This page in your language

فارسی

العربية

Deutsch

Español

Français

日本語

한국어

Português

中文

हिन्दी

Home
Learn
Korean
Vocabulary
반론하다

B2 verb #7,000 most common 10 min read

반론하다

banronhada Top 7,000

Practice it Examples Notes & Tips 반론하다 in 30 Seconds

Explanation 반론하다 in your Level:

At the A1 level, '반론하다' is quite a difficult word because it is very formal. However, you can think of it as a very polite and 'smart' way to say 'No, I have a different idea.' In basic Korean, you usually learn '아니요' (No) or '싫어요' (I don't like it). '반론하다' is like those words but for a classroom or a big meeting. Imagine you are in a school debate. If your friend says 'Pizza is the best food,' and you say 'Actually, I think Rice is better because it is healthier,' you are starting to do what '반론하다' means. Even though you won't use this word in daily talk with your mom or friends, it is good to know that it means 'to say a different opinion with a reason.' It is built from two parts: 'Ban' (against) and 'Ron' (logic). So, it's not just saying 'no,' it's saying 'no' with a brainy reason. If you see this word in a book, just remember: someone is disagreeing in a very polite and serious way.

For A2 learners, '반론하다' is a word you might see in simple news stories or formal school textbooks. It is a verb that means 'to argue back' or 'to counter-argue.' At this level, you should focus on the fact that it's a '하다' verb, which makes it easy to conjugate. For example, '반론해요' (present), '반론했어요' (past), '반론할 거예요' (future). You use it when you want to describe a situation where people are talking about different ideas. A good way to remember it is to compare it with '반대하다' (to oppose). If you '반대해요,' you just don't like the idea. If you '반론해요,' you are explaining *why* the other person's idea might be wrong. It is very common in '토론' (debate). If you watch a simple Korean talk show, you might hear the host say '반론해 보세요,' which means 'Please try to give a counter-argument.' It is a great word to use if you want to sound more professional in your Korean speaking practice.

At the B1 level, you are moving into intermediate Korean where the nuance of words becomes very important. '반론하다' is a key vocabulary item for participating in discussions and understanding formal media. You should start using it with specific grammar patterns like '~에 대해 반론하다' (to counter-argue about something). This word is essential because it moves you away from simple disagreement toward 'logical' disagreement. In B1 level texts, you will often see this word in the context of social issues. For example, 'Many people counter-argued the new law.' It is also important to recognize the noun form, '반론' (counter-argument). You will often see '반론을 제기하다' (to raise a counter-argument). This is a very common 'collocation' (words that go together). When you use '반론하다,' you are signaling to the listener that you are about to provide a reasoned, intellectual response, which helps you manage the tone of your conversation in professional or academic settings.

At the B2 level, '반론하다' is a word you should be able to use fluently in debates and essays. This is the level where you distinguish between '반론하다' (to counter-argue) and '반박하다' (to refute). '반론하다' is often more about the 'logic' (론) and presenting an alternative view, while '반박하다' is more about 'hitting back' (박) at the opponent's specific points. As a B2 learner, you should use adverbs to modify this verb, such as '조목조목 반론하다' (to counter-argue point by point) or '강력하게 반론하다' (to strongly counter-argue). You should also be comfortable with the '반론권' (right of refutation) concept in journalism and law. In your writing, using '반론하다' instead of '반대하다' will significantly increase the sophistication of your work. It shows that you understand the formal structures of Korean discourse. You will also encounter this in 'Reading' sections of exams like TOPIK II, where understanding the flow of a debate is crucial for answering questions correctly.

For C1 learners, '반론하다' is a foundational tool for high-level discourse. You should understand its role in rhetorical strategies. It’s not just about disagreeing; it’s about how a '반론' is structured within a larger argument. At this level, you should be familiar with the phrase '반론의 여지가 없다,' which means 'there is no room for counter-argument'—implying an argument is airtight. You should also be able to recognize '재반론' (a counter-counter-argument or rebuttal). In academic papers, '반론하다' is used to engage with previous literature. You might write, 'Existing studies claim X, but this paper counter-argues (반론하다) that Y is more likely due to Z.' The word also appears in legal contexts, where the '반론' must follow strict procedural rules. You should be able to navigate these nuances, understanding that '반론' is a constructive part of the dialectic process in Korean intellectual tradition, where '정-반-합' (Thesis-Antithesis-Synthesis) is a common framework for thought.

At the C2 level, you should have a native-like grasp of '반론하다,' including its philosophical and legal implications. You understand that '반론' is a critical component of the 'public sphere' (공론장). You are aware of the subtle power dynamics involved in who gets to '반론하다' and in what forum. You can analyze the '반론' presented in complex editorials or Supreme Court rulings, noting how the language shifts between '반론,' '반박,' '항변' (plea/defense), and '소명' (explanation/vindication). You can use the word in its most abstract forms, discussing the '반론 가능성' (falsifiability) of scientific theories. Furthermore, you can use the word with extreme precision in high-pressure environments, such as live televised debates or international negotiations, where the choice between '반론하겠습니다' and a softer alternative can have significant diplomatic or strategic consequences. Your mastery of this word reflects a deep integration into the highest levels of Korean professional and intellectual life.

