B2 Passive & Reported Speech 1 min read ふつう

The Quotative Particle 'Enru'

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'enru' to quote thoughts, speech, or labels by attaching it to the quoted content followed by a verb.

  • Attach 'enru' directly to the quoted phrase: 'Avan varuvan enru sonnan' (He said that he will come).
  • Use it with verbs of perception like 'ninaithan' (thought) or 'kettan' (asked): 'Idhu nallathu enru ninaithen' (I thought this is good).
  • It acts as a bridge between a clause and a reporting verb, replacing English 'that'.
[Quote] + என்று (enru) + [Verb]

Enru Usage Patterns

Quoted Clause Particle Verb Full Sentence
Avan varuvan
enru
sonnan
Avan varuvan enru sonnan
Idhu nallathu
enru
ninaithen
Idhu nallathu enru ninaithen
Enge
enru
kettan
Enge enru kettan
Varamattan
enru
sonnan
Varamattan enru sonnan
Sari
enru
oppukondan
Sari enru oppukondan
Enna
enru
kettargal
Enna enru kettargal

Meanings

The particle 'enru' is the past participle of the verb 'en' (to say). It functions as a quotative marker to introduce direct or indirect speech, thoughts, or naming conventions.

1

Reported Speech

Used to report what someone said.

“அவர் நாளை வருவார் என்று சொன்னார்”

“அவள் படிக்கிறேன் என்று கூறினாள்”

2

Internal Thought

Used to express what someone thought or felt.

“இது கடினம் என்று நினைத்தேன்”

“அவன் வருவான் என்று எதிர்பார்த்தேன்”

3

Naming/Definition

Used to define or name something.

“இதற்குப் பெயர் என்ன என்று கேட்டேன்”

“அவனை ராஜா என்று கூப்பிட்டார்கள்”

Reference Table

Reference table for The Quotative Particle 'Enru'
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
Clause + enru + Verb
Avan varuvan enru sonnan
Negative
Clause-neg + enru + Verb
Avan varamattan enru sonnan
Question
Clause + enru + Verb?
Avan varuvan enru sonnana?
Thought
Clause + enru + ninaithen
Idhu nallathu enru ninaithen
Definition
Name + enru + Verb
Idhai Tamil enru solluvargal
Request
Clause + enru + kettan
Enge enru kettan

フォーマル度スペクトル

フォーマル
அவர் வருவார் என்று கூறினார்.

அவர் வருவார் என்று கூறினார். (Reporting arrival)

ニュートラル
அவன் வருவான் என்று சொன்னான்.

அவன் வருவான் என்று சொன்னான். (Reporting arrival)

カジュアル
அவன் வருவான் என்று சொன்னான்.

அவன் வருவான் என்று சொன்னான். (Reporting arrival)

スラング
அவன் வருவான் என்று சொன்னான்.

அவன் வருவான் என்று சொன்னான். (Reporting arrival)

The Enru Bridge

என்று (Enru)

Speech

  • சொன்னான் said

Thought

  • நினைத்தேன் thought

Question

  • கேட்டான் asked

Enru vs. Ennum

Enru (Report)
அவன் வருவான் என்று சொன்னான் He said he will come
Ennum (Label)
தமிழ் என்னும் மொழி The language called Tamil

How to use Enru

1

Is it a quote?

YES
Add enru
NO
Do not add enru
2

Is there a verb?

YES
Place after enru
NO
Incomplete sentence

レベル別の例文

1

அவன் வருவான் என்று சொன்னான்

He said that he will come

2

அவள் படிக்கிறேன் என்று சொன்னாள்

She said she is studying

3

அவர்கள் வருகிறார்கள் என்று சொன்னார்கள்

They said they are coming

4

நான் போகிறேன் என்று சொன்னேன்

I said I am going

1

இது எளிது என்று நினைத்தேன்

I thought this is easy

2

மழை வரும் என்று தோன்றியது

It seemed like it would rain

3

அவன் எங்கே என்று கேட்டான்

He asked where he is

4

அவள் என்ன செய்கிறாள் என்று கேட்டேன்

I asked what she is doing

1

அவர் நாளை வருவார் என்று உறுதியாகச் சொன்னார்

He firmly said that he will come tomorrow

2

நாங்கள் வெற்றி பெறுவோம் என்று நம்புகிறோம்

We believe that we will win

3

அவன் வரமாட்டான் என்று எனக்குத் தெரியும்

I know that he will not come

4

இதற்குப் பெயர் என்ன என்று கேட்டார்

He asked what the name of this is

1

அரசாங்கம் புதிய திட்டத்தை அறிவிக்கும் என்று எதிர்பார்க்கப்படுகிறது

It is expected that the government will announce a new plan

2

அவர் சொன்னது சரி என்று நான் நினைக்கிறேன்

I think that what he said is correct

3

அவள் ஏன் அப்படிச் செய்தாள் என்று யாருக்கும் தெரியவில்லை

No one knows why she did that

4

இந்தக் கதையை 'பொன்னியின் செல்வன்' என்று அழைப்பார்கள்

They call this story 'Ponniyin Selvan'

