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A2 noun 9 min read

愁苦

chou2 ku3
Examples Notes & Tips 愁苦 in 30 Seconds
Explanation 愁苦 in your Level:
At the A1 level, you can think of '愁苦' (chóukǔ) as a very strong way to say someone is 'very, very sad.' While you won't use this word often in basic greetings, you might see it in simple stories. It combines 'worry' (愁) and 'bitter' (苦). Imagine a person who has many problems and no one to help them; that person feels '愁苦.' It's not just a small sadness like losing a toy; it's a big sadness that stays for a long time. You can use it to describe a face that looks very unhappy. For example, '他的脸很愁苦' (His face is very sorrowful). At this level, just remember it means 'deep sadness and worry.'
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At the A2 level, you should start to distinguish '愁苦' (chóukǔ) from basic words like '难过' (nánguò). '愁苦' is more formal and describes a deeper state of distress. It is often used to describe how someone looks or their general life situation. If someone is poor and has no job, their life is '愁苦.' If an old person is lonely and worried about the future, they feel '愁苦.' You will often see it used with '的' to describe a face (愁苦的面容) or a mood (愁苦的心情). It's a useful word for adding more emotion to your descriptions of people in stories or when talking about serious topics.
For B1 learners, '愁苦' (chóukǔ) becomes a key vocabulary item for describing complex emotional states in literature and news. You should understand that it implies a mix of internal anxiety (愁) and external hardship (苦). It is frequently used in the context of 'bitterness' in life. You might encounter it in discussions about social issues or in modern Chinese novels. Grammatically, it functions as a stative verb (adjective) or a noun. You should be able to use it in sentences like '由于生活压力大，他整天愁苦不堪' (Due to high life pressure, he is extremely sorrowful all day). It conveys a sense of being burdened by life's difficulties.
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At the B2 level, you should appreciate the literary nuance of '愁苦' (chóukǔ). It is a word that carries significant weight in Chinese culture, often associated with the 'suffering' of the common people throughout history. You should be able to distinguish it from synonyms like '忧愁' (yōuchóu - more about worry) and '痛苦' (tòngkǔ - more about intense pain). '愁苦' is more of a chronic, weary state. It is often used to set a somber tone in writing. You should also recognize its use in idioms or fixed expressions, and understand that it is less likely to be used in casual, upbeat conversations. It is a word for empathy and deep reflection on human hardship.
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For C1 students, '愁苦' (chóukǔ) is a tool for nuanced character analysis and sophisticated social commentary. You should explore how the word is used to describe the existential dread or the deep-seated melancholy found in the works of authors like Lu Xun. It can represent a philosophical state of being—the recognition of the inherent suffering in life. At this level, you should be comfortable using it in formal essays to describe the psychological impact of historical events or systemic poverty. You should also be aware of its phonetic qualities and how it contributes to the rhythm and mood of a sentence in high-level prose or poetry.
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At the C2 level, '愁苦' (chóukǔ) is understood in its full historical and cultural context. You can analyze its roots in classical Chinese literature and its evolution into modern usage. You might compare how '愁苦' is depicted in different eras of Chinese art and literature—from the Tang dynasty poets to modern cinema. You should be able to use the word with precision, perhaps even ironically or in highly specific metaphorical contexts. It is no longer just a vocabulary word; it is a conceptual lens through which to view the darker, more resilient aspects of the human experience in the Chinese-speaking world. You should also be able to discuss the etymological components in depth.
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Examples Notes & Tips

愁苦 in 30 Seconds

  • 愁苦 (chóukǔ) means deep sorrow and suffering, combining mental worry with the bitterness of hardship.
  • It is a formal word often used to describe facial expressions (愁苦的面容) or a miserable life.
  • Unlike common sadness, it implies a long-term, heavy burden that is difficult to escape.
  • You will find it frequently in literature, news reports on disasters, and emotional dramas.

The Chinese term 愁苦 (chóukǔ) is a profound and evocative expression that encapsulates a specific dimension of human suffering. At its core, it is a compound word formed by two distinct characters: 愁 (chóu), meaning worry, anxiety, or sorrow, and 苦 (kǔ), meaning bitter, hardship, or pain. When combined, they create a concept that goes beyond mere sadness; it describes a state of being where one is weighed down by both mental anxiety and physical or circumstantial hardship. It is a 'bitter sorrow' that permeates one's entire existence, often visible in one's facial expression or general demeanor.