Practice it Examples Notes & Tips

반론하다 in 30 Seconds

A formal verb meaning 'to counter-argue' or provide a logical opposing view.
Used primarily in debates, academic contexts, legal settings, and professional meetings.
Requires 'logic' (론) rather than just personal feeling or simple dislike.
Commonly paired with particles like ~에 대해 (about) and adverbs like 논리적으로 (logically).

The Korean verb 반론하다 (ban-ron-ha-da) is a sophisticated term primarily used in formal, academic, or professional contexts. At its core, it represents the act of providing a counter-argument. Unlike a simple disagreement or a casual 'no,' 반론하다 implies a structured, logical response intended to challenge an existing premise, theory, or claim. It is derived from the Hanja characters 反 (반) meaning 'against' or 'opposite' and 論 (론) meaning 'logic,' 'discussion,' or 'theory.' Therefore, to 반론하다 is to literally 'provide an opposing logic.'

Etymological Nuance: The use of '론' (論) elevates the word from a mere emotional reaction to an intellectual endeavor. While '반대하다' (to oppose) can be based on personal feeling or preference, '반론하다' requires evidence or reasoning.

You will most frequently encounter this word in environments where critical thinking is paramount. This includes university lecture halls during debates, legal proceedings where an attorney must counter a prosecutor's evidence, and news programs where pundits dissect government policies. It is not a word you would typically use with a close friend when deciding what to eat for lunch, as it carries a weight of formality that might seem overly aggressive or stiff in a casual setting.

박 교수는 동료의 연구 결과에 대해 논리적으로 반론하였다.

Translation: Professor Park logically counter-argued against his colleague's research findings.

In a broader societal sense, 반론하다 is a pillar of democratic discourse in Korea. The '반론권' (right of refutation) is a recognized legal and journalistic concept, ensuring that if a person or organization is criticized in the media, they have the formal right to provide a counter-statement. This highlights the word's association with fairness and the exchange of ideas.

Register and Tone: This verb is distinctly 'High Register.' Using it in a workplace presentation makes you sound professional and intellectually rigorous. However, using it during a minor domestic argument might make you sound like you are trying to 'win' a court case at home.

그의 주장은 너무나 완벽해서 누구도 감히 반론하지 못했다.

Translation: His argument was so perfect that no one dared to counter-argue.

Understanding the difference between 반론하다 and its synonyms like 반박하다 (to refute) is also key. While often used interchangeably, 반론 focuses on the presentation of an alternative logic, whereas 반박 focuses more on striking down the opponent's logic directly. In a debate, you might 반박 a specific fact and then 반론 the overall theory.

Grammatical Patterns: Commonly used with particles: ~에 대해 반론하다 (counter-argue about ~), ~라고 반론하다 (counter-argue that ~). It is an active verb that takes a subject (the person arguing) and an object or target (the opinion being countered).

피고인은 검사의 기소 내용에 조목조목 반론하며 자신의 무죄를 주장했다.

Translation: The defendant counter-argued the prosecutor's indictment point by point and asserted his innocence.

Mastering 반론하다 involves understanding the specific syntactic structures it follows. Because it is a formal verb, the sentences it inhabits are often complex, featuring various particles and clausal connectors. The most common way to link the verb to the argument being countered is using the particle ~에 (대해).

Structure: [Subject] + [Target Argument] + 에 대해 + 반론하다: This is the standard 'about' construction. Example: '정부의 새로운 정책에 대해 야당이 반론하였다' (The opposition party counter-argued against the government's new policy).

Another frequent usage involves quoting the specific claim you are countering. In this case, the indirect quotation marker -다고 / -라고 is used. This allows the speaker to specify exactly what they are disagreeing with before applying the verb of counter-argument.

그는 그 계획이 비현실적이라고 반론하며 대안을 제시했다.

Translation: He counter-argued that the plan was unrealistic and proposed an alternative.

Adverbs play a crucial role in modifying 반론하다 to convey the intensity or method of the argument. Common modifiers include 강력하게 (strongly), 조목조목 (point by point), 날카롭게 (sharply), and 논리적으로 (logically). Each of these changes the 'flavor' of the debate.

Common Adverb Combinations: 1. 정면으로 반론하다 (To counter-argue head-on)
2. 즉각 반론하다 (To counter-argue immediately)
3. 조용히 반론하다 (To counter-argue quietly/calmly)

상대 후보의 비판에 대해 즉각 반론하지 않으면 오해를 살 수 있다.

Translation: If you do not immediately counter-argue the opponent's criticism, it could lead to a misunderstanding.

In advanced academic writing, you might see 반론하다 used in the passive or potential form, such as 반론의 여지가 있다 (There is room for counter-argument). This describes the state of an argument rather than the action of a person. It suggests that a theory is not definitive and can be challenged.