1

அவன் வருவான் என்று தெரிந்திருந்தால் நான் வந்திருக்க மாட்டேன்

If I had known he was coming, I wouldn't have come

2

அவள் சொன்னதை அப்படியே செய்தேன் என்று அவன் வாதிட்டான்

He argued that he did exactly what she said

3

அவர் வரவில்லை என்று தெரிந்ததும் நான் கிளம்பினேன்

As soon as I knew he wasn't coming, I left

4

இதுதான் உண்மை என்று அவர் வாதிடுகிறார்

He argues that this is the truth

1

அவன் வருவான் என்று அவன் சொன்னதாகக் கேள்விப்பட்டேன்

I heard that he said he would come

2

அவள் சொன்னது பொய் என்று நிரூபிக்கப்பட்டது

It was proven that what she said was a lie

3

அவர் வருவார் என்று நான் எதிர்பார்த்தேன், ஆனால் அவர் வரவில்லை

I expected that he would come, but he didn't

4

அவன் என்ன நினைக்கிறான் என்று அவனுக்கே தெரியவில்லை

He himself doesn't know what he is thinking

間違えやすい

The Quotative Particle 'Enru' Enru vs. Ennum

Learners mix them up because both relate to 'saying'.

The Quotative Particle 'Enru' Enru vs. Endru

They are spelling variations of the same word.

The Quotative Particle 'Enru' Enru vs. Enbathu

Both can be used to define things.

よくある間違い

Avan sonnan varuvan

Avan varuvan enru sonnan

Enru must be placed after the quote.

Enru avan sonnan

Avan enru sonnan

Enru follows the quote.

Avan varuvan sonnan

Avan varuvan enru sonnan

Missing the quotative particle.

Avan enru varuvan

Avan varuvan enru

Enru placement is wrong.

Idhu nallathu ninaithen

Idhu nallathu enru ninaithen

Missing enru.

Enru idhu nallathu ninaithen

Idhu nallathu enru ninaithen

Wrong placement.

Avan kettan enru

Avan enru kettan

Verb must follow enru.

Avan varuvan enru kettan

Avan varuvan enru sonnan

Wrong verb choice for reported statement.

Idhu nallathu enru sonnan

Idhu nallathu enru ninaithen

Context mismatch.

Avan varuvan enru

Avan varuvan enru sonnan

Incomplete sentence.

Avan varuvan enru enru sonnan

Avan varuvan enru sonnan

Redundant particle.

Avan varuvan enru ninaithen

Avan varuvan enru ninaithan

Subject-verb agreement.

Avan varuvan enru sonnargal

Avan varuvan enru sonnan

Agreement error.

文型パターン

Avan ___ enru sonnan.

Idhu ___ enru ninaithen.

Avan ___ enru kettan.

அவர் ___ என்று எதிர்பார்க்கப்படுகிறது.

Real World Usage

Texting very common

Varugiren enru sonnan.

Job Interview common

Idhu nallathu enru ninaikiren.

Social Media common

Idhu unmai enru sonnargal.

Travel common

Idhai enna enru solluvargal?

Food Delivery occasional

Idhu veg enru sonnan.

Academic Report very common

ஆராய்ச்சி இது சரி என்று கூறுகிறது.

💡

Placement is Key

Always place 'enru' after the quote. Think of it as a closing tag for your quoted thought.
⚠️

Don't Forget the Verb

Enru is a bridge. If you don't have a verb after it, the sentence will feel incomplete.
🎯

Use for Thoughts

Don't just use it for speech. It's perfect for reporting what you thought or felt.
💬

Natural Flow

Native speakers use 'enru' to connect ideas. Practice using it to link two clauses.

Smart Tips

Always check if you have the particle 'enru' before the verb.

Avan sonnan varuvan. Avan varuvan enru sonnan.

Use 'ninaikiren' (I think) after 'enru'.

