This page in your language
فارسی العربية Deutsch Español Français 日本語 한국어 Português 中文 हिन्दी
B1 verb 12 min read

论及

lùnjí
Practice it Examples Notes & Tips 论及 in 30 Seconds
Explanation 论及 in your Level:
400+w
Sign up free to read full explanation
400+w
Sign up free to read full explanation
400+w
400+w
Sign up free to read full explanation
400+w
Sign up free to read full explanation
400+w
Sign up free to read full explanation
Practice it Examples Notes & Tips

论及 in 30 Seconds

  • 论及 (lùn jí) means to formally discuss or mention a specific topic.
  • Used in academic, official, and formal contexts.
  • Implies a focused mention or exploration of a subject.
  • Often used in speeches, reports, and academic papers.
The Chinese verb 论及 (lùn jí) means to discuss, mention, or touch upon a particular topic. It's a more formal or literary way of saying that something is brought up in a conversation, writing, or presentation. You'll often encounter it in academic texts, formal speeches, or when people are referring back to something previously discussed or established. It implies a deliberate act of bringing a subject into consideration, rather than a casual mention. Think of it as a bridge connecting the current discourse to a specific point or theme. It's useful when you want to signal that a topic is relevant to the ongoing discussion, or when you are summarizing or referencing points that have been made. It can be used to introduce a new aspect of a subject that is already being discussed, or to revisit a point that was made earlier. The characters themselves offer a clue: 论 (lùn) means to discuss, debate, or theory, while 及 (jí) means to reach, extend to, or and. Together, they form the idea of 'discussing something that reaches or pertains to a certain point.' It's a versatile term that adds a layer of sophistication to your Chinese when used appropriately. Consider it a way to elegantly guide your audience's attention to a specific area of focus within a broader conversation or text. It's particularly helpful in situations where clarity and precision are important, ensuring that the listener or reader understands exactly which aspect of a topic is being addressed. The nuance of 论及 lies in its ability to connect ideas and guide the flow of information, making complex discussions more manageable and understandable. It suggests a thoughtful consideration of the subject matter, rather than a fleeting thought. It’s a word that signals depth and relevance, inviting a closer examination of the point being raised. The formality of the word means it’s less likely to be used in very casual, everyday chat among close friends, but it’s common in settings like lectures, meetings, or written reports. It’s a connector, a pointer, and a summarizer all rolled into one elegant verb.
Usage Contexts
Formal speeches, academic papers, literary works, official reports, summarizing previous points, introducing related topics, referencing established ideas.
Nuance
Implies a deliberate and often formal act of bringing a specific topic into consideration within a broader discussion or text. It suggests relevance and focus.

在本次研讨会上，我们将论及人工智能对未来就业的影响。

At this seminar, we will discuss the impact of artificial intelligence on future employment.

这份报告论及了过去五年公司的财务状况。

This report touches upon the company's financial situation over the past five years.

他的演讲论及了环境保护的紧迫性。

His speech touched upon the urgency of environmental protection.

在讨论中，我们论及了几个关键的解决方案。

In the discussion, we touched upon several key solutions.
Using 论及 (lùn jí) effectively involves understanding its placement and the types of subjects it typically refers to. It commonly follows the subject of the sentence and precedes the topic being discussed. The structure is often: [Subject] + 论及 + [Topic]. This verb is particularly useful when you want to indicate that a specific subject was brought up or addressed in a formal setting or within a written document. For instance, in an academic paper, you might say the introduction 论及s the background of the study. In a business meeting, the chairperson might 论及 the quarterly performance. It's also used to refer back to points made earlier in a discussion or text, serving as a cohesive element. For example, a conclusion might 论及 the main arguments presented. The formality of 论及 suggests that it's best suited for situations where precision and a degree of seriousness are required. While you might hear simpler verbs like 说 (shuō - to say) or 谈 (tán - to talk about) in casual conversations, 论及 lends a more academic or official tone. Consider the following sentence structures: 1. Subject + 论及 + Topic: This is the most straightforward usage. For example, 'The book 论及 the history of Chinese calligraphy.' 2. Topic + 被 + Subject + 论及: A passive construction where the topic is the focus. For example, 'The issue of climate change was 论及ed by many experts.' 3. When referring to a specific part of a text or speech: 'The third chapter 论及s the economic reforms.' When choosing between 论及 and other verbs, consider the register. If you are writing a formal essay, a research paper, or giving a presentation, 论及 is an excellent choice. If you are casually chatting with friends, you would likely opt for simpler alternatives. The key is to match the verb to the context and the desired level of formality. The verb often pairs with abstract nouns or concepts, such as 'policy,' 'impact,' 'challenge,' 'issue,' 'development,' 'situation,' 'future,' 'history,' 'theory,' etc. This helps to elevate the discourse and indicate a thoughtful engagement with the subject matter. It’s a verb that adds gravitas and clarity, ensuring that the reader or listener understands precisely which aspect of a subject is being addressed.
Common Sentence Structures
Subject + 论及 + Topic; Topic + 被 + Subject + 论及; [Part of document/speech] + 论及 + Topic.
Typical Subjects
Abstract nouns and concepts: policy, impact, challenge, issue, development, situation, future, history, theory, reform, influence, consequence, etc.