이 가설은 아직 실험 데이터가 부족하여 반론할 수 있는 부분이 많다.

Translation: This hypothesis still lacks experimental data, so there are many parts that can be counter-argued.

Lastly, consider the 'ending' of the sentence. Because 반론하다 is formal, it is very frequently paired with the -습니다 or -ㄴ다/-는다 (plain/narrative) endings. You will rarely see it with the -어/아 ending unless in a very specific, perhaps heated, dialogue in a drama.

If you are watching Korean media, you will hear 반론하다 in very specific genres. The most prominent is the 'Debate Program' (토론 프로그램). Shows like 'MBC 100-Minute Debate' (100분 토론) are goldmines for this vocabulary. Here, moderators use it to manage the flow of conversation, asking one participant to provide a counter-argument to another's point.

Context: TV News and Journalism: News anchors often use the noun form '반론' when reporting on conflicts. 'A사 측은 이러한 보도에 대해 반론을 제기했습니다' (Company A has raised a counter-argument against this report). This is standard journalistic ethics in Korea.

Another common setting is the legal drama. Korean legal thrillers (like 'Stranger' or 'Extraordinary Attorney Woo') frequently use 반론하다 during courtroom scenes. When a prosecutor presents a piece of evidence, the defense attorney will stand up and say they wish to 반론. It signifies a tactical move in the legal battle.

판사님, 검찰 측의 주장에 대해 반론하겠습니다.

Translation: Your Honor, I will counter-argue the prosecution's claim.

In the corporate world, specifically during strategy meetings or 'PT' (presentations), a manager might use 반론하다 to encourage critical feedback. They might say, '혹시 제 의견에 반론하실 분 계십니까?' (Is there anyone who would like to counter-argue my opinion?). This is a formal way of inviting constructive criticism to improve a business plan.

Academic Seminars: At research symposiums, after a researcher presents their paper, there is a 'Q&A' session. This is often called the '질의응답 및 반론' (Q&A and counter-argument) session. It is the most intellectually rigorous use of the word.

이번 세미나에서는 기존 학설에 반론하는 새로운 논문들이 많이 발표되었다.

Translation: In this seminar, many new papers counter-arguing existing theories were presented.

Finally, you might see this word in online forums or comments sections of news articles, though often it is used slightly more loosely. Users might write '반론 환영' (Counter-arguments welcome) at the end of a long, controversial post to show they are open to logical discussion rather than just 'trolling' or 'flaming.'

One of the most frequent mistakes learners make is confusing 반론하다 with 반대하다 (to oppose). While they share the same first character 반 (反), their usage is quite different. 반대하다 is a general term for being against something. You can '반대' a marriage, a food choice, or a political candidate based on simple preference. However, you cannot 반론하다 a marriage unless you are providing a logical thesis against the concept of that specific union.

Mistake: Using '반론하다' for personal dislikes: Wrong: '나는 김치찌개 먹는 것에 반론해.' (I counter-argue eating Kimchi stew.)
Right: '나는 김치찌개 먹는 것에 반대해.' (I am against eating Kimchi stew.)

Another common error is the confusion with 말대꾸하다 (to talk back). This is a social mistake rather than just a linguistic one. 말대꾸하다 has a very negative connotation, usually describing a child or subordinate talking back rudely to an elder or superior. 반론하다, on the other hand, is a respectful (if firm) intellectual act. If you tell your boss '반론하겠습니다' (I will counter-argue), it sounds professional. If you '말대꾸' to your boss, you might get fired.

어른의 말씀에 말대꾸하는 것은 예의가 아니지만, 논리적으로 반론하는 법은 배워야 한다.

Translation: Talking back to elders is not polite, but one must learn how to counter-argue logically.

Learners also sometimes struggle with the particle usage. They might use the object particle ~를/을 directly with 반론하다, like '의견을 반론하다.' While understandable, it is much more natural to use ~에 대해 반론하다 (counter-argue about the opinion) or ~에 반론을 제기하다 (raise a counter-argument to the opinion).

Nuance: 반론 (Counter-argument) vs. 반박 (Refutation): Mistaking these two is common. '반박' is more aggressive—it's about proving the other person wrong. '반론' is more about presenting your own logic that happens to conflict with theirs. Think of '반박' as a shield hitting a sword, and '반론' as two different paths leading to different conclusions.

Lastly, be careful with the level of formality. Using 반론하다 in a very casual text message with a younger sibling might sound sarcastic or mock-serious. If you are actually just arguing about whose turn it is to wash the dishes, stick to simpler verbs like 싸우다 (to fight/argue) or 따지다 (to nitpick/question).

To truly master 반론하다, you must see where it sits in the constellation of Korean verbs related to disagreement and argument. Each has a slightly different shade of meaning and is used in different social registers.

