incapacidade
incapacidade in 30 Seconds
- Incapacidade means inability or incapacity in physical, legal, or abstract contexts.
- It is a feminine noun (a incapacidade) often followed by the prepositions 'de' or 'para'.
- Commonly heard in medical environments (sick notes) and legal/government discussions in Brazil and Portugal.
- It differs from 'deficiência' (disability as a condition) by focusing on the 'state' of being unable.
The Portuguese word incapacidade is a multifaceted noun that primarily denotes a lack of ability, power, or legal qualification to perform a specific task or function. At its core, it is the state of being 'incapable.' While in English we might switch between 'inability,' 'incapacity,' and 'disability' depending on the context, Portuguese often uses this single term to cover a broad spectrum of meanings, ranging from a simple lack of skill to complex legal and medical statuses. Understanding this word requires looking at it through three distinct lenses: the physical, the intellectual, and the legal.
- O Sentido Físico (Physical Sense)
- This refers to a body's limitation. If someone has a broken leg, they have a temporary physical incapacidade to walk. In medical contexts, doctors use this to describe the extent to which an injury prevents a patient from returning to their normal life.
O médico confirmou a minha incapacidade temporária para o trabalho devido à lesão nas costas.
Beyond the physical, incapacidade is frequently used to describe a lack of competence or skill in a particular field. If a manager is unable to lead a team effectively, one might speak of their incapacidade de liderança. This usage is more abstract and often carries a slightly more critical or formal tone than simply saying someone 'cannot' do something. It implies a structural or inherent failure to meet a requirement.
- O Sentido Jurídico (Legal Sense)
- In the realm of law, this is a technical term. It refers to the lack of legal standing to perform certain acts, such as signing a contract or standing trial. In Brazil and Portugal, 'incapacidade civil' is a fundamental concept in the Civil Code, distinguishing between those who can fully exercise their rights and those who need a tutor or curator.
Finally, the word appears in psychological and philosophical discussions. For instance, 'incapacidade aprendida' (learned helplessness) describes a psychological state where a person feels they have no control over their situation. This broad utility makes incapacidade an essential word for intermediate learners who want to move beyond basic verbs like 'não conseguir' (to not manage to) and 'não poder' (to not be able to).
Using incapacidade correctly involves mastering the prepositions that follow it. Most commonly, it is paired with the preposition de when followed by a verb, or para when followed by a noun or a purpose. This distinction is crucial for sounding natural in Portuguese.
- Pattern: Incapacidade de + [Verb]
- Used to describe the inability to perform an action. Example: 'Sua incapacidade de ouvir críticas é um problema.' (His inability to listen to criticism is a problem.)
A incapacidade de compreender o texto dificultou a prova.
- Pattern: Incapacidade para + [Noun/Action]
- Used specifically for fitness or suitability for a role or state. Example: 'Incapacidade para o trabalho.' (Incapacity for work.)
It is also important to note that incapacidade is a feminine noun. Therefore, any adjectives modifying it must be in the feminine form. For example, 'incapacidade total' (total incapacity) or 'incapacidade absoluta' (absolute incapacity). In formal writing, you might see it used as a subject of a sentence to abstract a problem: 'A incapacidade governamental gerou protestos.'
Eles demonstraram uma total incapacidade de resolver o conflito pacificamente.
While incapacidade might seem like a heavy, formal word, you will encounter it in surprisingly common daily situations in Lusophone countries. Its most frequent appearance is in the workplace and in administrative interactions.
- No Trabalho (At Work)
- If an employee gets sick, the Human Resources department will talk about 'atestado de incapacidade.' In Brazil, the INSS (National Institute of Social Security) uses this term constantly to determine if someone is eligible for 'auxílio-doença' (now officially called 'auxílio por incapacidade temporária').
In the news, you will hear political commentators use incapacidade to criticize the government's failure to manage a crisis. It is a 'clean' way to express incompetence without using more aggressive or slangy language. For example, 'A incapacidade do estado em prover segurança' is a common headline in Brazilian newspapers.
O relatório aponta a incapacidade técnica da empresa para assumir a obra.
- Na Justiça (In Court)
- In legal dramas or news regarding court cases, 'incapacidade civil' is a key term. It discusses whether a person is legally 'capaz' (capable) or 'incapaz' (incapable) of making their own decisions, often involving the elderly or those with severe mental health conditions.
