When we say someone is 固执 (gù zhí), we mean they are stubborn. This word describes someone who strongly holds onto their own opinions, even when faced with different ideas or evidence. They might be unwilling to change their mind or compromise. While sometimes being固执 can mean determination, more often it implies a negative trait of being unbending and perhaps a bit unreasonable in their persistence.
§ Similar words and when to use this one vs alternatives
When learning Chinese, it's really helpful to understand the nuances between similar words. For 'stubborn,' you'll find a few options. Let's break down 固执 (gùzhí) and some common alternatives so you know exactly when to use each one.
- DEFINITION
- 固执 (gùzhí) means stubborn, obstinate, or persistent in a negative sense. It implies someone is unwilling to change their mind or attitude, even when faced with good reasons to do so. It often carries a connotation of being unreasonable or inflexible.
Think of someone who just won't budge, no matter what. That's 固执.
他很固执，不听别人的意见。(Tā hěn gùzhí, bù tīng biérén de yìjiàn.)
Translation hint: He is very stubborn and doesn't listen to other people's opinions.
她对自己的想法非常固执。(Tā duì zìjǐ de xiǎngfǎ fēicháng gùzhí.)
Translation hint: She is very obstinate about her own ideas.
§ Alternatives to 固执
Here are a couple of other words you might encounter and how they differ:
- 倔强 (juéjiàng)
- DEFINITION
- 倔强 (juéjiàng) also means stubborn, but it often describes a strong-willed or unyielding person. It can have a slightly more neutral or even sometimes positive connotation, suggesting resilience or refusal to give in, especially under pressure. While 固执 is about refusing to change one's mind, 倔强 is more about refusing to be subdued or overcome.
Think of someone who is defiant or has a strong backbone. They are 倔强.
尽管遇到了困难，他还是倔强地完成了任务。(Jǐnguǎn yùdào le kùnnan, tā háishì juéjiàng de wánchéng le rènwu.)
Translation hint: Despite facing difficulties, he stubbornly/unyieldingly completed the task.
- 顽固 (wángù)
- DEFINITION
- 顽固 (wángù) is even stronger and more negative than 固执. It implies extreme stubbornness, often to the point of being pigheaded, obdurate, or even reactionary. It's frequently used to describe deeply entrenched ideas, habits, or people who resist any change or new ideas whatsoever.
This word is for when you're talking about someone who is absolutely set in their ways and refuses to even consider anything else. It's often used for things like old habits or outdated thinking.
他是一个顽固的保守派。(Tā shì yīgè wángù de bǎoshǒupài.)
Translation hint: He is a stubborn/obdurate conservative.
这种顽固的疾病很难治愈。(Zhè zhǒng wángù de jíbing hěn nán zhìyù.)
Translation hint: This stubborn/persistent disease is difficult to cure.
In summary, use 固执 when someone is stubbornly clinging to their own ideas or ways, often negatively. Use 倔强 when someone is strong-willed and won't give up, which can sometimes be good. Use 顽固 for extreme, often negative, resistance to change, like old habits or very entrenched beliefs. Make sure to pick the right one to accurately describe the situation!
Pronunciation Guide
- confusing 'gù' with 'gǔ' (ancient)
- pronouncing 'zhí' as 'zī' or 'chí'
Difficulty Rating
Short and common characters.
Short and common characters.
Standard pronunciation with two familiar tones.
Clear pronunciation and common usage.
What to Learn Next
Prerequisites
Learn Next
Advanced
Examples by Level
他太固执了，从不听别人的意见。
He is too stubborn, never listens to others' opinions.
她固执地认为自己是对的，尽管证据显示并非如此。
She stubbornly believed she was right, even though evidence showed otherwise.
你这么固执，只会让事情变得更糟。
Being so obstinate, you will only make things worse.
面对困难，他固执地坚持自己的决定。
Faced with difficulties, he stubbornly stuck to his decision.
有时候，一点点的固执是成功的关键。
Sometimes, a little stubbornness is the key to success.
她的固执让她错过了很多机会。
Her obstinacy made her miss many opportunities.
他固执地拒绝了所有帮助。
He stubbornly refused all help.
不要那么固执，试着接受不同的观点。
Don't be so stubborn; try to accept different viewpoints.