반박하다 (To Refute / To Rebut): This is the closest synonym. However, '반박' (反駁) implies a more direct 'striking back.' It is often used when you are pointing out a factual error or a direct flaw in someone else's statement. '반론' is slightly more academic and constructive.
이의를 제기하다 (To Raise an Objection): This is very common in legal and official meetings. It means you are formally stating that you do not agree with a decision or a statement. It is often the first step before a full '반론' is delivered.
부정하다 (To Deny / To Negate): This is used when you simply say that something is not true. It doesn't necessarily require a complex counter-logic; it's a statement of non-existence or untruth.

그는 자신의 혐의를 전면 부정하며 변호사를 통해 반론을 준비했다.

Translation: He completely denied the charges and prepared a counter-argument through his lawyer.

In less formal settings, you might hear 따지다. This means to 'calculate' or 'scrutinize' someone's words to find a fault. It often has a slightly negative nuance, suggesting someone is being difficult or overly argumentative over small details. 반론하다 is the dignified version of 따지다.

대립하다 (To be in Opposition / To Conflict): This describes a state where two opinions are facing each other. While '반론하다' is the action of speaking against something, '대립하다' describes the ongoing situation of the conflict between two sides.

Finally, for the opposite of 반론하다, you would use 동조하다 (to agree/align with) or 수긍하다 (to accept/concede). If someone provides a powerful 반론, you might eventually have to 수긍 their point. This shows the dynamic nature of Korean debate vocabulary.

처음에는 반론하던 사람들도 결국 그의 논리에 수긍하기 시작했다.

Translation: Even those who were counter-arguing at first eventually began to accept his logic.

How Formal Is It?

Fun Fact

The character '論' (ron) originally depicted a person speaking while holding bamboo scrolls, symbolizing organized, written logic.

Pronunciation Guide

UK /baːn.ɾon.ɦa.da/

US /bɑn.ɾon.hɑ.dɑ/

Stress is generally even across syllables in Korean, but a slight emphasis may fall on the first syllable '반' to highlight the 'opposing' nature.

Rhymes With

토론하다 (to debate) 결론하다 (to conclude) 언론 (media) 이론 (theory) 물론 (of course) 담론 (discourse) 서론 (introduction) 본론 (main body)

Common Errors

Pronouncing '반론' as '발론' (bal-lon) due to liquidization rules. While common in some dialects, '반론' is the standard.
Over-emphasizing the 'h' in 'hada'.
Confusing the 'r' sound with a hard English 'L'.
Making the 'n' in 'ban' too nasal.
Shortening the 'o' in 'ron' too much.

Difficulty Rating

Reading 4/5

Requires understanding of formal Sino-Korean vocabulary and sentence structures.

Writing 4/5

Difficult to use correctly without sounding overly stiff or aggressive.

Speaking 4/5

Mostly used in formal debate or professional contexts, rare in daily speech.

Listening 3/5

Common in news and documentaries; context usually helps clarify meaning.

What to Learn Next

Prerequisites

반대하다 (to oppose) 의견 (opinion) 논리 (logic) 말하다 (to speak) 생각 (thought)

Learn Next

반박하다 (to refute) 논박하다 (to argue against/refute) 수긍하다 (to accept) 입증하다 (to prove) 반증하다 (to provide counter-evidence)

Advanced

변증법 (dialectics) 귀납법 (induction) 연역법 (deduction) 궤변 (sophistry) 모순 (contradiction)

Grammar to Know

~에 대해 (About/Regarding)

정책에 대해 반론하다.

-다고 (Indirect Quotation)

틀렸다고 반론하다.

-음에도 불구하고 (Despite the fact that...)

증거가 있음에도 불구하고 반론하다.

-ㄹ 여지 (Room/Possibility to...)

반론할 여지가 없다.

-고자 하다 (Intend to - Formal)

반론하고자 합니다.

Examples by Level

저는 그 의견에 반론해요.

I counter-argue that opinion.

Simple present tense polite form.

선생님, 반론해도 돼요?

Teacher, may I counter-argue?

-해도 돼요 (Permission pattern).

그는 친구에게 반론했어요.

He counter-argued to his friend.

Past tense polite form.

우리는 반론하고 싶어요.

We want to counter-argue.

-고 싶어요 (Desire pattern).

반론하지 마세요.

Please don't counter-argue.

-지 마세요 (Prohibition pattern).

그녀는 작게 반론해요.

She counter-argues quietly.

Adverbial use of '작게'.

반론이 어려워요.

Counter-arguing is hard.

Noun '반론' as a subject.

반론을 들어보세요.

Please listen to the counter-argument.

-어 보세요 (Suggestion pattern).

그 주장에 대해 반론할 수 있어요?

Can you counter-argue against that claim?

-ㄹ 수 있어요 (Ability pattern).

학생들이 선생님의 말씀에 반론했다.

The students counter-argued the teacher's words.

Plain/Narrative style past tense.

반론하려면 증거가 필요해요.

If you want to counter-argue, you need evidence.

-려면 (Intention/Condition pattern).

