B2 Advanced Verbs 7 min read Hard

Hindi Passive Voice: Using 'to go' (जाना)

Switch focus from the 'doer' to the 'action' by combining a past-form verb with a conjugated जाना (to go).

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use the passive voice when the action matters more than the person doing it by adding 'जाना' to the verb root.

  • Take the past participle of the main verb: 'किया' (done).
  • Add the appropriate form of 'जाना' (to go): 'किया जाता है' (is done).
  • Ensure the verb agrees with the object, not the subject.
Object + Past Participle + जाना (conjugated) + है/था/होगा

Overview

The Hindi passive voice, particularly its formation using the auxiliary verb जाना (jaana), fundamentally shifts the focus of a sentence. While जाना primarily means 'to go,' in passive constructions, it loses its literal sense of movement and functions as a grammatical marker. This linguistic mechanism allows speakers to emphasize the action or its recipient rather than the agent performing it.

Understanding this distinction is crucial for both comprehension and accurate expression at the B2 level.

The passive voice serves several key functions in Hindi. Firstly, it provides a means to express actions when the agent is either unknown, unimportant, or deliberately omitted. Secondly, it lends a degree of formality or impersonality to a statement, common in news reports, official documents, and formal discourse.

Most uniquely for Hindi, the passive voice with जाना is extensively used to convey inability or a lack of capacity to perform an action, often with a subtle implication of resignation or circumstance. Mastering this usage unlocks a more nuanced and idiomatic command of the language.

How This Grammar Works

In an active Hindi sentence, the subject directly performs the action, and the verb agrees with this subject. For example, मैंने किताब पढ़ी (Maine kitaab paṛhī - "I read the book"). Here, मैं (main - I) is the subject, and पढ़ी (paṛhī) agrees with the feminine किताब (kitaab - book) due to the ने construction, but the primary agent is मैं.
In contrast, the passive voice shifts the grammatical spotlight entirely. The object of the active sentence becomes the grammatical subject of the passive sentence.
Consequently, the verb in the passive construction must now agree in gender and number with this newly promoted subject. Consider the active sentence राहुल ने चाय पी (Raahul ne chaay pī - "Rahul drank tea"). In the passive equivalent, चाय (chaay - tea), which was the object, becomes the subject.
The sentence transforms into चाय पी गई (chaay pī gaī - "Tea was drunk"). Here, गई (gaī) agrees with the feminine singular चाय. The original agent, राहुल (Raahul), can either be omitted or introduced using the postposition से (se - by).
So, राहुल से चाय पी गई (Raahul se chaay pī gaī - "Tea was drunk by Rahul") maintains the agent but subordinates its role. This transformation allows for a focus on the state or action affecting the tea rather than Rahul's act of drinking. The verbal structure itself signals this shift, making the object the grammatical pivot of the sentence.

Formation Pattern

1
Identify the main verb and derive its perfective participle: The perfective participle is the past stem of the verb, typically ending in -आ (-aa) for masculine singular, -ई (-ī) for feminine singular, and -ए (-e) for masculine plural. For example:
2
करना (karnaa - to do) → किया (kiyaa - done, masc. sg.), की (kī - done, fem. sg.), किए (kie - done, masc. pl.)
3
लिखना (likhnaa - to write) → लिखा (likhaa - written, masc. sg.), लिखी (likhī - written, fem. sg.), लिखे (likhe - written, masc. pl.)
4
This participle, while inflecting for gender/number to agree with the object of the active sentence (which becomes the subject of the passive), acts as the primary action descriptor. It is the fixed part of the passive verb phrase before जाना.
5
Append the auxiliary verb जाना: This जाना directly follows the perfective participle. It is crucial to remember that जाना here does not retain its meaning of 'to go.' It solely functions as a passive marker.
6
Conjugate जाना for tense, aspect, and agreement: The auxiliary जाना is then conjugated according to the desired tense (present, past, future, continuous, etc.) and, critically, must agree in gender and number with the new grammatical subject of the passive sentence (the original object). This agreement is paramount for grammatical correctness.
7
Examples:
8
Simple Present Passive: (Object) + Perfective Participle + जाता/जाती/जाते है/हैं
9
यह काम किया जाता है। (Yah kaam kiyaa jaataa hai. - "This work is done.") (काम is masculine singular, so किया जाता है.)
10
Simple Past Passive: (Object) + Perfective Participle + गया/गई/गए/गईं
11
पत्र लिखा गया। (Patra likhaa gayaa. - "The letter was written.") (पत्र is masculine singular, so लिखा गया.)
12
Simple Future Passive: (Object) + Perfective Participle + जाएगा/जाएगी/जाएँगे/जाएँगी
13
फैसला किया जाएगा। (Faislaa kiyaa jaayegaa. - "The decision will be made.") (फैसला is masculine singular, so किया जाएगा.)
14
Present Continuous Passive: (Object) + Perfective Participle + जा रहा/रही/रहे है/हैं
15
खाना बनाया जा रहा है। (Khaanaa banaayaa jaa rahaa hai. - "Food is being made.") (खाना is masculine singular, so बनाया जा रहा है.)
16
It is important to note the dual agreement: the perfective participle (e.g., किया, की, किए) agrees with the gender and number of the object, and the conjugated जाना also agrees with the object. This consistent agreement reinforces the passive nature of the construction. For instance, एक रिपोर्ट लिखी गई (ek riporṭ likhī gaī - "A report was written") uses लिखी (feminine singular) agreeing with रिपोर्ट (riporṭ - report) and गई (feminine singular) also agreeing with रिपोर्ट.