Idhu nallathu. Idhu nallathu enru ninaikiren.

Use 'enru' to ask what something is called.

Idhu enna? Idhai enna enru solluvargal?

Use 'enru' to link the news to the reporting verb.

Avan varuvan. Adhu unmai. Avan varuvan enru unmai.

発音

/enru/

Enru

Pronounced as 'en-ru' with a soft 'r'.

Statement

Avan varuvan enru sonnan ↘

Falling intonation for a statement.

Question

Avan varuvan enru sonnana? ↗

Rising intonation for a question.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Think of 'Enru' as an 'Entry' ticket to a conversation. You need an entry ticket to report what someone said.

視覚的連想

Imagine a sticky note with a quote on it. The sticky note is 'enru'. You stick it onto the person's mouth before they speak.

Rhyme

To report what you heard or what you knew, just add 'enru' and the verb too.

Story

Ravi wanted to tell his mom he was hungry. He thought, 'I am hungry'. He added 'enru' to his thought. Then he said, 'Pasi enru sonnan'.

Word Web

sonnanninaithenkettansollienruennum

チャレンジ

For the next 5 minutes, write down 3 things you think or hear and report them using 'enru'.

文化メモ

Enru is used in all dialects, though pronunciation might vary slightly.

The usage is similar, but some vocabulary for reporting verbs might differ.

Enru is strictly required in formal writing for clarity.

Enru is the past participle of the verb 'en' (to say).

会話のきっかけ

அவன் என்ன சொன்னான்?

இது கடினம் என்று நினைக்கிறாயா?

அவர் நாளை வருவார் என்று சொன்னாரா?

அவன் ஏன் அப்படிச் செய்தான் என்று உனக்குத் தெரியுமா?

日記のテーマ

Write about what your friend said today.
Describe a difficult task and what you thought about it.
Report a piece of news you heard.
Discuss an opinion you have on a current event.

よくある間違い

Incorrect

正解


Incorrect

正解


Incorrect

正解


Incorrect

正解

Test Yourself

Fill in the blank with 'enru'.

Avan varuvan ___ sonnan.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Enru is the correct quotative particle.
Choose the correct sentence. 選択問題

Which sentence is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
The particle must follow the quote.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Avan sonnan varuvan.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Enru is needed to report the speech.
Transform into reported speech. Sentence Transformation

Avan: 'Varugiren'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Use enru to report the quote.
Match the quote with the verb. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Ninaithen is a verb of thought.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

Avan / varuvan / enru / sonnan

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Correct word order.
Choose the correct particle. 選択問題

Idhu Tamil ___ mozhi.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Ennum is used for labeling.
Fill in the blank.

Avan enna ___ kettan?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Enru is used for questions.

Score: /8

練習問題

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with 'enru'.

Avan varuvan ___ sonnan.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Enru is the correct quotative particle.
Choose the correct sentence. 選択問題

Which sentence is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
The particle must follow the quote.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Avan sonnan varuvan.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Enru is needed to report the speech.
Transform into reported speech. Sentence Transformation

Avan: 'Varugiren'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Use enru to report the quote.
Match the quote with the verb. Match Pairs

Match: 'Idhu nallathu' with...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Ninaithen is a verb of thought.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

Avan / varuvan / enru / sonnan

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Correct word order.
Choose the correct particle. 選択問題

Idhu Tamil ___ mozhi.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Ennum is used for labeling.
Fill in the blank.

Avan enna ___ kettan?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Enru is used for questions.

Score: /8

よくある質問 (8)

Mostly yes, for reporting speech, thoughts, and naming. It's very versatile.

Yes, they are just different spellings of the same word.

Yes, 'enru' connects the quote to 'sonnan'.

In very casual speech, sometimes, but it's better to use it for clarity.

Enru reports actions; Ennum labels nouns.

Place it after the question word, e.g., 'Enge enru kettan'.

Yes, it is essential for formal reporting.

Yes, e.g., 'Avan varuvan enru ninaikiren'.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish partial

que

Tamil 'enru' is a verb-derived particle; Spanish 'que' is a conjunction.

French partial

que

Tamil 'enru' follows the quote; French 'que' precedes it.

German partial

dass

Tamil 'enru' does not change word order within the quote.

Japanese high

to

Both are post-positional particles, making them very similar.

Arabic partial

anna

Tamil 'enru' does not affect the case of the quoted content.

Chinese low

shuo

Chinese uses a verb; Tamil uses a particle.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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