그는 논리적으로 반론하려고 노력했다.

He tried to counter-argue logically.

-려고 노력하다 (Effort pattern).

아무도 그의 말에 반론하지 않았다.

No one counter-argued his words.

Negative past tense.

회의에서 반론하는 것은 중요해요.

It is important to counter-argue in meetings.

-는 것 (Gerund/Noun phrase).

그녀는 웃으면서 반론했어요.

She counter-argued while smiling.

-(으)면서 (Simultaneous action).

반론하기 전에 잘 생각하세요.

Think well before counter-arguing.

-기 전에 (Before pattern).

상대방의 의견에 대해 강력하게 반론했다.

I strongly counter-argued against the other party's opinion.

Adverb '강력하게' modifying the verb.

이론의 허점을 찾아내어 반론하였다.

I found a flaw in the theory and counter-argued.

-아/어/여 (Sequential action).

정부 정책에 반론하는 시민들이 많아졌다.

The number of citizens counter-arguing government policy has increased.

Noun-modifying present participle.

그는 자신의 무죄를 증명하기 위해 반론했다.

He counter-argued to prove his innocence.

-기 위해 (Purpose pattern).

반론할 기회를 주셔서 감사합니다.

Thank you for giving me the opportunity to counter-argue.

Future noun-modifying form.

토론회에서 조목조목 반론하는 모습이 인상적이었다.

The way they counter-argued point by point in the debate was impressive.

Describing a scene with '모습'.

그 주장은 반론의 여지가 충분히 있다.

There is plenty of room for counter-argument in that claim.

Noun '반론' in a possessive structure.

기사는 사실과 다르다며 즉각 반론했다.

He immediately counter-argued, saying the article was different from the facts.

-며 (And/While connector).

피고측 변호인은 검사의 주장에 정면으로 반론했다.

The defense attorney counter-argued the prosecutor's claim head-on.

Professional/Formal vocabulary like '피고측 변호인'.

새로운 증거가 발견되면서 기존 학설에 반론하게 되었다.

As new evidence was discovered, I came to counter-argue the existing theory.

-게 되다 (Becoming/Result pattern).

그의 논리는 너무 치밀해서 반론하기가 쉽지 않다.

His logic is so meticulous that it's not easy to counter-argue.

-기가 쉽지 않다 (Difficulty pattern).

언론사는 해당 보도에 대한 반론 보도를 내보냈다.

The media outlet aired a counter-argument report regarding the coverage.

Compound noun '반론 보도'.

상대방의 논리적 모순을 지적하며 날카롭게 반론했다.

He counter-argued sharply, pointing out the opponent's logical contradictions.

Use of '지적하며' as a subordinate clause.

반론을 제기할 때는 반드시 근거를 제시해야 한다.

When raising a counter-argument, you must present grounds.

-어야 한다 (Obligation pattern).

그는 회의 내내 상사의 의견에 반론을 펼쳤다.

He laid out counter-arguments against his boss's opinion throughout the meeting.

Idiomatic '반론을 펼치다'.

학계에서는 이 연구 결과에 대해 반론이 분분하다.

In the academic world, counter-arguments regarding this research result are divided.

Adjective '분분하다' (divided/conflicting).

본 논문은 기존의 거시경제 모델에 대해 다음과 같이 반론하고자 한다.

This paper intends to counter-argue the existing macroeconomic model as follows.

-하고자 한다 (Formal intention style).

그의 주장은 일견 타당해 보이나, 심층적으로 분석하면 반론할 점이 많다.

His claim seems valid at first glance, but if analyzed in depth, there are many points to counter-argue.

-으나 (Contrastive connector).

비판을 위한 비판이 아니라, 생산적인 토론을 위한 반론이 필요하다.

What is needed is not criticism for the sake of criticism, but counter-arguments for productive discussion.

-이 아니라 (Negation of one thing for another).

정치적 이해관계를 떠나서, 이 사안은 논리적으로 반론되어야 마땅하다.

Setting aside political interests, it is only right that this issue be logically counter-argued.

-어야 마땅하다 (Deservedness/Rightness).

상대측의 재반론에 대해 우리 팀은 만반의 준비를 갖추었다.

Our team has fully prepared for the opponent's rebuttal (counter-counter-argument).

Prefix '재-' meaning 'again/re-'.

그 학자는 평생을 바쳐 주류 학설에 반론하는 연구를 지속해 왔다.

That scholar has spent his whole life continuing research that counter-argues mainstream theories.

-어 왔다 (Continuity from the past).

반론의 핵심은 통계 데이터의 해석 오류에 있었다.

The core of the counter-argument lay in the misinterpretation of statistical data.

Noun phrase '반론의 핵심'.

그는 감정에 치우치지 않고 시종일관 침착하게 반론을 이어갔다.

Without being swayed by emotion, he continued his counter-argument calmly from beginning to end.

-지 않고 (Negative connector).

헌법재판소는 해당 법률의 위헌성을 주장하는 반론을 기각했다.