Conjugation Table

Tense / Aspect Masculine Singular (e.g., काम किया...) Feminine Singular (e.g., किताब लिखी...) Masculine Plural (e.g., काम किए...) Feminine Plural (e.g., किताबें लिखीं...) Example (Masculine Singular) Meaning (Example)
:-------------------------- :--------------------------------------------- :----------------------------------------------- :--------------------------------------------- :----------------------------------------------- :--------------------------------------------------------- :------------------------------------------
Simple Present ...जाता है (jaataa hai) ...जाती है (jaatī hai) ...जाते हैं (jaate hain) ...जाती हैं (jaatī hain) काम किया जाता है। (Kaam kiyaa jaataa hai.) Work is done.
Present Continuous ...जा रहा है (jaa rahaa hai) ...जा रही है (jaa rahī hai) ...जा रहे हैं (jaa rahe hain) ...जा रही हैं (jaa rahī hain) काम किया जा रहा है। (Kaam kiyaa jaa rahaa hai.) Work is being done.
Present Perfect ...किया गया है (kiyaa gayaa hai) ...की गई है (kī gaī hai) ...किए गए हैं (kie gae hain) ...की गई हैं (kī gaī hain) काम किया गया है। (Kaam kiyaa gayaa hai.) Work has been done.
Simple Past ...गया (gayaa) ...गई (gaī) ...गए (gae) ...गईं (gaīn) काम किया गया। (Kaam kiyaa gayaa.) Work was done.
Past Continuous ...जा रहा था (jaa rahaa thaa) ...जा रही थी (jaa rahī thī) ...जा रहे थे (jaa rahe the) ...जा रही थीं (jaa rahī thīn) काम किया जा रहा था। (Kaam kiyaa jaa rahaa thaa.) Work was being done.
Past Perfect ...किया गया था (kiyaa gayaa thaa) ...की गई थी (kī gaī thī) ...किए गए थे (kie gae the) ...की गई थीं (kī gaī thīn) काम किया गया था। (Kaam kiyaa gayaa thaa.) Work had been done.
Simple Future ...जाएगा (jaayegaa) ...जाएगी (jaayegī) ...जाएँगे (jaayenge) ...जाएँगी (jaayengī) काम किया जाएगा। (Kaam kiyaa jaayegaa.) Work will be done.
Future Perfect (Rare) ...किया गया होगा (kiyaa gayaa hogaa) ...की गई होगी (kī gaī hogī) ...किए गए होंगे (kie gae honge) ...की गई होंगी (kī gaī hongī) काम किया गया होगा। (Kaam kiyaa gayaa hogaa.) Work will have been done.
Subjunctive/Conditional ...जाए (jaae) / ...जाया करे (jaayaa kare) ...जाए (jaae) / ...जाया करे (jaayaa kare) ...जाएँ (jaaen) / ...जाया करें (jaayaa karen) ...जाएँ (jaaen) / ...जाया करें (jaayaa karen) काम किया जाए। (Kaam kiyaa jaae.) Let work be done. / Work should be done.