Often Confused With
While '固执' can involve insisting, the more common and broader term for 'insist on' is '坚持 (jiānchí)' or '非要 (fēiyào)' for a strong, sometimes unreasonable, insistence.
For 'determined' in a positive sense, '坚定 (jiāndìng)' or '下定决心 (xiàdìng juéxīn)' are better choices than 固执, which carries a negative undertone.
If you mean 'resistant' in the sense of resisting a force or change, '抵抗 (dǐkàng)' or '抵制 (dǐzhì)' are more appropriate. 固执 is about mental stubbornness, not physical resistance.
Idioms & Expressions
"一意孤行 (yī yì gū xíng)"
To act wilfully; to cling to one's own course.
他总是喜欢一意孤行，不听别人的意见。(He always likes to act wilfully and doesn't listen to others' opinions.)
neutral"执迷不悟 (zhí mí bù wù)"
To obstinately persist in error; to refuse to come to one's senses.
即使事实摆在眼前，他还是执迷不悟。(Even with the facts in front of him, he still obstinately persists in his error.)
neutral"顽固不化 (wán gù bù huà)"
Incorrigible; obdurate; stubbornly set in one's ways.
他是一个顽固不化的老头子，很难改变他的想法。(He is an incorrigible old man; it's hard to change his mind.)
neutral"死心眼 (sǐ xīn yǎn)"
Stubborn; inflexible; not open to reason.
你这个人怎么这么死心眼？劝都劝不听。(Why are you so stubborn? You won't listen to advice.)
informal"钻牛角尖 (zuān niú jiǎo jiān)"
To split hairs; to get into a dead end; to stubbornly dwell on an insignificant problem.
别再钻牛角尖了，这个问题没那么复杂。(Stop splitting hairs; this problem isn't that complicated.)
neutral"一条道走到黑 (yī tiáo dào zǒu dào hēi)"
To stick to one's course regardless of consequences; to be stubborn.
他决定了的事情，就一条道走到黑，谁也劝不住。(Once he decides on something, he'll stick to his course, and no one can persuade him otherwise.)
informal"不撞南墙不回头 (bù zhuàng nán qiáng bù huí tóu)"
Won't give up until one hits a brick wall (literally, the south wall); won't stop until one meets with failure.
他就是那种不撞南墙不回头的人。(He's the kind of person who won't give up until he hits a brick wall.)
neutral"固执己见 (gù zhí jǐ jiàn)"
To cling stubbornly to one's own opinion.
他总是固执己见，很难达成共识。(He always clings stubbornly to his own opinion, making it hard to reach a consensus.)
formal"铁了心 (tiě le xīn)"
To be determined; to have made up one's mind firmly (often implying stubbornness).
他铁了心要辞职，谁也劝不住。(He's determined to resign, and no one can persuade him otherwise.)
informal"油盐不进 (yóu yán bù jìn)"
Unresponsive to reason or persuasion (literally, oil and salt don't enter); impervious to argument.
你说再多也没用，他这个人就是油盐不进。(It's useless no matter how much you say, he's just impervious to argument.)
informalEasily Confused
Both 固执 and 顽固 mean 'stubborn'. However, 顽固 often carries a stronger negative connotation, implying unreasonable or unchangeable stubbornness, especially in beliefs or principles. It's often used for things that are difficult to change or overcome, like a 'stubborn illness' (顽固的疾病).
固执 can be neutral or slightly negative, describing someone who sticks to their own ideas. 顽固 is almost always negative, implying an unyielding, often irrational, resistance to change or reason.
他这个人很顽固，说什么都听不进去。 (He is very stubborn; he doesn't listen to anything you say.)
执着 also describes persistence, but it typically has a positive or neutral connotation, meaning persistent or dedicated. It implies a strong focus or unwavering commitment to a goal, idea, or person.
固执 implies an unwillingness to change one's mind, often negatively. 执着 implies a strong and focused pursuit, usually positively, like 'persistent in one's dreams' (执着于梦想).
她对音乐非常执着，每天都练习。 (She is very dedicated to music and practices every day.)
坚持 means to persist, persevere, or insist on. Like 执着, it's generally positive and implies upholding something, like a principle or an effort, despite difficulties.
固执 is about stubbornly holding onto one's own opinions or ways. 坚持 is about continuing an action or upholding a belief. You can 坚持 (persist) in your studies, but you wouldn't typically say you are 固执 (stubborn) in your studies in a positive way.