The Constitutional Court dismissed the counter-argument asserting the unconstitutionality of the law in question.

Legal terminology like '위헌성' and '기각했다'.

포스트모더니즘 담론은 절대적 진리에 대한 끊임없는 반론의 과정이라 할 수 있다.

Postmodern discourse can be described as a process of constant counter-argument against absolute truth.

-라 할 수 있다 (Definitional/Categorical style).

어떠한 과학적 가설도 반론 가능성(falsifiability)을 내포하고 있어야 과학으로서의 가치를 지닌다.

Any scientific hypothesis holds value as science only if it implies the possibility of counter-argument (falsifiability).

Scientific/Philosophical register.

그의 연설은 반론의 여지를 원천적으로 봉쇄하는 치밀한 수사학적 장치들로 가득했다.

His speech was full of meticulous rhetorical devices that fundamentally blocked any room for counter-argument.

Metaphorical use of '원천적으로 봉쇄하다'.

민주주의 사회에서 반론권의 보장은 표현의 자유를 수호하는 핵심 기제이다.

In a democratic society, guaranteeing the right of refutation is a key mechanism for protecting freedom of expression.

Sociopolitical terminology.

상대방의 전제를 뒤흔드는 근본적인 반론이 제기되자 토론의 양상이 급변했다.

When a fundamental counter-argument shaking the opponent's premise was raised, the aspect of the debate changed rapidly.

Complex clausal structure.

기존 패러다임에 대한 반론이 임계점에 도달했을 때 비로소 과학 혁명이 일어난다.

A scientific revolution occurs only when counter-arguments against the existing paradigm reach a critical point.

-ㄹ 때 비로소 (Not until/Only when pattern).

논쟁의 와중에도 그는 상대의 반론을 경청하며 자신의 논리를 정교화했다.

Even in the midst of the controversy, he listened carefully to the opponent's counter-argument and refined his own logic.

-며 (Refinement of logic).

Synonyms

반박하다 항변하다 반대하다 이의를 제기하다

Antonyms

동의하다 수긍하다

Common Collocations

강력하게 반론하다

논리적으로 반론하다

조목조목 반론하다

반론을 제기하다

반론을 펼치다

반론의 여지가 없다

즉각 반론하다

정면으로 반론하다

반론 보도

반론 기회

Common Phrases

반론의 여지

— Room for counter-argument. Used to describe how solid an argument is.

그의 주장은 반론의 여지가 많다.

반론권 행사

— Exercising the right of refutation. Often used in legal or media contexts.

그는 반론권을 행사하여 해명했다.

반론에 부딪히다

— To encounter counter-arguments. Used when a plan meets resistance.

새 프로젝트가 강력한 반론에 부딪혔다.

반론을 잠재우다

— To silence or quell counter-arguments by providing definitive proof.

성공적인 결과로 반론을 잠재웠다.

반론을 수용하다

— To accept a counter-argument. Shows open-mindedness.

그는 타당한 반론을 기꺼이 수용했다.

반론을 묵살하다

— To ignore or brush aside a counter-argument.

팀장은 팀원들의 반론을 묵살했다.

반론의 근거

— The basis or grounds for a counter-argument.

반론의 근거가 무엇입니까?

반론을 유도하다

— To induce or invite a counter-argument.

강연자는 청중의 반론을 유도했다.

반론이 거세다

— Counter-arguments are fierce/strong.

법안에 대한 반론이 거세다.

반론을 준비하다

— To prepare a counter-argument.

내일 회의를 위해 반론을 준비하자.

Often Confused With

반론하다 vs 반대하다

General opposition or dislike. '반론하다' requires a logical counter-argument.

반론하다 vs 반박하다

Directly refuting specific points. '반론하다' is broader and more structural.

반론하다 vs 말대꾸하다

Rude talking back to a superior. '반론하다' is a professional intellectual act.

Idioms & Expressions

"입을 막다"

— To shut someone's mouth. Figuratively, to prevent someone from counter-arguing.

그는 돈으로 사람들의 입을 막으려 했다.

Informal/Neutral

"쐐기를 박다"

— To drive a wedge. In arguments, to say something so definitive that no counter-argument is possible.

그는 마지막 발언으로 승리에 쐐기를 박았다.

Idiomatic

"말문이 막히다"

— To be speechless. Often occurs when a counter-argument is too powerful.

그녀의 날카로운 반론에 그는 말문이 막혔다.

Neutral

"맞불을 놓다"

— To set a backfire. To counter-attack or counter-argue aggressively against an attack.

야당은 정부의 공격에 맞불을 놓았다.

Idiomatic/Journalistic

"찬물을 끼얹다"

— To throw cold water. To discourage or counter-argue a positive suggestion with a negative reality.

그는 모두가 즐거울 때 반론을 제기해 찬물을 끼얹었다.

Idiomatic

"꼬투리를 잡다"

— To catch a 'pod'. To pick on a small flaw to start a counter-argument.