When To Use It

The Hindi passive voice using जाना extends beyond mere grammatical transformation; it serves specific communicative purposes, allowing speakers to convey nuance regarding agency, formality, and even personal capability. Recognizing these contexts is essential for appropriate and natural usage.
  1. 1When the Agent is Unknown, Unimportant, or Obvious:
The most common application of the passive voice is to de-emphasize or completely omit the agent of an action. This is useful when the identity of the performer is irrelevant, unknown, or easily inferred from the context. The focus shifts entirely to the action itself or its outcome.
  • सड़क बनाई जा रही है। (Saṛak banaaī jaa rahī hai. - "The road is being built.") – The specific builders are not the point; the road construction is emphasized.
  • यह नियम तोड़ा गया है। (Yah niyam toṛaa gayaa hai. - "This rule has been broken.") – Who broke it might be unknown or less important than the fact that it was broken.
  • उसे अस्पताल ले जाया गया। (Use aspataal le jaayaa gayaa. - "He was taken to the hospital.") – The agents who took him are unimportant; the event of being taken is highlighted.
  1. 1For Formality, Impersonality, or Objectivity:
In formal writing, news reports, official announcements, and academic discourse, the passive voice lends an objective and impersonal tone. It removes personal responsibility or attribution, presenting facts or actions as universal truths or established occurrences. This makes statements sound more authoritative and less subjective.
  • सूचना जारी कर दी गई है। (Sūchnaa jaarī kar dī gaī hai. - "The information has been released.") – This sounds more official than

Passive Voice Conjugation (Verb: करना - to do)

Tense Masculine Singular Feminine Singular Masculine Plural Feminine Plural
Present
किया जाता है
की जाती है
किए जाते हैं
की जाती हैं
Past
किया गया
की गई
किए गए
की गईं
Future
किया जाएगा
की जाएगी
किए जाएंगे
की जाएंगी
Continuous
किया जा रहा है
की जा रही है
किए जा रहे हैं
की जा रही हैं
Perfect
किया गया है
की गई है
किए गए हैं
की गई हैं
Subjunctive
किया जाए
की जाए
किए जाएं
की जाएं

Meanings

The passive voice in Hindi is used to shift focus from the agent (doer) to the object or the action itself. It is frequently used in formal, legal, or news contexts.

1

Standard Passive

Focusing on the action performed on an object.

“पत्र लिखा गया।”

“खाना खाया गया।”

2

Impersonal Passive

Used when the agent is unknown or irrelevant.

“यहाँ हिंदी बोली जाती है।”

“कल यहाँ बहुत शोर किया गया।”

Reference Table

Reference table for Hindi Passive Voice: Using 'to go' (जाना)
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
Object + Past Participle + जाना
काम किया गया
Negative
Object + नहीं + Past Participle + जाना
काम नहीं किया गया
Interrogative
क्या + Object + Past Participle + जाना
क्या काम किया गया?
Future
Object + Past Participle + जाएगा
काम किया जाएगा
Continuous
Object + Past Participle + जा रहा है
काम किया जा रहा है
Modal
Object + Past Participle + जाना चाहिए
काम किया जाना चाहिए

Formality Spectrum

Formal
कार्य पूर्ण किया गया।

कार्य पूर्ण किया गया। (Workplace)

Neutral
काम पूरा किया गया।

काम पूरा किया गया। (Workplace)

Informal
काम हो गया।

काम हो गया। (Workplace)

Slang
काम निपट गया।

काम निपट गया। (Workplace)

Passive Voice Components

Passive Voice

Components

  • Object Receiver
  • Past Participle Action
  • जाना Auxiliary

Examples by Level

1

काम किया जाता है।

The work is done.

2

खाना खाया गया।

The food was eaten.

3

पानी पिया जाता है।

Water is drunk.

4

किताब पढ़ी गई।

The book was read.

1

पत्र नहीं लिखा गया।

The letter was not written.

2

क्या काम पूरा किया गया?

Was the work completed?

3

यहाँ हिंदी बोली जाती है।

Hindi is spoken here.

4

कल मैच खेला जाएगा।

The match will be played tomorrow.

1

यह निर्णय कल लिया गया था।

This decision was taken yesterday.

2

सड़क की मरम्मत की जा रही है।

The road is being repaired.

3

सभी को सूचित किया गया।

Everyone was informed.

4

क्या यह फिल्म देखी गई है?

Has this movie been watched?

1

कानून को संसद में पारित किया गया।

The law was passed in parliament.

2

इस समस्या पर विचार किया जाना चाहिए।

This problem should be considered.

3

उन्हें पुरस्कार से सम्मानित किया गया।

He was honored with an award.

4

क्या इस बारे में पहले चर्चा की गई थी?

Was this discussed before?

1

अतीत की गलतियों को सुधारा जाना आवश्यक है।

It is necessary that past mistakes be corrected.

2

यह निष्कर्ष साक्ष्यों के आधार पर निकाला गया है।

This conclusion has been drawn based on evidence.

3

परियोजना को समय पर पूरा किया जाना सुनिश्चित किया गया।

It was ensured that the project be completed on time.

