

그의 논박은 역시 명불허전이었다.

Idiomatic/Hanja

"궤변을 늘어놓다"

— To use sophistry or illogical arguments (which are then subject to '논박').

그가 궤변을 늘어놓자 모두가 그를 논박하기 시작했다.

Formal

Easily Confused

논박하다 vs 공박하다

Both involve refuting an opponent.

'공박하다' includes a sense of 'attack' (공격). It is more aggressive and often focuses on the opponent's flaws as much as their logic.

그는 상대의 인격을 공박했다. (He attacked/refuted the opponent's character.)

논박하다 vs 부정하다

Both mean saying 'no' to a claim.

'부정하다' is a simple denial. '논박하다' is a reasoned, evidence-based disproof.

피고인은 혐의를 부정했다. (The defendant denied the charges.)

논박하다 vs 반증하다

Both relate to proving something wrong.

'반증하다' focuses on the *evidence* that disproves a claim. '논박하다' is the *act* of refuting it through argument.

이 결과는 가설을 반증한다. (This result disproves the hypothesis.)

논박하다 vs 힐난하다

Both involve pointing out mistakes.

'힐난하다' is closer to 'reproach' or 'scold'. It is more emotional and focused on the error as a fault.

그는 나의 부주의를 힐난했다. (He reproached me for my carelessness.)

논박하다 vs 변박하다

Very similar in meaning.

'변박하다' is a rarer, more specific term for refuting by explaining the reasoning. '논박하다' is the standard term.

그는 조목조목 변박하여 오해를 풀었다. (He refuted point by point to clear the misunderstanding.)

Sentence Patterns

S-이/가 O-을/를 논박하다

그가 내 말을 논박했다.

S-이/가 O-을/를 조목조목 논박하다

그녀는 상대의 논리를 조목조목 논박했다.

O-이/가 S-에 의해 논박당하다

그 가설은 실험에 의해 논박당했다.

S-이/가 O-이/가 틀렸음을 논박하다

전문가는 그 이론이 틀렸음을 논박했다.

V-기 위해 O-을/를 논박하다

진실을 밝히기 위해 거짓 주장을 논박했다.

O-을/를 논박하는 데 힘쓰다

그는 평생 기존 관념을 논박하는 데 힘썼다.

O-을/를 논박하기보다 V-하는 게 낫다

무조건 논박하기보다 먼저 이해하는 게 낫다.

O-이/가 논박당할 여지가 없다

이 사실은 결코 논박당할 여지가 없다.

Word Family

Nouns

논박 (Refutation/Rebuttal)

반박 (Counter-argument)

논리 (Logic)

논쟁 (Dispute)

Verbs

논박당하다 (To be refuted)

논박되다 (To be refuted)

반박하다 (To rebut)

Adjectives

논박 가능하다 (Refutable)

논박 불가능하다 (Irrefutable)

토론 (Debate)

증거 (Evidence)

모순 (Contradiction)

오류 (Error)

주장 (Assertion)

How to Use It

frequency

Medium-High in formal written/broadcast Korean; Low in daily spoken Korean.

Common Mistakes

Using '논박하다' for simple disagreements. → 반대하다 / 내 생각은 다르다
'논박하다' is too formal and heavy for casual disagreements like choosing a movie or a restaurant.
Confusing '논박하다' with '비난하다'. → 비난하다 (to blame/criticize emotionally)
'논박하다' is logical and intellectual; '비난하다' is often emotional and personal.
Using the wrong particle (e.g., '와/과 논박하다'). → ~을/를 논박하다
'논박하다' is a transitive verb that takes a direct object (the claim or theory being refuted).
Using '논박하다' when you mean 'to argue'. → 논쟁하다 / 말다툼하다
'논박하다' is the act of refuting a specific point, not the entire process of having an argument.
Using '논박하다' for a physical fight. → 싸우다
'논박하다' is strictly a mental and verbal action involving logic and ideas.

Tips

Use in TOPIK II

If you are taking the TOPIK II writing exam, using '논박하다' instead of '반대하다' in your essay will help you get a higher score for vocabulary diversity and academic tone.

Logic is Key

Remember the '논' in '논박' stands for logic. Only use this word if there is a clear logical structure being challenged.

Passive Forms

Be comfortable with '논박당하다' and '논박되다'. They are used very frequently when the focus is on the theory being disproven.

Learn Collocations

Memorize '조목조목 논박하다'. It is such a common phrase that it almost functions like a single unit in formal Korean.