这本历史著作论及了中国古代的哲学思想。

This historical work discusses ancient Chinese philosophical thought.

在会议的最后，我们论及了下一步的行动计划。

At the end of the meeting, we touched upon the next action plan.

他的新书论及了现代社会面临的挑战。

His new book discusses the challenges faced by modern society.

此次峰会论及了全球经济复苏的策略。

This summit discussed strategies for global economic recovery.
You're most likely to encounter 论及 (lùn jí) in contexts where formal discourse is present. This includes academic settings, such as university lectures, seminars, and research papers. When professors introduce a new topic or summarize previous points in a lecture, they might use 论及 to precisely define the scope of discussion. In written academic work, it's common to see phrases like '本文论及...' (This article discusses...) or '该研究论及了...' (This research touches upon...). Beyond academia, 论及 appears in formal speeches and presentations, especially those concerning policy, economics, or social issues. For example, a politician might give a speech that 论及s the country's development plan. Legal documents and official reports also frequently employ this verb to refer to specific clauses, evidence, or arguments. If you're watching news reports on serious topics or reading opinion pieces in reputable newspapers, you'll likely come across 论及. It’s also a word that might be used in literary criticism or reviews when discussing themes or plot points within a book or film. Think of it as a term used when someone is carefully dissecting a subject and presenting their findings or considerations in a structured and formal manner. It's less common in casual everyday conversations among friends, where simpler verbs like '说' (shuō - to say) or '谈' (tán - to talk about) are more prevalent. However, if the friends are discussing a complex issue with a degree of seriousness, or if one of them is quoting from a formal source, 论及 might appear. The presence of 论及 often signals that the subject matter is being treated with a degree of intellectual rigor or official importance. It’s a marker of formal communication.
Common Scenarios
Academic lectures and papers, formal speeches, policy discussions, official reports, legal documents, literary analysis, serious news commentary.
Contrast with Casual Speech
Less frequent in informal conversations among friends; simpler verbs like 说 (shuō) or 谈 (tán) are preferred in casual settings.

在学术会议上，专家们论及了最新的科研进展。

At the academic conference, experts discussed the latest research progress.

这家公司的年度报告论及了其在环保方面的努力。

This company's annual report touches upon its efforts in environmental protection.

法官在判决书中论及了相关法律条文。

The judge discussed the relevant legal provisions in the judgment.

这篇评论论及了电影的艺术价值和市场表现。

This review touches upon the film's artistic value and market performance.
One of the most common mistakes learners make with 论及 (lùn jí) is using it in casual, everyday conversations. Because it carries a formal and somewhat academic tone, employing it when talking to friends about simple matters can sound unnatural or even pretentious. For example, saying '我们论及了晚饭吃什么' (We discussed what to eat for dinner) is incorrect; a more appropriate phrase would be '我们讨论了晚饭吃什么' (wǒmen tǎolùn le wǎnfàn chī shénme) or simply '我们说了晚饭吃什么' (wǒmen shuō le wǎnfàn chī shénme). Another mistake is the misuse of its grammatical function. While it acts as a verb, it's not always interchangeable with verbs like '说' (shuō - to say) or '讲' (jiǎng - to speak). 论及 implies a more structured and in-depth discussion or mention of a topic, often within a defined scope. Using it for a brief, passing mention might be an overstatement. For instance, if someone briefly mentions a movie they saw, you wouldn't typically use 论及; '提到' (tídào - to mention) or '说起' (shuōqǐ - to bring up) would be more suitable. Learners might also struggle with the formality level. 论及 is appropriate for essays, reports, and formal presentations, but using it in informal writing, like personal emails or social media posts, can sound out of place. Ensure you understand the context before deploying this verb. Finally, some learners might confuse it with similar words that also mean 'to discuss.' While 讨论 (tǎolùn) is a general term for discussion, 论及 often suggests a more focused or academic exploration of a specific subject, or a reference to a topic that has already been established or is part of a larger discourse. Using 论及 when a simple discussion is intended can lead to awkward phrasing. Always consider the formality and the specific nuance of the situation before choosing 论及.
Mistake 1: Overuse in Casual Settings
Using 论及 in informal conversations where simpler verbs like 说 (shuō) or 谈 (tán) are more appropriate. Example: Incorrect: 我们论及了晚饭吃什么。 Correct: 我们讨论了晚饭吃什么。
Mistake 2: Grammatical Misapplication
Using 论及 for brief or casual mentions where other verbs like 提到 (tídào) or 说起 (shuōqǐ) are more suitable. Example: Incorrect: 他论及了这部电影。 Correct: 他提到了这部电影。
Mistake 3: Inappropriate Formality
Employing 论及 in informal writing or speech, such as personal messages or casual social media posts.
Mistake 4: Confusing with Similar Verbs
Using 论及 when a general discussion verb like 讨论 (tǎolùn) is more fitting, or vice versa. 论及 implies a more focused or formal mention.