4

इस सिद्धांत को व्यापक रूप से स्वीकार किया जाता है।

This theory is widely accepted.

1

साहित्यिक कृतियों का विश्लेषण करते समय तटस्थता बनाए रखी जानी चाहिए।

Neutrality should be maintained when analyzing literary works.

2

ऐतिहासिक संदर्भों में इन घटनाओं को अलग दृष्टि से देखा गया।

These events were viewed from a different perspective in historical contexts.

3

प्रशासनिक आदेशों का कड़ाई से पालन किया जाना अनिवार्य है।

Strict adherence to administrative orders is mandatory.

4

इस विमर्श को एक नई दिशा दी गई है।

This discourse has been given a new direction.

Easily Confused

Hindi Passive Voice: Using 'to go' (जाना) vs Active vs Passive

Learners often use the active voice when the passive is more appropriate for formal contexts.

Hindi Passive Voice: Using 'to go' (जाना) vs Passive vs Causative

Causative implies making someone do something, while passive implies the action happens to the object.

Hindi Passive Voice: Using 'to go' (जाना) vs Passive vs Stative

Stative describes a state, passive describes an action.

Common Mistakes

मैं काम किया जाता हूँ।

काम किया जाता है।

Passive voice doesn't use the subject in the same way.

पत्र लिखा है।

पत्र लिखा गया है।

Missing the passive auxiliary.

खाना खाया जाता है।

खाना खाया गया।

Wrong tense usage.

किताबें पढ़ा गया।

किताबें पढ़ी गईं।

Gender/number agreement error.

काम ने किया गया।

काम किया गया।

Don't use 'ने' in passive.

पत्र लिखी गई।

पत्र लिखा गया।

Gender agreement error.

मैच खेला जाएगा।

मैच खेला जाएगा।

Correct, but ensure agreement.

उसे काम किया गया।

काम किया गया।

Agent is not the subject.

यह काम करना चाहिए।

यह काम किया जाना चाहिए।

Missing passive marker.

बातें कही गई।

बातें कही गईं।

Number agreement error.

यह निर्णय लिया गया है।

यह निर्णय लिया गया है।

Correct, but watch for complex clauses.

प्रक्रिया को पूरा किया गया।

प्रक्रिया पूरी की गई।

Agreement with feminine noun.

उनको सूचित किया गया।

उन्हें सूचित किया गया।

Case marker error.

Sentence Patterns

___ (object) ___ (verb) गया है।

क्या ___ (object) ___ (verb) गया?

___ (object) ___ (verb) जाना चाहिए।

___ (object) ___ (verb) जा रहा है।

Real World Usage

News Report constant

कानून पारित किया गया।

Academic Paper very common

निष्कर्ष निकाला गया।

Business Email common

ईमेल भेजा गया है।

Public Notice common

यहाँ कचरा फेंकना मना है।

Social Media occasional

फोटो पोस्ट की गई।

Food Delivery App common

ऑर्डर तैयार किया जा रहा है।

💡

Focus on the Object

Always check the gender and number of the object before choosing the verb form.
⚠️

No 'ने'

Never use the 'ने' marker in the passive voice.
🎯

Use for Formality

Use the passive voice to sound more professional in business emails.
💬

Avoid Overuse

Don't use it in casual conversation; it sounds like you are reading a report.

Smart Tips

Use the passive voice to maintain objectivity.

मैंने यह रिपोर्ट लिखी। यह रिपोर्ट लिखी गई।

Use the passive voice to focus on the event.

किसी ने खिड़की तोड़ी। खिड़की तोड़ी गई।

Use the passive voice to list steps.

आप पहले बटन दबाएं। बटन दबाया जाता है।

Use the passive to avoid blaming someone.

आपने गलती की। गलती की गई।

Pronunciation

/dʒɑːnɑː/

Jana

The 'j' is soft, like in 'jam'. The 'a' sounds are short.

Statement

काम किया गया। ↘

Falling intonation for declarative sentences.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Think of 'जाना' as the 'Go-Between' that carries the action to the object.

Visual Association

Imagine a letter (object) floating in the air, and a 'जाना' (go) arrow pointing to it, showing the action is happening to the letter.

Rhyme

When the doer is out of sight, use 'जाना' to make it right.

Story

The king (subject) is busy, so the servants (passive) do the work. The work (object) is finished (participle) by the servants (जाना).

Word Web

कियागयाजाताजाएगीजाएंगेजाना

Challenge

Write 5 sentences about your daily routine using the passive voice.

Cultural Notes

Passive voice is preferred in official documents to maintain neutrality.