Formal Contexts

Think of '논박하다' as a 'suit and tie' word. Use it when the atmosphere is professional and serious.

News Watching

Watch political debates on Korean news. You will hear this word often when candidates challenge each other's policies.

Switching with 반박

If you find '논박하다' too hard to pronounce or remember, '반박하다' is almost always a safe and natural alternative.

Counter-arguments

When writing an essay, use '반론을 논박하다' (refute a counter-argument) to strengthen your own position.

Social Harmony

Be aware that in Korean culture, 'winning' an argument through '논박' might not always lead to a good social outcome. Use it wisely.

Hanja Roots

Remembering 論 (Logic) + 駁 (Refute) will help you distinguish this word from others like '비박' or '숙박'.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Think of 'Non' as 'None' (no) and 'Bak' as a 'Box' (a box of logic). You are putting their argument in a 'None-Box'—it's gone! Or 'Non' (Logic) + 'Bak' (Strike) = Striking with Logic.

Visual Association

Imagine a scholar using a sharp pen (logic) to pop a giant bubble (a weak argument). The popping sound is the 'Bak!'

Word Web

논리 (Logic) 반박 (Rebuttal) 증거 (Evidence) 토론 (Debate) 모순 (Contradiction) 오류 (Error) 학설 (Theory) 변호 (Defense)

Challenge

Try to write three sentences refuting the idea that 'The moon is made of cheese' using the word '논박하다' and the adverb '조목조목'.

Word Origin

The word '논박하다' is derived from Sino-Korean roots (Hanja). '논' (論) comes from the character meaning 'to discuss,' 'theory,' or 'logic.' '박' (駁) comes from the character meaning 'to refute,' 'to contradict,' or 'to be variegated/mixed.'

Original meaning: The original meaning in classical Chinese was to point out the mixed or inconsistent parts of a theory to strike it down.

Sino-Korean (Hanja-based vocabulary).

Cultural Context

Be careful using this word with elders or superiors, as it can sound like you are challenging their authority rather than just their ideas.

In English, 'refute' and 'rebut' are the closest equivalents. 'Refute' is often used when you actually prove something wrong, while 'rebut' is just the act of arguing against it. '논박하다' covers both but leans toward a successful refutation.

TV Debates: '100-Minute Debate' (100분 토론) is a famous Korean show where experts '논박' each other. Legal Dramas: Shows like 'Stranger' (비밀의 숲) feature prosecutors '논박'-ing complex conspiracies. History: The 'Four-Seven Debate' between Yi Hwang and Ki Dae-seung is a famous historical example of '논박'.

Practice in Real Life

Real-World Contexts

Academic Seminar

기존 연구를 논박하다
가설을 논박하다
논리적 허점을 논박하다
데이터로 논박하다

Courtroom

증언을 논박하다
알리바이를 논박하다
검찰의 주장을 논박하다
결정적 증거로 논박하다

Political Debate

상대 후보를 논박하다
공약을 논박하다
비판을 논박하다
성명을 통해 논박하다

Scientific Discussion

실험 결과를 논박하다
법칙을 논박하다
오류를 논박하다
새로운 발견으로 논박하다

Journalism

가짜 뉴스를 논박하다
의혹을 논박하다
보도 내용을 논박하다
사실 확인을 통해 논박하다

Conversation Starters

"상대방의 주장을 논박할 때 가장 중요한 것은 무엇이라고 생각하세요?"

"최근 뉴스에서 누군가가 다른 사람의 의견을 멋지게 논박하는 것을 본 적 있나요?"

"자신의 주장이 논박당했을 때 어떤 기분이 드나요?"

"학술 토론에서 상대의 논리를 논박하는 가장 예의 바른 방법은 무엇일까요?"

"증거 없이 누군가의 주장을 논박하는 것이 가능할까요?"

Journal Prompts

오늘 내가 들은 주장 중 하나를 골라 '논박하다'라는 단어를 사용하여 반대 의견을 써보세요.

역사적으로 가장 유명한 '논박'의 사례 중 하나를 조사하고 그 의미를 적어보세요.

논리적으로 누군가를 논박하는 능력이 우리 삶에서 왜 중요한지 자신의 생각을 정리해보세요.

만약 당신의 일기가 누군가에 의해 논박당한다면, 당신은 어떻게 대응할 것인가요?

'논박'과 '비난'의 차이에 대해 실제 경험을 바탕으로 서술해보세요.

Frequently Asked Questions

10 questions