One of the most frequent mistakes English speakers make when using incapacidade is treating it exactly like the English word 'disability.' While they overlap, they are not always interchangeable. In English, 'disability' often refers specifically to a long-term physical or mental condition. In Portuguese, incapacidade is often broader, covering any temporary or permanent state of being unable to do something.
- Mistake: Using it for 'clumsiness'
- If you are just bad at dancing, don't say you have an 'incapacidade.' Say you have 'falta de jeito' or 'inabilidade.' Using 'incapacidade' makes it sound like a medical or legal condition.
Errado: Tenho incapacidade de cozinhar. (Too dramatic) Correto: Não tenho jeito para cozinhar.
Another common error is with the gender of the word. Since it ends in '-dade,' it is always feminine. Learners often mistakenly use 'o incapacidade' because it feels like a 'hard' abstract concept. Always use 'a' and 'as.'
- Mistake: Wrong Preposition
- Using 'incapacidade em' instead of 'incapacidade de.' While 'em' is used in some regional variations, 'de' is the standard for following verbs. 'Incapacidade de falar' is better than 'incapacidade em falar.'
To enrich your Portuguese, it is helpful to know words that are similar to incapacidade but carry different nuances. Choosing the right synonym can make your speech more precise and sophisticated.
- Inabilidade vs. Incapacidade
- Inabilidade usually refers to a lack of skill or 'know-how.' Incapacidade is more absolute—it's not just that you're bad at it; you literally cannot do it at this moment.
- Impotência vs. Incapacidade
- Impotência refers to a lack of power or strength to change a situation. While 'incapacidade' is technical, 'impotência' is often emotional. 'Sinto uma grande impotência diante da injustiça.'
A inaptidão do candidato ficou clara durante a entrevista técnica.
Other alternatives include inaptidão (unfitness), which is often used in professional or physical evaluations, and insuficiência (insufficiency), used when something is simply not enough, like 'insuficiência cardíaca' (heart failure/insufficiency).
How Formal Is It?
Fun Fact
The root 'capere' is the same root for 'capture' and 'cable'. So, being 'incapaz' literally means you cannot 'grasp' or 'hold' the ability.
Pronunciation Guide
- Pronouncing the initial 'in' like 'een' instead of a nasal 'in'.
- Stress on the 'ca' or 'pa' instead of 'da'.
- Treating 'de' at the end like 'day' in Brazilian Portuguese (it should be 'jee').
Difficulty Rating
Common in news and formal documents.
Requires knowledge of prepositions 'de' and 'para'.
Pronunciation of nasal 'in' and final 'de' needs practice.
Easily recognized due to English cognate 'incapacity'.
What to Learn Next
Prerequisites
Learn Next
Advanced
Grammar to Know
Nouns ending in -dade are always feminine.
A incapacidade, a felicidade, a cidade.
Nasal vowels (in-) must be pronounced through the nose.
Incapacidade [ĩ-].
Preposition 'de' is used for actions (verbs).
Incapacidade de agir.
Preposition 'para' is used for destinations or goals.
Incapacidade para o trabalho.
Adjectives must agree in gender with the noun.
Incapacidade total (not 'totalo').
Examples by Level
A minha incapacidade de correr é triste.
My inability to run is sad.
Simple use of 'incapacidade de' + infinitive.
Ele tem uma incapacidade no braço.
He has an inability in his arm.
Using 'no' (in the) to show location of the issue.
A incapacidade de ler é um problema.
The inability to read is a problem.
Feminine noun 'A incapacidade'.
Não é maldade, é incapacidade.
It's not meanness, it's inability.
Contrasting two nouns.
A incapacidade dele é total.
His inability is total.
Using an adjective 'total'.
Sinto uma incapacidade de ajudar.
I feel an inability to help.
Verb 'sentir' + noun.
A incapacidade física é difícil.
Physical inability is difficult.
Adjective 'física' matches feminine gender.
Eles têm incapacidade de entender.
They have an inability to understand.
Plural subject 'Eles têm'.
O médico deu um papel de incapacidade.
The doctor gave an incapacity paper (sick note).
Common informal way to say sick note.
Sua incapacidade de chegar no horário incomoda.
Your inability to arrive on time is annoying.