그는 내 말의 꼬투리를 잡아 반론했다.

Informal

"정곡을 찌르다"

— To hit the bullseye. To make a counter-argument that addresses the core flaw perfectly.

그의 반론은 내 주장의 정곡을 찔렀다.

Neutral

"딴지를 걸다"

— To trip someone up. To interrupt or counter-argue in a persistent, annoying way.

그는 사사건건 내 의견에 딴지를 걸었다.

Slangy/Informal

"허를 찌르다"

— To strike where the opponent is unguarded. To provide an unexpected counter-argument.

그의 반론은 상대방의 허를 찔렀다.

Neutral

"배가 산으로 가다"

— The boat goes to the mountain. When too many counter-arguments make a discussion lose its point.

반론이 너무 많아 배가 산으로 가고 있다.

Idiomatic

Easily Confused

반론하다 vs 반박하다

Both involve disagreeing.

반박 is more like 'striking down' a specific point, often aggressively. 반론 is 'presenting an alternative logic'.

상대의 말실수를 반박하다 vs 상대의 이론에 반론하다.

반론하다 vs 변명하다

Both are responses to a claim.

변명 is making excuses for one's own mistake. 반론 is arguing against a claim using logic.

지각한 이유를 변명하다 vs 기소 내용에 반론하다.

반론하다 vs 항변하다

Both are used in legal contexts.

항변 is specifically arguing in self-defense against an accusation. 반론 is general counter-arguing.

억울함을 항변하다 vs 정책을 반론하다.

반론하다 vs 부정하다

Both involve saying 'no'.

부정 is simply saying something is not true. 반론 involves a logical explanation of why.

혐의를 부정하다 vs 논문을 반론하다.

반론하다 vs 따지다

Both involve questioning someone.

따지다 is casual and often implies being nitpicky or emotional. 반론하다 is formal and intellectual.

거스름돈을 따지다 vs 학설을 반론하다.

Sentence Patterns

[A]는 [B]에 대해 반론했다.

민수는 영희의 제안에 대해 반론했다.

[A]라고 반론하며 [C]를 제시했다.

사실이 아니라고 반론하며 증거를 제시했다.

[A]의 주장은 [B]라는 점에서 반론의 여지가 있다.

그의 주장은 비현실적이라는 점에서 반론의 여지가 있다.

[A]에 대한 반론권을 행사하기 위해 [B]를 발표했다.

허위 보도에 대한 반론권을 행사하기 위해 성명서를 발표했다.

아무도 [A]에 반론하지 못했다.

아무도 그의 완벽한 논리에 반론하지 못했다.

[A]를 조목조목 반론하는 것이 중요하다.

상대방의 주장을 조목조목 반론하는 것이 중요하다.

[A]는 [B]에 대해 강력하게 반론하고 나섰다.

시민 단체는 정부안에 대해 강력하게 반론하고 나섰다.

[A]의 반론은 [B]를 전제로 하고 있다.

철학자의 반론은 인간의 이성을 전제로 하고 있다.

Word Family

Nouns

반론 (counter-argument)

재반론 (rebuttal/counter-counter-argument)

반론권 (right of refutation)

반론자 (counter-arguer)

Verbs

반론하다 (to counter-argue)

반론되다 (to be counter-argued)

토론 (debate)

반박 (refutation)

논리 (logic)

주장 (claim)

근거 (grounds/evidence)

How to Use It

frequency

Common in media, law, and academia; rare in casual daily life.

Common Mistakes

Using 반론하다 for 'talking back' to parents. → 말대꾸하다
반론하다 is an intellectual act. Mal-dae-kku-ha-da is a behavioral/social act of being rude.
Using 을/를 directly with 반론하다. → ~에 대해 반론하다
While occasionally used, the 'about' structure is much more standard for this verb.
Using it for simple dislikes (e.g., I counter-argue this coffee). → 반대하다 or 싫어하다
You cannot counter-argue a taste or a simple preference without logic.
Confusing it with '변명하다' (making excuses). → 반론하다
Excuses are personal; counter-arguments are logical and focused on the claim itself.
Pronouncing it as '발론하다'. → 반론하다
Follow the standard spelling to avoid sounding like you're using a specific dialect or making a speech error.

Tips

Use with logic

Only use '반론하다' if you are prepared to give a reason. The 'ron' (論) part of the word literally means logic or discussion.

Particle Match

Always remember the particle '~에 대해' (about/against) when specifying what you are counter-arguing.

Softening the blow

In Korean culture, direct disagreement can be harsh. Use '반론' in professional settings but soften it with polite introductory phrases.

Noun vs Verb

In writing, using the noun form '반론을 제기하다' often sounds more natural and professional than the verb '반론하다'.

Debate Shows

Watch Korean debate shows on YouTube to hear '반론하다' used in its natural, high-stakes environment.

Courtroom Nuance

In legal dramas, pay attention to how lawyers use '반론' to challenge evidence. It's a key word for understanding the plot.