错误用法：我们论及了周末去哪里玩。

Incorrect Usage: We discussed where to go during the weekend. (Too casual for 论及)

正确用法：我们讨论了周末去哪里玩。

Correct Usage: We discussed where to go during the weekend. (More appropriate verb)
While 论及 (lùn jí) has a specific nuance of formal discussion or mention, several other words can be used to express similar ideas, each with its own shade of meaning and formality. The most common alternative is 讨论 (tǎolùn), which means 'to discuss' or 'to debate.' 讨论 is a more general term and can be used in both formal and informal contexts. It implies an exchange of ideas or opinions. For example, '我们讨论了这个问题' (wǒmen tǎolùn le zhège wèntí - We discussed this problem) is suitable for most situations. However, 论及 is often used when the discussion is more focused, academic, or when referring back to a topic that has already been established. Another related term is 谈论 (tánlùn), which also means 'to discuss' or 'to talk about.' It's generally less formal than 论及 and can be used for broader conversations. '他们谈论了天气' (tāmen tánlùn le tiānqì - They talked about the weather) is a typical usage. 提及 (tíjí) means 'to mention' or 'to bring up.' It is often used for a brief or passing reference to a topic, and is less about in-depth discussion. For example, '他提及了会议的日期' (tā tíjí le huìyì de rìqī - He mentioned the date of the meeting). 论及, in contrast, implies a more substantial engagement with the topic. For more casual mentions, 说 (shuō) ('to say') or 讲 (jiǎng) ('to speak,' 'to tell') can be used, but these lack the specific meaning of discussing or touching upon a topic in a structured way. In formal writing, when referring to a specific point within a larger work, 涉及 (shèjí) ('to involve,' 'to relate to') can sometimes be used, but it has a broader meaning of encompassing or including.
Comparison Table
论及 (lùn jí): Formal, to discuss/mention a specific topic, often in academic or official contexts. Implies focused engagement.
讨论 (tǎolùn): General, to discuss/debate. Can be formal or informal. Implies exchange of ideas.
谈论 (tánlùn): General, to talk about. Usually informal. Broader conversations.
提及 (tíjí): To mention, bring up. Implies a brief or passing reference.
涉及 (shèjí): To involve, relate to. Broader meaning of encompassing or including.
When choosing, consider the context: Is it a formal academic paper? Use 论及. Is it a group discussion about a problem? Use 讨论. Is it a casual chat about a movie? Use 谈论 or 提及. The key is to match the verb's formality and specific meaning to the situation.
Key Alternatives
讨论 (tǎolùn): General discussion, debate. Formal/informal.
谈论 (tánlùn): To talk about, discuss. Generally informal.
提及 (tíjí): To mention, bring up. Brief reference.
涉及 (shèjí): To involve, relate to. Broader scope.

His speech论及了环境保护的重要性。

His speech touched upon the importance of environmental protection. (Formal)

我们讨论了周末的计划。

We discussed the weekend plans. (General, can be formal or informal)

他提及了这本书，但我没读过。

He mentioned this book, but I haven't read it. (Brief mention)

How Formal Is It?

Fun Fact

The character 论 itself has a long history. In ancient Chinese bronzeware inscriptions, it depicted a person holding a writing brush and a tablet, symbolizing the act of reasoning or discussing. The evolution of its meaning from 'arranging words' to 'discussing' and 'theory' reflects the development of intellectual discourse.

Pronunciation Guide

UK /lʊn˧˥ d͡ʑi˨˩/
US /lʊn˧˥ d͡ʑi˨˩/
The stress is not as pronounced as in English, but the tones carry the emphasis. The first syllable 'lùn' tends to be slightly more emphasized due to its falling tone.
Rhymes With
kun jun shun lun zun qun chi shi ri
Common Errors
  • Mispronouncing the tones: Incorrect tones can change the meaning of words.
  • Using English 'j' sound instead of the Mandarin 'j': The Mandarin 'j' is softer and made with the tongue closer to the palate.
  • Not distinguishing between similar-sounding syllables: Mandarin has many syllables that sound alike, so precise pronunciation is key.