Possessive 'Sua' matches 'incapacidade'.
A incapacidade temporária dura duas semanas.
The temporary incapacity lasts two weeks.
Focus on the adjective 'temporária'.
Ela provou sua incapacidade para o cargo.
She proved her incapacity for the position.
'Incapacidade para' + noun.
A incapacidade de nadar me impede de ir à praia.
The inability to swim prevents me from going to the beach.
Using 'impede de' with 'incapacidade'.
Eles falaram sobre a incapacidade do sistema.
They spoke about the system's inability.
Genitive 'do sistema'.
A incapacidade de ouvir é um grande obstáculo.
The inability to hear is a great obstacle.
Abstract noun as subject.
Ele tem uma pequena incapacidade motora.
He has a small motor disability.
Technical adjective 'motora'.
A incapacidade de diálogo entre os dois é clara.
The inability for dialogue between the two is clear.
Focus on social/abstract inability.
O seguro cobre incapacidade permanente.
The insurance covers permanent disability.
Professional/Legal context.
Sinto uma profunda incapacidade de mudar as coisas.
I feel a profound inability to change things.
Emotional use of the word.
A incapacidade técnica impediu o avanço do projeto.
Technical incapacity prevented the project's progress.
Adjective 'técnica'.
Há uma incapacidade de adaptação às novas regras.
There is an inability to adapt to the new rules.
Abstract concept 'adaptação'.
A incapacidade de concentração afeta os estudos.
The inability to concentrate affects studies.
Noun phrase 'incapacidade de concentração'.
O juiz declarou a incapacidade civil do idoso.
The judge declared the elderly man's civil incapacity.
Legal terminology.
A incapacidade de perdoar gera rancor.
The inability to forgive generates resentment.
Philosophical/Moral use.
A incapacidade laboral deve ser avaliada por um perito.
Work incapacity must be evaluated by an expert.
Term 'perito' (expert/adjuster) is common here.
A lei protege aqueles com incapacidade severa.
The law protects those with severe disability.
Formal legal context.
A incapacidade de gestão levou a empresa à falência.
Management incapacity led the company to bankruptcy.
Business context.
Atestamos a incapacidade absoluta para o exercício da função.
We certify absolute incapacity for the exercise of the function.
High formal register.
A incapacidade cognitiva pode ser um sintoma precoce.
Cognitive impairment can be an early symptom.
Medical/Scientific context.
A incapacidade de reação do governo foi criticada.
The government's inability to react was criticized.
Political commentary.
O benefício por incapacidade foi concedido ontem.
The incapacity benefit was granted yesterday.
Social security terminology.
Eles lutam contra a incapacidade de acesso à educação.
They fight against the inability to access education.
Social justice context.
A incapacidade de abstração é um traço dessa patologia.
The inability for abstraction is a trait of this pathology.
Academic/Clinical register.
A sentença baseou-se na incapacidade de discernimento do réu.
The sentence was based on the defendant's lack of discernment.
Juridical nuance.
A incapacidade de articular um discurso coerente prejudicou o debate.
The inability to articulate a coherent discourse harmed the debate.
Sophisticated vocabulary.
O filósofo discorre sobre a incapacidade humana de atingir a perfeição.
The philosopher discourses on human inability to reach perfection.
Abstract/Philosophical use.
A incapacidade funcional não se confunde com a deficiência física.
Functional incapacity is not to be confused with physical disability.
Technical distinction.
O contrato prevê rescisão em caso de incapacidade superveniente.
The contract provides for termination in case of supervening incapacity.
Archaic/Formal legal term 'superveniente'.
A incapacidade de investimento do setor público trava o PIB.
The public sector's inability to invest stalls the GDP.
Economic analysis.
A obra retrata a incapacidade de amar em um mundo moderno.
The work portrays the inability to love in a modern world.
Literary analysis.
A incapacidade civil plena é a regra no ordenamento jurídico.
Full civil capacity is the rule in the legal system (implying incapacity is the exception).
Legal doctrine.
Há uma incapacidade intrínseca à linguagem de expressar o inefável.
There is an inherent inability in language to express the ineffable.
Epistemological context.
A incapacidade de agir diante do Mal é uma forma de cumplicidade.
The inability to act in the face of Evil is a form of complicity.
Ethical/Moral philosophy.