Point by Point

The adverb '조목조목' (point by point) is the perfect partner for '반론하다' in essays.

Professionalism

Use this word during presentations to show you are thinking critically and engaging with the material seriously.

The 'Ron' Rule

Associate 'Ron' with 'Reason'. You are providing a 'Ban' (Opposing) 'Ron' (Reason).

Thesis Writing

When citing a source you disagree with in a paper, '반론하다' is your best friend for maintaining a scholarly tone.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Think of 'BAN' as 'Banning' someone's logic, and 'RON' as 'Reasoning'. You are Banning their point with your own Reasoning.

Visual Association

Imagine a courtroom where a lawyer shouts 'Objection!' and then starts a long speech. That speech is the 반론.

Word Web

Logic Debate Against Evidence Lawyer Professor Refute Counter

Challenge

Try to write a sentence using '반론하다' and '논리적으로' (logically) about a topic you disagree with today.

Word Origin

Derived from Sino-Korean (Hanja). The word combines '反' (반) and '論' (론) with the verbalizer '하다'.

Original meaning: To speak in opposition to a logic.

Sino-Korean

Cultural Context

Avoid using this word in very informal settings with superiors unless specifically invited to debate, as it can still be seen as challenging their authority.

The English 'counter-argument' is a direct equivalent, but '반론하다' feels slightly more formal than the English 'argue back'.

100-Minute Debate (MBC): A famous TV show where '반론' is the main activity. The movie 'The Attorney' (변호인): Features intense courtroom '반론'. Classical 'Gyeong-yeon' (경연): Historical debates between Joseon kings and scholars.

Practice in Real Life

Real-World Contexts

Academic Debate

기존 학설에 반론하다
논리적 근거로 반론하다
반론의 여지를 남기다
재반론을 준비하다

Legal Proceedings

기소 내용에 반론하다
증거에 대해 반론하다
반론권을 행사하다
서면으로 반론하다

Business Meetings

제안에 반론하다
수치로 반론하다
조심스럽게 반론하다
반론을 수렴하다

Journalism

보도에 반론하다
반론 보도를 요청하다
공식적으로 반론하다
반론의 기회를 주다

Online Forums

댓글로 반론하다
게시글에 반론하다
무분별한 반론
건전한 반론

Conversation Starters

"그 의견에 대해 제가 반론을 해도 괜찮을까요? (Would it be okay if I offered a counter-argument to that opinion?)"

"제 주장에 반론하실 분 계신가요? (Is there anyone who would like to counter-argue my claim?)"

"이 이론에 대해 반론할 수 있는 가장 큰 근거는 무엇일까요? (What would be the strongest grounds for counter-arguing this theory?)"

"상대방의 반론을 들으니 제 생각이 좀 바뀌었어요. (After hearing the opponent's counter-argument, my thoughts have changed a bit.)"

"우리는 더 나은 결론을 위해 서로 반론하며 토론해야 합니다. (We must debate by counter-arguing each other for a better conclusion.)"

Journal Prompts

오늘 누군가의 의견에 반론하고 싶었던 순간이 있었나요? 왜 그랬나요? (Was there a moment today when you wanted to counter-argue someone's opinion? Why?)

반론을 잘하기 위해 가장 중요한 능력은 무엇이라고 생각합니까? (What do you think is the most important ability for counter-arguing well?)

자신의 주장에 대해 누군가 반론했을 때, 당신의 기분은 어떠했나요? (How did you feel when someone counter-argued your claim?)

역사적으로 세상을 바꾼 유명한 반론은 무엇이 있을까요? (What are some famous counter-arguments that changed the world historically?)

논리적인 반론과 감정적인 비난의 차이점은 무엇일까요? (What is the difference between a logical counter-argument and emotional criticism?)

Frequently Asked Questions

10 questions

It's usually too formal for friends. If you use it, it might sound like you're being mock-serious or starting a formal debate. Use '내 생각은 달라' or '반대야' instead.

반론 (Counter-argument) is about building an opposing logic. 반박 (Refutation) is about destroying the other person's logic. In a debate, you usually do both.

It is firm but not necessarily aggressive. It's considered a respectful way to disagree in professional settings as long as you use polite verb endings.

Yes, very commonly. You'll see phrases like '반론을 제기하다' (raise a counter-argument) or '반론의 여지가 없다' (no room for counter-argument).

It means 're-counter-argument' or a rebuttal to a counter-argument. It's the 'counter-counter-argument'.

Yes, 反 (Against) + 論 (Logic/Discussion) + 하다.

You can say '반론 있습니다' or '반론을 제기하고 싶습니다'.

It's a legal right in Korea where a person can have their side of the story published if a previous news report was unfair or incorrect.

No. You don't 'counter-argue' a preference for pizza. You 'oppose' (반대하다) it or just 'don't like' (싫어하다) it.

Yes, it frequently appears in the reading and listening sections of TOPIK II (Intermediate/Advanced).