Emotional Depth
Unlike '难过' (nánguò), which might describe a temporary feeling of being upset, 愁苦 suggests a more enduring and pervasive state. It implies that the person is not just sad about a single event, but is burdened by a complex web of worries and difficulties that have become a chronic part of their life.
Visual Manifestation
In Chinese literature and daily conversation, 愁苦 is frequently used to describe a person's face (面容). A '愁苦的面容' (a face of sorrow and suffering) suggests deep-set wrinkles, a furrowed brow, and a lack of vitality, indicating that the person's internal struggles are etched onto their physical being.
Literary Context
Historically, this word is deeply rooted in the Chinese poetic tradition, where poets often lamented the hardships of war, poverty, and displacement. It carries a weight of historical trauma and the collective experience of survival against the odds.

看着他那副愁苦的样子，我心里也觉得很难受。 (Looking at his sorrowful and suffering appearance, I also felt very bad in my heart.)

You will encounter this word most often in written Chinese, such as in novels, essays, and news reports discussing humanitarian crises or personal tragedies. In spoken Chinese, it is used when the speaker wants to emphasize the severity and longevity of someone's distress. It is not a word used lightly for minor inconveniences; it is reserved for situations where the 'bitterness' of life is truly felt.

饱经风霜的老人脸上写满了愁苦。 (The face of the elderly man, who had been through many hardships, was written with sorrow and suffering.)

Furthermore, 愁苦 often implies a sense of helplessness. While '愤怒' (fènnù - anger) might lead to action, 愁苦 often describes a state where the individual is stuck in their suffering, unable to find a way out. This makes it a particularly poignant word in character descriptions, helping to build empathy in the reader or listener.

Societal Usage
In modern social commentary, the word might be used to describe the collective anxiety of a generation facing economic hardship. It bridges the gap between individual emotion and societal condition.

他的生活充满了愁苦，几乎看不到一点希望。 (His life was full of sorrow and suffering, and he could hardly see a glimmer of hope.)

Using 愁苦 correctly requires understanding its grammatical versatility as both a noun and an adjective (stative verb). While often functioning as a noun representing 'the state of sorrow,' it is frequently used to describe nouns or as a predicate to describe a person's state.

As an Adjective (Stative Verb)
When used as an adjective, it is often preceded by degree adverbs like '很' (hěn - very), '非常' (fēicháng - extremely), or '十分' (shífēn - fully). For example: '他看起来很愁苦' (He looks very sorrowful).
As an Attributive (Modifying a Noun)
It commonly modifies nouns related to expression or life. The structure is usually '愁苦的 + [Noun]'. Common pairings include 愁苦的面容 (sorrowful face), 愁苦的心情 (sorrowful mood), and 愁苦的生活 (a life of suffering).

那种愁苦的情绪在空气中蔓延开来。 (That kind of sorrowful emotion spread through the air.)

When using it in a sentence, consider the 'weight' of the situation. It is inappropriate for trivial matters. For instance, you wouldn't say someone is '愁苦' because they lost their pen. You would use it when someone is facing a major life crisis, chronic illness, or deep existential dread.

失业后的他，整天眉头紧锁，显得万分愁苦。 (After losing his job, he had his brows furrowed all day, appearing extremely sorrowful.)

In more formal or literary writing, '愁苦' can be used to describe the atmosphere of a place or a period in history. '那段愁苦的岁月' (those years of sorrow and suffering) is a common phrase used to describe times of war or famine. This usage elevates the personal emotion to a collective historical experience.

Contrast with Similar Words
While '痛苦' (tòngkǔ) emphasizes pain, '愁苦' emphasizes the mental burden (愁) alongside the pain (苦). Using '愁苦' adds a layer of anxiety and deep worry that '痛苦' might lack.

诗人笔下的秋天总是带着一丝愁苦。 (The autumn in the poet's writing always carries a hint of sorrow.)

While 愁苦 is not the most common word in casual street slang, it is a staple of 'Standard Chinese' and appears frequently in various high-impact contexts. Understanding where you'll hear it will help you grasp its emotional weight.