Difficulty Rating

Reading 3/5

CEFR B1 level. While the meaning is straightforward, its formal usage requires understanding context. Learners might encounter it in written materials before hearing it spoken frequently.

Writing 3/5

CEFR B1 level. Using it correctly in writing requires careful attention to formality and context to avoid sounding unnatural.

Speaking 3/5

CEFR B1 level. Learners might hesitate to use it in spoken Chinese due to its formal nature, preferring simpler alternatives in casual settings.

Listening 3/5

CEFR B1 level. It's more common in formal speeches or lectures than in everyday conversations, so recognition depends on exposure to such contexts.

What to Learn Next

Prerequisites

说 (shuō - to say) 谈 (tán - to talk about) 讨论 (tǎolùn - to discuss) 理解 (lǐjiě - to understand) 话题 (huàtí - topic)

Learn Next

阐述 (chǎnshù - to elaborate) 探讨 (tǎntǎo - to explore/investigate) 涉及 (shèjí - to involve/relate to) 综述 (zōngshù - to review/summarize) 分析 (fēnxī - to analyze)

Advanced

论证 (lùnzhèng - to argue/prove) 辨析 (biànxī - to analyze and differentiate) 论述 (lùnshù - to discuss/expound) 考究 (kǎojiū - to study meticulously) 评述 (píngshù - to comment on/critique)

Grammar to Know

Verb + 了 (le) for completed actions.

他论及了这个问题。(He discussed this issue.) - The action of discussing is completed.

Passive voice using 被 (bèi).

这个问题被广泛论及。(This issue was widely discussed.)

Using adverbs before verbs to modify their manner.

他深入论及了这个问题。(He discussed this issue in depth.)

Using conjunctions like '并且' (bìngqiě - and) or '而且' (érqiě - moreover) to connect clauses.

报告论及了原因并且论及了影响。(The report discussed the causes and moreover discussed the effects.)

Using modal verbs like '将' (jiāng - will) or '会' (huì - will) for future actions.

下次会议将论及新的策略。(The next meeting will discuss new strategies.)

Sign up free to read full explanation

Examples by Level

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1

这次会议论及了公司未来的发展方向。

This meeting discussed the company's future development direction.

论及 is used here to indicate a formal discussion of a specific topic (future development).

2

他的演讲论及了科技进步对社会的影响。

His speech touched upon the impact of technological progress on society.

论及 is suitable for formal speeches discussing abstract concepts like impact.

3

这份报告论及了过去一年市场变化的原因。

This report discusses the reasons for market changes in the past year.

Used in written reports to refer to a specific subject matter.

4

在讨论中，我们论及了几个关键的挑战。

In the discussion, we touched upon several key challenges.

Indicates that specific, important issues were brought up in the discussion.

5

这本书论及了中国古代的哲学思想。

This book discusses ancient Chinese philosophical thought.

Common in academic or literary contexts when referring to the subject matter of a work.

6

教育改革论及了课程设置的调整。

Educational reform touches upon the adjustment of curriculum settings.

论及 is appropriate for discussing specific aspects of broader topics like reform.

7

气候变化问题论及到全球合作的必要性。

The issue of climate change touches upon the necessity of global cooperation.

Connects a specific issue (climate change) to a related concept (global cooperation).

8

他的文章论及了人工智能的伦理问题。

His article discusses the ethical issues of artificial intelligence.

Suitable for academic or analytical writing about complex topics.

1

在本次研讨会上，我们将论及人工智能对未来就业的影响。

At this seminar, we will discuss the impact of artificial intelligence on future employment.

论及 is used in a formal announcement for a seminar, indicating the specific topic to be covered.

2

这份报告论及了过去五年公司的财务状况。

This report touches upon the company's financial situation over the past five years.

Common in business reports to summarize or introduce specific sections concerning financial performance.

3

他的演讲论及了环境保护的紧迫性。

His speech touched upon the urgency of environmental protection.

Used to highlight a critical aspect of a broader subject in a formal speech.

4

在讨论中，我们论及了几个关键的解决方案。

In the discussion, we touched upon several key solutions.

Indicates that specific, important solutions were brought up and considered.

5

该研究论及了社会经济因素与健康之间的复杂关系。

The research touches upon the complex relationship between socioeconomic factors and health.

Appropriate for academic research papers discussing intricate relationships.

6

在政策制定过程中，必须论及所有相关方的利益。

In the policy-making process, the interests of all relevant parties must be discussed.

Emphasizes the need to formally address or consider specific elements within a process.