The passive construction in Hindi evolved from Sanskrit roots, utilizing 'जाना' as a helper verb.

Conversation Starters

क्या कल काम पूरा किया गया?

क्या यह फिल्म देखी गई है?

क्या यहाँ हिंदी पढ़ाई जाती है?

क्या इस बारे में चर्चा की गई?

Journal Prompts

Describe a process you completed at work using the passive voice.
Write a short news report about a local event.
Explain how a dish is prepared.
Discuss a historical event using the passive voice.

Common Mistakes

Incorrect

Correct


Incorrect

Correct


Incorrect

Correct


Incorrect

Correct

Test Yourself

Fill in the blank with the correct form of 'जाना'.

पत्र लिखा ___ गया।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: गया
Past tense requires 'गया'.
Choose the correct sentence. Multiple Choice

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: काम किया जाता है।
Correct gender/number agreement.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

पत्र लिखी गई।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: पत्र लिखा गया।
Gender agreement.
Change to passive. Sentence Transformation

मैंने काम किया।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: काम किया गया।
Past tense transformation.
Match the tense. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: All of the above
All are correct.
Conjugate for feminine plural. Conjugation Drill

किताबें (पढ़ना) ___ गईं।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: पढ़ी
Feminine plural agreement.
Build a passive sentence. Sentence Building

पत्र / लिखा / गया

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: पत्र लिखा गया।
Correct word order.
Is this rule true? True False Rule

Passive voice uses 'ने'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
Passive voice never uses 'ने'.

Score: /8

Practice Exercises

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with the correct form of 'जाना'.

पत्र लिखा ___ गया।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: गया
Past tense requires 'गया'.
Choose the correct sentence. Multiple Choice

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: काम किया जाता है।
Correct gender/number agreement.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

पत्र लिखी गई।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: पत्र लिखा गया।
Gender agreement.
Change to passive. Sentence Transformation

मैंने काम किया।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: काम किया गया।
Past tense transformation.
Match the tense. Match Pairs

Match the passive form.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: All of the above
All are correct.
Conjugate for feminine plural. Conjugation Drill

किताबें (पढ़ना) ___ गईं।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: पढ़ी
Feminine plural agreement.
Build a passive sentence. Sentence Building

पत्र / लिखा / गया

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: पत्र लिखा गया।
Correct word order.
Is this rule true? True False Rule

Passive voice uses 'ने'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
Passive voice never uses 'ने'.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
Translate into Hindi using passive voice. Translation

The fruits were sold.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: फल बेचे गए।
Reorder to make a passive sentence. Sentence Reorder

जाएगा / काम / कल / किया

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: कल काम किया जाएगा
Complete the continuous passive. Fill in the Blank

मैच टीवी पर ___ जा रहा है।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: देखा
Match the active sentence with its passive equivalent. Match Pairs

Match the pairs:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: मैंने पत्र लिखा : पत्र लिखा गया
Select the correct future passive. Multiple Choice

The results will be declared soon.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: रिजल्ट जल्द घोषित किए जाएँगे।
Fix the auxiliary verb. Error Correction

खाना खाया हुआ। (The food was eaten.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: खाना खाया गया।
Express inability. Fill in the Blank

उससे झूठ ___ नहीं गया।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: बोला
Which is more formal/official? Multiple Choice

An announcement on a train:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: सूचित किया जाता है कि गाड़ी देरी से है।
Translate to English. Translation

मुझसे यह भारी बैग उठाया नहीं जाता।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I am unable to lift this heavy bag.
Form a question. Sentence Reorder

क्या / है / की / जा / पढ़ाई / रही / ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: क्या पढ़ाई की जा रही है?

Score: /10

FAQ (8)

It's possible, but it sounds formal. Use it sparingly.

It must agree with the object in gender and number.

Yes, it is the standard auxiliary for passive voice.

You can use an impersonal passive construction.

No, 'ने' is for active transitive verbs in the past.

Add 'नहीं' before the past participle.

Similar in function, but different in structure.

Avoid it when you want to be direct and personal.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish high

Se + verb

Spanish uses a pronoun, Hindi uses a verb auxiliary.

French high

Être + participe passé

French uses 'to be', Hindi uses 'to go'.

German high

Werden + Partizip II

German uses 'become', Hindi uses 'go'.

Japanese moderate

Verb-reru/rareru

Japanese is agglutinative, Hindi is analytical.

Arabic low

Internal vowel change

Arabic is morphological, Hindi is syntactic.

Chinese partial

Bei construction

Chinese uses a particle, Hindi uses a verb.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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