News and Documentaries
When reporting on natural disasters, poverty-stricken areas, or the lives of refugees, news anchors often use '愁苦' to describe the victims' states. It conveys a sense of gravity and sympathy that standard 'sadness' words cannot achieve.
Classic and Modern Literature
If you are reading novels by authors like Lu Xun or Yu Hua, you will see '愁苦' used to describe the internal lives of characters struggling against societal oppression or personal misfortune. It is a key word for understanding the psychological depth of Chinese literature.

电影中，那个失去孩子的母亲满脸愁苦。 (In the movie, the mother who lost her child had a face full of sorrow and suffering.)

In television dramas (especially period dramas or 'CDramas'), characters often use '愁苦' when pouring their hearts out to a confidant. A character might say, '我心中愁苦，无人能解' (My heart is full of sorrow and suffering, and no one can understand it). This adds a poetic and dramatic flair to their dialogue.

这首歌唱出了普通人生活中的愁苦与无奈。 (This song sings of the sorrow, suffering, and helplessness in the lives of ordinary people.)

Furthermore, in psychological or counseling contexts, a therapist might use '愁苦' to validate a patient's long-term emotional struggle. It acknowledges that the patient's feeling is not just a 'bad mood' but a significant state of distress. In religious or philosophical discussions, particularly those influenced by Buddhism, '愁苦' is used to describe the inherent suffering of the human condition (the 'sea of suffering' or 苦海).

Visual Media
In photojournalism, a caption might use '愁苦' to describe the expression of a person in a war-torn region, guiding the viewer's emotional response to the image.

面对连年的干旱，农民们个个面带愁苦。 (Facing years of continuous drought, the farmers all had sorrowful faces.)

While 愁苦 is a powerful word, it is easy for learners to misuse it by applying it to the wrong situations or confusing it with similar-sounding terms. Here are the most common pitfalls to avoid.

Mistake 1: Over-dramatization
The most common mistake is using '愁苦' for minor issues. If you say '我今天很愁苦' (I am very sorrowful today) because you missed the bus, it sounds extremely dramatic or even sarcastic to a native speaker. Use '难过' (nánguò) or '不开心' (bù kāixīn) for everyday sadness.
Mistake 2: Confusing with '痛苦' (tòngkǔ)
While they both involve suffering, '痛苦' is more general and often refers to physical pain or intense, sharp emotional pain. '愁苦' is specifically 'bitter sorrow'—it involves a lot of '愁' (worry/anxiety). You can have '痛苦' from a broken leg, but you wouldn't usually have '愁苦' from it unless the leg injury causes you to worry about your future livelihood.

Incorrect: 因为考试没考好，他表现得很愁苦。 (Too dramatic for a test score.)
Correct: 因为考试没考好，他很难过。

Another mistake is the word order or grammatical structure. Remember that '愁苦' is a state. You don't '愁苦' a person. You can't say '他愁苦我' (He sorrows me). You must say '他让我感到愁苦' (He makes me feel sorrowful) or '他的行为让我愁苦' (His behavior makes me sorrowful - though this is less common than describing the person's own state).

Incorrect: 他脸上带着一种苦愁。 (Wrong character order.)
Correct: 他脸上带着一种愁苦。

Finally, learners often forget that '愁苦' is quite formal. In a very casual text message to a friend, it might feel out of place. It's better suited for storytelling, describing a third person's deep plight, or in formal writing. Using it in the wrong register can make you sound like a character from a 19th-century novel.

Register Awareness
Avoid using '愁苦' in slang-heavy environments. It is a 'heavy' word that demands a certain level of seriousness in the surrounding language.

To truly master 愁苦, you must understand its place within the vast Chinese vocabulary for sadness and suffering. Here is a comparison with its closest relatives.

忧愁 (yōuchóu)
Focuses almost entirely on 'worry' and 'anxiety.' It is an internal mental state. You might be '忧愁' about an upcoming exam. '愁苦' is deeper, including the 'bitterness' of the actual suffering.
痛苦 (tòngkǔ)
Means 'pain' or 'suffering.' It is more intense and can be physical. '愁苦' is more of a long-term, weary state of being. '痛苦' is like a sharp knife; '愁苦' is like a heavy, cold fog.
凄凉 (qīliáng)
Means 'desolate' or 'miserable,' often describing a scene or a person's lonely circumstances. While '愁苦' is about the feeling, '凄凉' often describes the environment that causes the feeling.