7

这本历史著作论及了中国古代的哲学思想。

This historical work discusses ancient Chinese philosophical thought.

Used to describe the thematic content of scholarly or historical works.

8

峰会论及了全球经济复苏的策略。

The summit discussed strategies for global economic recovery.

Suitable for reporting on the topics covered in high-level international meetings.

1

本论文论及了后殖民主义文学中身份认同的重构。

This thesis discusses the reconstruction of identity in post-colonial literature.

Sophisticated academic usage, referring to a specific theoretical concept.

2

他的分析论及了数字时代信息传播的深层机制。

His analysis touches upon the deep mechanisms of information dissemination in the digital age.

Indicates a detailed and insightful exploration of complex processes.

3

在评估项目可行性时，我们必须论及其潜在的社会经济影响。

When evaluating project feasibility, we must discuss its potential socioeconomic impacts.

Formal language used in project evaluation and feasibility studies.

4

此次研讨会旨在论及可持续发展模式的创新与实践。

This seminar aims to discuss innovations and practices in sustainable development models.

Used in the stated objectives of academic or professional gatherings.

5

该法案论及了关于数据隐私保护的若干关键条款。

The bill touches upon several key provisions regarding data privacy protection.

Formal usage in legal or legislative contexts, referring to specific parts of a document.

6

他的艺术评论论及了作品中后现代主义的解构手法。

His art critique discusses the postmodern deconstruction techniques in the work.

Precise terminology for art criticism, referring to specific artistic approaches.

7

本次审议论及了国家安全与公民自由之间的平衡问题。

This deliberation discusses the balance between national security and civil liberties.

Formal language used in deliberative or governmental contexts for complex issues.

8

他的观点论及了哲学史上的几个重要转折点。

His viewpoint touches upon several important turning points in the history of philosophy.

Academic discussion of historical or intellectual developments.

1

该哲学著作论及了本体论的根本性问题。

This philosophical treatise discusses fundamental issues of ontology.

Highly academic and specialized usage, referring to core philosophical concepts.

2

他的分析论及了后结构主义理论在当代文学批评中的应用。

His analysis touches upon the application of post-structuralist theory in contemporary literary criticism.

Advanced academic discourse, engaging with specific theoretical frameworks.

3

本次国际会议论及了全球治理体系的改革与挑战。

This international conference discusses the reform and challenges of the global governance system.

Formal language used in high-level international discourse concerning systemic issues.

4

在审视历史文献时，我们不得不论及其创作的时代背景。

When examining historical documents, we cannot but discuss their historical context of creation.

Requires a deep understanding of historical context and critical analysis.

5

他的经济学论文论及了市场失灵的几种典型形态。

His economics paper discusses several typical forms of market failure.

Specialized terminology within economics, referring to specific theoretical constructs.

6

该文学批评理论论及了文本的多义性与读者建构意义的过程。

This literary criticism theory discusses the polysemy of texts and the process of reader-constructed meaning.

Advanced literary theory, focusing on interpretation and meaning-making.

7

在科学哲学领域，该著作论及了实证主义的局限性。

In the field of philosophy of science, this work discusses the limitations of positivism.

Highly specialized academic discussion within philosophy of science.

8

本次辩论论及了人工智能是否应拥有权利的伦理困境。

This debate touches upon the ethical dilemma of whether artificial intelligence should possess rights.

Addresses profound ethical questions at the forefront of AI development.

Common Collocations

论及...的重要性
论及...的原因
论及...的影响
论及...的挑战
论及...的解决方案
论及...的意义
论及...的必要性
论及...的历史
论及...的未来
论及...的根本

Common Phrases

将论及

— Will discuss/mention. Used to introduce a topic that will be covered.

本次讲座将论及人工智能的最新发展。

曾论及

— Has discussed/mentioned. Used to refer to something that was previously discussed or mentioned.

他之前的文章曾论及过这个问题。

论及了...方面

— Discussed...aspects/areas. Used to specify the parts of a topic that were covered.

报告论及了经济、社会和环境三个方面。

论及了...的根本原因

— Discussed the root causes of... Used for in-depth analysis of origins.

他的分析论及了这次危机的根本原因。

论及了...的复杂性

— Discussed the complexity of... Used to highlight the intricate nature of a topic.

她的研究论及了这个问题所固有的复杂性。

论及了...的伦理问题

— Discussed the ethical issues of... Used for topics with moral implications.

本次会议论及了基因编辑技术的伦理问题。

论及了...的演变

— Discussed the evolution of... Used to trace the development of something over time.

这部纪录片论及了人类语言的演变。

论及了...的局限性

— Discussed the limitations of... Used to point out the constraints or shortcomings of something.