O decreto visa mitigar a incapacidade financeira dos municípios.
The decree aims to mitigate the financial incapacity of the municipalities.
Administrative law.
A incapacidade de resiliência das instituições democráticas é preocupante.
The lack of resilience in democratic institutions is worrying.
Political science.
O autor explora a incapacidade de alteridade do protagonista.
The author explores the protagonist's inability to recognize the 'other'.
Literary theory ('alteridade').
A incapacidade técnica deve ser sobejamente demonstrada em juízo.
Technical incapacity must be amply demonstrated in court.
Adverb 'sobejamente' (amply).
A incapacidade de transcendência marca o niilismo contemporâneo.
The inability for transcendence marks contemporary nihilism.
Theological/Philosophical.
Common Collocations
Common Phrases
— Because of the inability to...
O projeto parou por incapacidade de financiamento.
— Inability to perform job duties.
Ela recebeu auxílio por incapacidade para o trabalho.
— Presumption of inability (legal).
Existe uma presunção de incapacidade para menores.
— Inability to respond/react.
O sistema mostrou incapacidade de resposta rápida.
— Incapacity benefit/disability pay.
O governo cortou o benefício por incapacidade.
— Inability to understand.
Sua incapacidade de entender o óbvio é frustrante.
Often Confused With
Inabilidade is lack of skill; incapacidade is lack of power or legal right.
Deficiência is the permanent condition (disability); incapacidade is the state of being unable.
Impotência is more emotional or related to physical strength; incapacidade is more technical.
Idioms & Expressions
— While literal, it is often used metaphorically to mean a proof of someone's incompetence.
Aquele erro foi um verdadeiro atestado de incapacidade.
Informal/Sarcastic— To be extremely short-sighted or oblivious.
Sua incapacidade de ver um palmo diante do nariz vai arruinar o negócio.
InformalEasily Confused
Both mean 'cannot do'.
Inabilidade is about being clumsy or unskilled. Incapacidade is about being legally or physically blocked.
Sua inabilidade na cozinha (bad cook) vs. sua incapacidade de cozinhar (broken arms).
Both used in medical tests.
Inaptidão is specifically about not meeting the requirements for a job. Incapacidade is the general state.
Inaptidão para o exército.
Both used for health.
Insuficiência means 'not enough' (like heart failure). Incapacidade means 'cannot'.
Insuficiência cardíaca.
It is the adjective form.
Incapaz is the person/thing; Incapacidade is the noun/state.
Ele é incapaz. Ele tem uma incapacidade.
Often translated as 'disability'.
Deficiência is the social/medical category for a person. Incapacidade is the specific functional loss.
Pessoa com deficiência.
Sentence Patterns
A incapacidade de [verb] é [adj].
A incapacidade de correr é ruim.
Sinto uma incapacidade de [verb].
Sinto uma incapacidade de mudar.
[Noun] por incapacidade [adj].
Auxílio por incapacidade temporária.
Incapacidade para o/a [noun].
Incapacidade para a função.
A incapacidade de [noun] prejudica [noun].
A incapacidade de investimento prejudica o país.
Declarar a incapacidade de [person].
O juiz declarou a incapacidade do réu.
Incapacidade superveniente de [action].
Incapacidade superveniente de cumprir o contrato.
A incapacidade de alteridade em [context].
A incapacidade de alteridade na literatura moderna.
Word Family
Nouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Related
How to Use It
Common in administrative, medical, and legal contexts.
-
O incapacidade
→
A incapacidade
It is a feminine noun.
-
Incapacidade em falar
→
Incapacidade de falar
Use 'de' before verbs.
-
Tenho incapacidade de futebol.
→
Não tenho jeito para o futebol.
Incapacidade is too formal for sports skills.
-
Incapacidade por o trabalho
→
Incapacidade para o trabalho
Use 'para' for purpose/fitness.
-
Ele tem uma incapacidade de perna.
→
Ele tem uma deficiência na perna.
Use 'deficiência' for permanent physical conditions.
Tips
Gender Rule
Always use feminine adjectives with incapacidade. Example: 'incapacidade profunda' not 'profundo'.
Workplace
Use this word when discussing sick leave with HR to sound professional.
Cognates
It looks like 'incapacity'. Use this to help you remember the meaning.