比较：
1. 他很忧愁 (He is worried).
2. 他很痛苦 (He is in pain).
3. 他很愁苦 (He is burdened by bitter sorrow).

If you want to sound more modern or casual, you might use '郁闷' (yùmèn - depressed/gloomy) or '心烦' (xīnfán - annoyed/troubled). These words carry less historical and literary 'weight' than '愁苦'. If you are writing a poem or a formal essay, however, '愁苦' is the superior choice for describing deep, life-altering distress.

他的歌声中透着一种难以言说的愁苦。 (There is an unspeakable sorrow and suffering in his singing.)

In summary, choose '愁苦' when you want to emphasize the combination of mental anxiety and the bitterness of life's hardships. It is a word that paints a picture of a soul weighed down by the world.

Summary of Alternatives
- Casual: 难过, 不开心
- Mental only: 忧愁, 焦虑
- Intense/Physical: 痛苦, 剧痛
- Environmental: 凄苦, 凄凉

Fun Fact

In ancient Chinese medicine, 'bitterness' (苦) is associated with the heart. Therefore, '愁苦' is literally a 'bitter heart,' which aligns perfectly with its emotional meaning.

Pronunciation Guide

UK /tʃʰoʊ kuː/
US /tʃoʊ ku/
Equal stress on both syllables, but the tones must be distinct.
Rhymes With
愁 (chóu) rhymes with: 楼 (lóu), 猴 (hóu), 油 (yóu) 苦 (kǔ) rhymes with: 土 (tǔ), 虎 (hǔ), 补 (bǔ)
Common Errors
  • Pronouncing 'chou' as 'chow' (rhyming with cow). It should rhyme with 'go'.
  • Failing to dip low enough on the third tone 'ku'.
  • Mixing up the tones, making it sound like 'chǒu kù' (ugly pants).
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Examples by Level

1

他很愁苦。

He is very sorrowful.

Simple Subject + 很 + Adjective structure.

2

老爷爷的脸很愁苦。

The old grandfather's face is very sorrowful.

Describing a specific body part (face).

3

不要愁苦。

Don't be sorrowful.

Imperative sentence with '不要'.

4

他的心里很愁苦。

His heart is very sorrowful.

Using '心里' to denote internal state.

5

她为什么愁苦？

Why is she sorrowful?

Question with '为什么'.

6

生活不应该只有愁苦。

Life should not only have sorrow.

Noun usage of '愁苦'.

7

看到他愁苦，我也难过。

Seeing him sorrowful, I am also sad.

Conditional 'Seeing...'

8

她愁苦地坐着。

She is sitting sorrowfully.

Adverbial usage with '地'.

1

那个穷人脸上有愁苦的神情。

That poor person has a sorrowful expression on their face.

Using '神情' (expression).

2

他因为没有工作而感到愁苦。

He feels sorrowful because he has no job.

Cause and effect with '因为'.

3

愁苦的生活让他老了很多。

A life of sorrow and suffering has aged him a lot.

Subject as an adjective-noun phrase.

4

听了那个故事，大家都很愁苦。

After hearing that story, everyone was very sorrowful.

'听了...' (After hearing...)

5

他总是皱着眉，显得很愁苦。

He is always frowning, appearing very sorrowful.

Using '显得' (to appear/seem).

6

虽然他很穷，但他并不愁苦。

Although he is poor, he is not sorrowful.

Contrast with '虽然...但...'.

7

这种愁苦的情绪很难消失。

This kind of sorrowful emotion is hard to disappear.

Using '情绪' (emotion).

8

他用愁苦的目光看着我。

He looked at me with sorrowful eyes.

Using '目光' (gaze/look).

1

那部电影描写了战争带来的愁苦。

That movie depicted the sorrow and suffering brought by war.

Verb '描写' (depict) with '愁苦' as object.

2

长期生病让他变得非常愁苦。

Being sick for a long time made him very sorrowful.

'变得' (become) + adjective.

3

他满心愁苦，不知道该向谁诉说。

His heart is full of sorrow, and he doesn't know who to tell.

'满心' (full of heart).