他的评论论及了现有理论的局限性。

论及了...的相互作用

— Discussed the interaction of... Used to describe how different elements relate to each other.

该模型论及了不同因素之间的相互作用。

论及了...的理论基础

— Discussed the theoretical basis of... Used to explore the foundational theories of a subject.

他的著作论及了现代物理学的理论基础。

Often Confused With

论及 vs 讨论 (tǎolùn)

While both mean 'to discuss,' 讨论 is more general and can be used in informal settings. 论及 implies a more focused, formal, or academic discussion of a specific subject.

论及 vs 提及 (tíjí)

提及 means 'to mention' or 'to bring up,' usually a brief reference. 论及 implies a more substantial discussion or touch upon a topic.

论及 vs 涉及 (shèjí)

涉及 means 'to involve' or 'to relate to,' covering a broader scope. 论及 is more about the act of discussing or mentioning a specific point within that scope.

Easily Confused

论及 vs 讨论

Both verbs relate to talking about a subject.

论及 is more formal and implies touching upon or discussing a specific topic, often in an academic or official context. 讨论 is more general, used for any kind of discussion, formal or informal, and implies an exchange of ideas or opinions.

会议<strong>论及</strong>了项目细节。(The meeting touched upon project details - formal, specific focus.) 我们<strong>讨论</strong>了周末的计划。(We discussed the weekend plan - general, can be informal.)

论及 vs 提及

Both can involve bringing up a topic.

提及 means to briefly mention or allude to something. 论及 means to discuss or touch upon a topic in more detail or with more focus. 论及 suggests a deeper engagement than a simple mention.

他<strong>提及</strong>了这本书。(He mentioned this book - brief.) 他的文章<strong>论及</strong>了这本书的主题。(His article discussed the book's themes - more in-depth.)

论及 vs 涉及

Both can imply a connection to a topic.

涉及 means to involve, relate to, or encompass. It describes what a topic includes or pertains to. 论及 is the act of actively discussing or mentioning that topic. 涉及 is broader, while 论及 is more specific to the discourse about it.

这个问题<strong>涉及</strong>多个部门。(This issue involves multiple departments - what it pertains to.) 报告<strong>论及了</strong>这个问题。(The report discussed this issue - the act of discourse.)

论及 vs 阐述

Both involve explaining or discussing.

论及 means to discuss or mention a topic. 阐述 means to explain or elaborate on something in detail. 论及 might introduce a topic, while 阐述 would explain it thoroughly.

他的演讲<strong>论及了</strong>人工智能的未来。(His speech touched upon the future of AI - introducing the topic.) 他<strong>阐述了</strong>人工智能如何改变未来。(He elaborated on how AI will change the future - detailed explanation.)

论及 vs 探讨

Both imply exploration of a subject.

论及 means to discuss or mention a topic, often formally. 探讨 means to explore, investigate, or discuss in depth, often with the aim of finding answers or understanding. 探讨 suggests a more investigative and often collaborative process.

本次会议<strong>论及了</strong>可持续发展。(This conference touched upon sustainable development - general mention.) 我们需要<strong>探讨</strong>可持续发展的具体方法。(We need to explore specific methods for sustainable development - in-depth investigation.)

Sentence Patterns

B1

Subject + 论及 + Topic

这篇论文<strong>论及</strong>了人工智能的伦理问题。

B1

Subject + 论及了 + Topic

他的演讲<strong>论及了</strong>环境保护的重要性。

B2

Topic + 被 + Subject + 论及

这个问题<strong>被</strong>广泛<strong>论及</strong>。

B2

Document/Speech + 论及 + Topic

这份报告<strong>论及</strong>了市场趋势。

C1

Subject + 将 + 论及 + Topic

下次会议<strong>将</strong><strong>论及</strong>新的项目计划。

C1

Subject + 在...中 + 论及 + Topic

他在书中<strong>在</strong>哲学部分<strong>论及</strong>了存在主义。

C2

Subject + 深入 + 论及 + Topic

这位学者<strong>深入</strong><strong>论及</strong>了量子力学的奥秘。

C2

Subject + 不仅...而且 + 论及 + Topic

他的分析<strong>不仅</strong><strong>论及</strong>了现象<strong>而且</strong><strong>论及</strong>了其深层原因。

Word Family

Verbs

论及

Related

论 Theory, argument, opinion, to discuss, to debate.
及 To reach, to extend to, and, as well as.
论证 To argue, to prove, to demonstrate.
议论 To discuss, to comment on, to debate.
论据 Argument, evidence, grounds for argument.
Sign up free to see all examples

How to Use It

frequency

Medium in formal contexts, Low in casual contexts.

Common Mistakes
  • Using 论及 in casual conversation. → Use 讨论 (tǎolùn) or 谈论 (tánlùn) instead.