The 'de' ending
In Brazil, pronounce the final 'de' as 'jee' to sound like a native.
INSS
If you live in Brazil, 'incapacidade' is the keyword for social security benefits.
Prepositions
Remember: 'Incapacidade de' + verb is the most common pattern.
Law terms
'Incapaz' is the person, 'Incapacidade' is the legal status.
Skill vs. Power
Don't use it for small skills like 'incapacidade de cozinhar' unless you're being dramatic.
Alternative
Use 'inabilidade' if you want to talk about lack of skill specifically.
News reports
News often uses 'incapacidade governamental' to talk about failures.
Memorize It
Mnemonic
Think of 'IN-CAPACITY'. If a stadium has 'IN-CAPACITY', it means it is NOT (IN) at its full CAPACITY to hold people. It is unable to hold more.
Visual Association
Imagine a padlock (representing legal/physical block) on a brain or a hand.
Word Web
Challenge
Try to use 'incapacidade' instead of 'não posso' in your next three formal emails or practice sentences.
Word Origin
From the Latin 'incapacitas', which combines the prefix 'in-' (not) with 'capacitas' (capacity/ability).
Original meaning: The state of not being able to contain or hold (from 'capere' - to take/hold).
Romance (Latin-derived).Cultural Context
When referring to people with disabilities, 'pessoa com deficiência' (PcD) is the preferred and more respectful term. 'Incapacidade' is usually reserved for the state of the function, not the person's identity.
English speakers often use 'disability' for long-term issues and 'inability' for general things. Portuguese uses 'incapacidade' for both, which can feel more clinical to an English ear.
Practice in Real Life
Real-World Contexts
Medical Office
- Preciso de um atestado.
- Qual o grau de incapacidade?
- É temporário?
- Incapacidade física.
Law Court
- Incapacidade civil.
- Incapacidade absoluta.
- O réu é incapaz.
- Provar a incapacidade.
Work/HR
- Incapacidade laboral.
- Auxílio-doença.
- Incapacidade para a função.
- Licença médica.
News/Politics
- Incapacidade de gestão.
- Incapacidade do Estado.
- Crise de incapacidade.
- Incapacidade técnica.
Psychology
- Incapacidade aprendida.
- Incapacidade cognitiva.
- Sentimento de incapacidade.
- Superar a incapacidade.
Conversation Starters
"Você já teve que pedir um atestado de incapacidade no trabalho?"
"Como o governo deve ajudar pessoas com incapacidade permanente?"
"Você acha que a incapacidade de diálogo é o maior problema hoje?"
"Qual incapacidade física você acha mais difícil de superar?"
"Você já sentiu uma incapacidade total de entender uma matéria na escola?"
Journal Prompts
Escreva sobre um momento em que você sentiu incapacidade de ajudar alguém.
Descreva como a incapacidade de comunicação pode afetar um relacionamento.
Como você lida com a sua própria incapacidade de aprender algo novo rapidamente?
Reflita sobre a diferença entre incapacidade física e incapacidade mental.
Imagine que você é um juiz: como você decidiria um caso de incapacidade civil?
Frequently Asked Questions
10 questionsIt is a temporary state where a person cannot work or perform tasks due to illness or injury, usually covered by a sick note.
It is feminine: 'a incapacidade'. All words ending in '-dade' in Portuguese are feminine.
It sounds very formal. It's better to say 'não tenho jeito' or 'sou ruim'.
Use 'de' before a verb (incapacidade de falar) and 'para' before a noun or purpose (incapacidade para o trabalho).
It is usually 'dificuldade de aprendizagem' or 'transtorno de aprendizagem', not 'incapacidade'.
It is a legal term for when someone is not allowed by law to make their own legal decisions (like kids or some elderly people).
Yes, especially in news, hospitals, and offices. You will hear it often in Brazil regarding the INSS.
Yes, but it is broader. It covers 'inability', 'incapacity', and 'disability'.
It is a medical certificate stating you cannot work for a certain period.
It's a nasal vowel. Don't say 'een', say 'ihn' through your nose.
Test Yourself 200 questions
Write a sentence using 'incapacidade de' and a verb.
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Describe a time you felt 'incapacidade'.
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What is the difference between 'incapacidade' and 'inabilidade'?
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Explain 'incapacidade temporária' in your own words.