4

愁苦的面容背后是一颗坚强的心。

Behind the sorrowful face is a strong heart.

Prepositional phrase '背后'.

5

这种愁苦是由于对未来的担忧。

This sorrow is due to worries about the future.

'由于' (due to).

6

他试图掩饰内心的愁苦，但失败了。

He tried to hide his inner sorrow but failed.

Verb '掩饰' (to hide/mask).

7

书中的主人公过着愁苦的日子。

The protagonist in the book lives a life of sorrow and suffering.

'过着...的日子' (living a ... life).

8

在这个愁苦的季节，我们需要希望。

In this sorrowful season, we need hope.

Metaphorical use with '季节'.

1

他的诗歌充满了对人生愁苦的感叹。

His poems are full of lamentations about the sorrow and suffering of life.

Noun phrase '对...的感叹'.

2

与其整天愁苦，不如积极面对困难。

Instead of being sorrowful all day, it's better to actively face difficulties.

'与其...不如...' (Instead of... it's better to...).

3

那张愁苦的脸深深地印在了我的脑海里。

That sorrowful face was deeply imprinted in my mind.

Passive-like structure with '印在'.

4

他那副愁苦的样子让人看了心碎。

His sorrowful appearance makes people's hearts break.

Causative '让人'.

5

这种愁苦并非个例，而是时代的缩影。

This sorrow is not an isolated case, but a microcosm of the era.

'并非...而是...' (Not... but...).

6

他把所有的愁苦都写进了日记里。

He wrote all his sorrow and suffering into his diary.

'把' construction.

7

面对灾难，人们脸上写满了愁苦。

Facing the disaster, people's faces were written with sorrow and suffering.

Idiomatic '写满了' (written full of).

8

他强颜欢笑，以此来掩盖那份愁苦。

He forced a smile to cover up that sorrow.

Four-character idiom '强颜欢笑'.

1

鲁迅的作品深刻地揭示了旧社会民众的愁苦。

Lu Xun's works profoundly revealed the sorrow and suffering of the people in the old society.

Formal verb '揭示' (reveal).

2

这种深沉的愁苦，往往源于对理想的幻灭。

This deep sorrow often stems from the disillusionment of ideals.

Verb '源于' (stem from).

3

在这片愁苦的土地上，生命依然在顽强生长。

On this sorrowful land, life is still growing tenaciously.

Personification of '土地'.

4

他那愁苦的笔触勾勒出一幅凄惨的画面。

His sorrowful brushstrokes outlined a miserable picture.

Metaphorical '笔触' (brushstrokes).

5

由于连年战乱，百姓生活在无尽的愁苦之中。

Due to years of war, the people live in endless sorrow and suffering.

'在...之中' (in the midst of).

6

他试图从哲学的角度来解释这种愁苦。

He tried to explain this sorrow from a philosophical perspective.

'从...的角度' (from the perspective of).

7

这首曲子旋律忧伤，透着一种淡淡的愁苦。

The melody of this piece is sad, showing a hint of faint sorrow.

Using '透着' (to show/reveal).

8

他的眼神中交织着愤怒与愁苦。

Anger and sorrow are intertwined in his eyes.

Verb '交织' (intertwine).

1

这种跨越时空的愁苦，在杜甫的诗中得到了完美的体现。

This sorrow that transcends time and space is perfectly reflected in Du Fu's poems.

Abstract subject '跨越时空的愁苦'.

2

愁苦并非生命的终点，而是通往觉悟的必经之路。

Sorrow and suffering are not the end of life, but a necessary path to enlightenment.

Philosophical '并非...而是...'.

3

他以一种近乎冷酷的笔调，剖析了人性中的愁苦。

With an almost cold tone, he analyzed the sorrow and suffering within human nature.

Formal '剖析' (analyze/dissect).

4

这种愁苦凝结成一种沉重的文化符号。

This sorrow has condensed into a heavy cultural symbol.

Verb '凝结' (condense/coagulate).

5

在现代主义文学中，愁苦往往表现为一种疏离感。

In modernist literature, sorrow often manifests as a sense of alienation.

Literary analysis structure.

6

他那原本开朗的性格，在愁苦的磨砺下变得沉默寡言。

His originally cheerful personality became taciturn under the grinding of sorrow and suffering.