    论及 is a formal verb. Using it in informal settings sounds unnatural and overly academic. For example, saying '我们论及了晚饭吃什么' is incorrect; '我们讨论了晚饭吃什么' is appropriate.

  • Confusing 论及 with 提及 (tíjí). → Use 提及 for brief mentions, 论及 for more focused discussion.

    提及 means to mention briefly. 论及 implies a more in-depth discussion or touching upon a topic. For example, '他提及了这本书' (He mentioned this book) is different from '他的文章论及了这本书的主题' (His article discussed the book's themes).

  • Using 论及 for very broad or vague topics. → Ensure the topic is specific and relevant to the formal context.

    论及 works best when referring to a particular subject that is being formally addressed. Using it for a vague idea can sound awkward. For instance, instead of '他论及了生活,' it's better to use '他谈论了生活中的挑战.'

  • Ignoring the tones. → Pronounce 'lùn' with a falling tone and 'jí' with a rising tone.

    Mandarin Chinese is a tonal language. Incorrect tones can lead to misunderstanding. Ensure you practice the correct tones for both 'lùn' and 'jí' when speaking.

  • Overusing 论及 in writing. → Vary your vocabulary and use alternatives like 讨论, 探讨, or 阐述 when appropriate.

    While 论及 is useful, overusing it can make your writing repetitive. Employing a range of vocabulary appropriate to the context will make your writing more engaging and sophisticated.

Tips

Mind the Register

论及 is a formal verb. Use it in academic papers, official reports, or formal speeches. Avoid it in casual chats with friends, where 讨论 (tǎolùn) or 谈论 (tánlùn) would be more appropriate.

Focus on the Topic

论及 implies discussing or mentioning a specific, often significant, topic. Ensure the subject you are referring to is clearly defined and relevant to the context of your discussion or writing.

Academic and Official Settings

You'll frequently encounter 论及 in university lectures, research papers, policy documents, and formal presentations. Recognizing these contexts will help you understand its usage and appropriateness.

More Than Just 'To Say'

While it translates to 'to discuss' or 'to mention,' 论及 carries a weight of formality and suggests a deliberate act of bringing a subject into focus, rather than a casual remark.

Common Pairings

Look for common phrases like '论及...的重要性' (discuss the importance of...), '论及...的原因' (discuss the reasons for...), and '论及...的影响' (discuss the impact of...) to better grasp its typical usage.

Know Your Options

If 论及 feels too formal, consider using 讨论 (tǎolùn) for general discussion, 提及 (tíjí) for a brief mention, or 涉及 (shèjí) for 'to involve' or 'relate to.'

Master the Tones

Pay close attention to the tones: lùn (falling tone) and jí (rising tone). Correct tones are crucial for accurate pronunciation and understanding in Mandarin.

Visual Association

Imagine a scholar ('论') reaching ('及') for a specific topic to discuss. This visual can help you remember the meaning and formality of 论及.

Active Usage

Write sentences using 论及 in formal contexts, such as summarizing a lecture or outlining a research paper. This active practice will reinforce your understanding.

Exposure is Key

Read academic articles, formal news reports, and literary works in Chinese. Noticing how and when 论及 is used will significantly improve your comprehension and application.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Imagine a scholar (论) reaching (及) for a book to discuss its contents. The scholar is '论' and the act of reaching for the book to discuss it is '及'. So, '论及' is like a scholar reaching to discuss a topic.

Visual Association

Picture a formal setting, like a university lecture hall. A professor is at the podium, and on the screen behind them, a spotlight shines on a single topic, indicating that this is what they will '论及' (discuss/touch upon). The spotlight represents the act of 'reaching' the specific subject.

Word Web

论及 论 及 讨论 提及 涉及 演讲 报告 学术 正式

Challenge

Try to use 论及 in three different sentences describing topics you might find in a university lecture or a formal report. For example, 'The lecture will 论及 the history of art,' or 'The report 论及s the economic impact of the new policy.'

Word Origin

The word 论及 is a compound word formed from two characters: 论 (lùn) and 及 (jí). The character 论 has ancient origins, referring to 'to arrange,' 'to order,' and by extension, 'to discuss,' 'to reason,' or 'theory.' The character 及 means 'to reach,' 'to extend to,' or 'and.' Together, 论及 evolved to mean 'to discuss something that reaches or pertains to a particular point' or 'to touch upon a subject.'

Original meaning: Literally, 'to discuss and reach (a topic).' It implies bringing a subject into the scope of discussion.

Sino-Tibetan

Cultural Context

Using 论及 in casual conversation can sound overly formal or even a bit pompous. It's best reserved for situations where a degree of formality is expected or appropriate.