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Write a short paragraph about a government's 'incapacidade'.
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Create a dialogue between a doctor and a patient using 'incapacidade'.
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Translate: 'His inability to understand the rules is a problem.'
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Translate: 'The insurance doesn't cover permanent incapacity.'
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Write a sentence using 'incapacidade para o trabalho'.
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What does 'incapacidade civil' mean in a legal context?
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Use 'incapacidade técnica' in a business sentence.
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Describe the symptoms of 'incapacidade motora'.
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Write about the 'incapacidade de diálogo' in politics.
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How do you say 'sick note' formally in Portuguese?
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Write a sentence with 'incapacidade absoluta'.
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Translate: 'I feel a deep inability to help.'
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Write 3 adjectives that can follow 'incapacidade'.
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Explain the etymology of the word.
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Use 'incapacidade' in a sentence about sports.
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Write a formal sentence about 'incapacidade financeira'.
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Pronounce 'incapacidade' clearly.
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Say: 'Eu tenho uma incapacidade temporária.'
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Explain what 'atestado de incapacidade' means in Portuguese.
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Discuss the 'incapacidade do governo' in a short speech.
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Say: 'A incapacidade de diálogo é triste.'
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Roleplay: You are calling your boss to report an 'incapacidade'.
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Pronounce the plural form 'incapacidades'.
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Explain the difference between 'incapacidade' and 'deficiência' aloud.
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Say: 'O juiz declarou a incapacidade civil.'
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Describe a physical 'incapacidade' you once had.
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Say: 'Incapacidade técnica.'
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Say: 'Incapacidade absoluta.'
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Talk about 'incapacidade de concentração' during exams.
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Say: 'A incapacidade de perdoar gera rancor.'
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Pronounce the nasal 'in' correctly.
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Say: 'Atestado médico de incapacidade.'
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Say: 'Incapacidade para o trabalho.'
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Discuss 'incapacidade financeira' in the current economy.
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Say: 'Sua incapacidade de ouvir é irritante.'
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Explain 'incapacidade motora' to a child.
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Listen and write down the word: [incapacidade].
Listen to the sentence: 'A incapacidade de agir é perigosa.' What is dangerous?
Listen: 'O seguro cobre incapacidade total.' Does it cover partial?
Listen: 'Incapacidade civil absoluta.' Is this legal or medical?
Listen: 'Atestado de incapacidade.' What document is this?
Listen: 'Incapacidade de gestão.' What is the focus?
Listen: 'Incapacidade temporária.' Is it forever?
Listen: 'Incapacidade motora leve.' How serious is it?
Listen: 'Incapacidade de diálogo.' What is missing?
Listen: 'Benefício por incapacidade.' Who pays this?
Listen: 'Grau de incapacidade.' What are they measuring?
Listen: 'Incapacidade técnica.' Is it about skills?
Listen: 'Sinto incapacidade de ajudar.' How does the speaker feel?
Listen: 'Incapacidade absoluta.' What does absolute mean here?
Listen: 'Incapacidade de concentração.' Where might this happen?
O incapacidade de correr é triste.
Ele tem incapacidade em falar.
Incapacidade para o trabalhar.
Sua incapacidade é profundo.
Eles têm incapacidads de agir.
O médico deu um atestado de incapacidado.
Incapacidade por o cargo.
A incapacidade de diálogo são claras.
Incapacidade técnica totalo.
Ele é uma incapacidade.
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Summary
The word 'incapacidade' is your go-to term for describing any form of 'cannot' in a formal or technical way. For example: 'Incapacidade de trabalho' (inability to work) is what you need for a sick leave.
- Incapacidade means inability or incapacity in physical, legal, or abstract contexts.
- It is a feminine noun (a incapacidade) often followed by the prepositions 'de' or 'para'.
- Commonly heard in medical environments (sick notes) and legal/government discussions in Brazil and Portugal.
- It differs from 'deficiência' (disability as a condition) by focusing on the 'state' of being unable.
Gender Rule
Always use feminine adjectives with incapacidade. Example: 'incapacidade profunda' not 'profundo'.
Workplace
Use this word when discussing sick leave with HR to sound professional.
Cognates
It looks like 'incapacity'. Use this to help you remember the meaning.
The 'de' ending
In Brazil, pronounce the final 'de' as 'jee' to sound like a native.
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