Metaphorical '磨砺' (grinding/tempering).

7

这种愁苦是如此之深，以至于任何语言都显得苍白无力。

This sorrow is so deep that any language appears pale and weak.

'如此...以至于...' (So... that...).

8

他在愁苦的深渊中挣扎，试图寻找救赎。

He struggled in the abyss of sorrow and suffering, trying to find redemption.

Metaphorical '深渊' (abyss).

Common Collocations

愁苦的面容
满心愁苦
愁苦的生活
显得愁苦
摆脱愁苦
愁苦的情绪
眼神愁苦
愁苦万分
一脸愁苦
内心愁苦

Common Phrases

愁苦不堪

— Extremely sorrowful and suffering beyond endurance.

他被债务逼得愁苦不堪。

愁苦相伴

— Accompanied by sorrow and suffering.

他的童年与愁苦相伴。

满脸愁苦

— A face full of sorrow and suffering.

老农满脸愁苦地看着干旱的庄稼。

愁苦之色

— The look or color of sorrow.

他脸上露出一丝愁苦之色。

愁苦郁闷

— Sorrowful and gloomy/depressed.

这些日子他一直愁苦郁闷。

愁苦之情

— Feelings of sorrow and suffering.

文中流露出浓浓的愁苦之情。

愁苦无边

— Endless sorrow and suffering.

在那个黑暗的时代，愁苦无边。

愁苦一生

— To be sorrowful for one's entire life.

他似乎注定要愁苦一生。

深陷愁苦

— Deeply mired in sorrow and suffering.

他深陷愁苦，无法自拔。

愁苦万状

— Sorrowful in every possible way.

看他那愁苦万状的样子，真可怜。

Idioms & Expressions

"愁眉苦脸"

— To have a worried and miserable face (very common idiom).

别整天愁眉苦脸的，笑一笑。

Informal/Neutral
"愁肠百结"

— One's heart is tied in a hundred knots of worry.

想起家乡的灾情，他愁肠百结。

Literary
"愁云惨雾"

— Clouds of worry and mists of misery (describing a gloomy atmosphere).

公司破产后，家里一片愁云惨雾。

Literary
"苦不堪言"

— Suffering so much that it's hard to describe in words.

那段日子他过得苦不堪言。

Neutral
"悲欢离合"

— The joys and sorrows, partings and reunions of life.

人的一生总离不开悲欢离合。

Literary
"同病相怜"

— People with the same illness (or sorrow) pity each other.

他们两个都失业了，真是同病相怜。

Neutral
"忧心忡忡"

— To be deeply worried and anxious.

面对环境污染，科学家们忧心忡忡。

Formal
"郁郁寡欢"

— Depressed and joyless.

自从失恋后，她一直郁郁寡欢。

Neutral
"哀声叹气"

— To sigh in despair and sorrow.

不要坐在那里哀声叹气，去想办法解决。

Informal
"心如刀割"

— Heart feels like it's being cut by a knife (extreme pain).

看到孩子生病，母亲心如刀割。

Emotional

Word Family

Nouns

愁绪 (chóuxù - thread of worry)
苦难 (kǔnàn - suffering/hardship)
愁肠 (chóucháng - worried heart)

Verbs

发愁 (fāchóu - to worry)
受苦 (shòukǔ - to suffer)

Adjectives

忧愁 (yōuchóu - worried)
辛苦 (xīnkǔ - hardworking/laborious)

Related

痛苦
忧郁
悲哀
凄凉
郁闷
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Memorize It

Mnemonic

Imagine a farmer whose crops (禾) are on fire (火) in his heart (心), making him feel the bitter (苦) taste of failure.

Visual Association

Picture an old man with deep wrinkles (representing '苦') looking at a stack of unpaid bills (representing '愁').

Word Origin

The word is a compound of two ancient characters. '愁' (chóu) consists of '禾' (grain) and '火' (fire) over '心' (heart), originally suggesting the anxiety felt during autumn (harvest) or perhaps the 'fire' of worry burning the heart. '苦' (kǔ) features the grass radical '艹' over '古' (old), originally referring to a type of bitter herb.

Original meaning: The combination of mental anxiety and the physical taste/sensation of bitterness.

Sino-Tibetan
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