In English, phrases like 'to address the issue of,' 'to touch upon,' 'to delve into,' or 'to expound on' can convey similar meanings, depending on the context and formality. For instance, 'The report addresses the issue of climate change' is similar to '报告论及了气候变化问题.'

Classical Chinese literature often uses 论及 to introduce philosophical or historical discussions. Academic papers in Chinese frequently start sections with phrases like '本文论及...' (This article discusses...) Formal speeches by leaders often employ 论及 when outlining the agenda or key discussion points.

Practice in Real Life

Real-World Contexts

Academic Lectures and Seminars

  • 本次讲座将<strong>论及</strong>...
  • 我们将<strong>论及</strong>...
  • 这部分<strong>论及</strong>了...

Formal Reports and Papers

  • 本报告<strong>论及</strong>了...
  • 该研究<strong>论及</strong>了...
  • 文章<strong>论及</strong>了...

Speeches and Presentations

  • 我的演讲将<strong>论及</strong>...
  • 今天我们<strong>论及</strong>...
  • 他<strong>论及</strong>了...

Policy and Legal Discussions

  • 政策<strong>论及</strong>了...
  • 法案<strong>论及</strong>了...
  • 审议<strong>论及</strong>了...

Literary and Critical Analysis

  • 这部作品<strong>论及</strong>了...
  • 评论<strong>论及</strong>了...
  • 其分析<strong>论及</strong>了...

Conversation Starters

"What topics were discussed in the latest academic conference you attended?"

"Have you read any recent reports that touched upon significant societal changes?"

"When giving a formal presentation, what are some key points you usually '论及' (discuss/mention)?"

"Can you think of a situation where using '论及' would be more appropriate than '讨论'?"

"How does the concept of '论及' relate to the way formal arguments are presented in Chinese culture?"

Journal Prompts

Write a short paragraph about a recent lecture you attended, using '论及' to describe the main topics covered.

Imagine you are writing a formal report. Choose a topic and write a sentence using '论及' to introduce a specific aspect of that topic.

Reflect on a time you encountered the word '论及' in a text. What was the context, and how did it help you understand the meaning?

Compare and contrast '论及' with '讨论' and '提及.' Provide example sentences for each.

Describe a scenario where using '论及' would be necessary to convey the correct level of formality and focus.

Frequently Asked Questions

10 questions

Yes, 论及 is generally considered a formal verb. It's most commonly used in academic writing, official reports, formal speeches, and literary contexts. Using it in casual conversation might sound unnatural or overly academic.

The main difference lies in formality and scope. 论及 is more formal and implies discussing or mentioning a specific topic, often in a structured or academic way. 讨论 is a more general term for 'to discuss' and can be used in both formal and informal situations, often implying an exchange of ideas.

Generally, no. While it means 'to touch upon,' it implies a more substantial mention or discussion than a quick, passing reference. For brief mentions, 提及 (tíjí) is usually more appropriate.

论及 often combines with abstract nouns or concepts that are subjects of formal discussion. Examples include: '影响' (impact), '原因' (reasons), '挑战' (challenges), '解决方案' (solutions), '重要性' (importance), '历史' (history), '理论' (theory), '政策' (policy), '伦理问题' (ethical issues), etc.

The pronunciation is 'lùn jí.' 'Lùn' has a falling tone (starts high, ends low), and 'jí' has a rising tone (starts low, ends high). It's important to get the tones correct in Mandarin Chinese.

论及 refers to the act of discussing or mentioning a topic. 涉及 means 'to involve' or 'to relate to,' indicating that a topic is part of something larger or has connections. You might use 论及 when you want to say 'the report discussed X,' whereas you'd use 涉及 to say 'the report relates to X' or 'X is involved in this issue.'

Yes, you can form negative sentences using negation words like '不' (bù) or '没有' (méiyǒu). For example, '他没有论及这个问题' (He did not discuss this issue) or '这个问题不论及到...' (This issue does not touch upon...).

It is used in spoken Chinese, but primarily in formal settings like lectures, academic presentations, or serious discussions. In everyday casual conversations, simpler verbs like 讨论 or 谈论 are much more common.

Common collocations include: 论及...的重要性 (discuss the importance of...), 论及...的原因 (discuss the reasons for...), 论及...的影响 (discuss the impact of...), and 论及...的挑战 (discuss the challenges of...).

Try writing sentences about formal topics like academic subjects, policy changes, or historical events. Also, listen to formal Chinese media and lectures to observe how native speakers use the word.

Sign up free for tips & notes

Test Yourself 10 questions

/ 10 correct

Perfect score!

Sign up free to practice

Related Content

Was this helpful?

Comments (0)

Login to Comment
No comments yet. Be the first to share your thoughts!