无论遇到什么困难，我们都要坚持下去。 (No matter what difficulties we encounter, we must persevere.)
倔强 is very close to 固执, also meaning stubborn, headstrong, or unyielding. It describes someone who is determined to have their own way and resist others' influence. Often used to describe a child.
While both imply stubbornness, 倔强 often suggests a more defiant or unyielding nature, especially in the face of pressure or authority. It can also describe a 'stubborn temper' (倔强的脾气). 固执 is more about sticking to one's own ideas.
这个孩子脾气很倔强，不肯认错。 (This child has a very stubborn temper and refuses to admit fault.)
顽强 means tenacious, indomitable, or dauntless. It describes a strong will and resilience, often in the face of adversity. It's a highly positive term.
固执 is about being set in one's ways or opinions. 顽强 is about having a strong, unyielding spirit in overcoming difficulties. You can have a 顽强 (tenacious) spirit, but not a 固执 (stubborn) spirit in a positive sense.
他以顽强的意志战胜了病魔。 (He overcame his illness with an indomitable will.)
Word Family
Nouns
Tips
Basic Meaning
固执 (gùzhí) means stubborn or obstinate. It describes someone who is unwilling to change their mind or attitude, even when faced with good reasons to do so. Think of someone who is set in their ways or very headstrong.
Use with People
You primarily use 固执 to describe people. It's a common adjective to characterize someone's personality. For example, 你这个人太固执了 (Nǐ zhè ge rén tài gùzhí le) means 'You are too stubborn.'
Context Matters
While 固执 is generally negative, sometimes being persistent can be seen as a positive trait in some contexts. However, the core meaning of 固执 itself still implies an unwillingness to adapt.
Example Sentence 1
他很固执，从不听别人的意见。 (Tā hěn gùzhí, cóng bù tīng biérén de yìjiàn.) - He is very stubborn, never listens to others' opinions.
Example Sentence 2
不要那么固执，试着改变一下吧。 (Bùyào nàme gùzhí, shìzhe gǎibiàn yīxià ba.) - Don't be so obstinate, try to change a bit.
Synonyms to Avoid
Do not confuse 固执 with 坚持 (jiānchí), which means to persist or persevere, often with a positive connotation. 坚持 implies holding on to something good or a goal, while 固执 implies an unbending, often unreasonable, attitude.
Common Phrase
固执己见 (gùzhí jǐjiàn) is a common four-character idiom that means 'to stick to one's own opinions obstinately'. It emphasizes the idea of being inflexible in one's views.
Tone of Voice
When you say someone is 固执, it usually carries a negative implication. Use it carefully, as it can sound like a criticism.
Structure with '很'
Like many adjectives, you can use 很 (hěn) before 固执 to intensify it, meaning 'very stubborn'. For example, 他很固执 (Tā hěn gùzhí).
Related Character
The character 固 (gù) means 'firm' or 'solid'. This gives you a clue about the meaning of 固执 – someone who is 'firm' in their 'hold' (执, zhí) on their ideas.
Practice in Real Life
Real-World Contexts
Describing someone's personality.
- 他很固执，不容易改变主意。
- 她有时会很固执，但心地很好。
- 别那么固执，听听别人的意见吧。
Discussing a difficult situation or argument.
- 他们俩都很固执，所以争论了很久。
- 在这件事上，他表现得很固执。
- 你的固执让问题更难解决了。
Talking about children's behavior.
- 小孩子有时候很固执，不听话。
- 他非常固执，非要得到那个玩具。
- 父母很难改变固执的孩子的想法。
Explaining why a task is hard.
- 这个老头子很固执，不肯搬家。
- 那只猫很固执，总喜欢睡在我的电脑上。
- 改变一个固执的人的想法需要耐心。
Reflecting on one's own traits.
- 我承认我有时很固执。
- 也许我有点固执，但这是我的原则。
- 我知道自己很固执，但我正在努力改变。
Conversation Starters
"你认识的谁最固执？"
"你觉得固执是优点还是缺点？为什么？"
"你在什么事情上会很固执？"
"你如何与一个非常固执的人沟通？"
"有什么是你以前很固执，后来改变了想法的吗？"
Journal Prompts
描述一次你因为固执而坚持某事的经历。
写一篇关于一个你认识的固执的人的故事。
反思固执在你的生活中扮演的角色。
想象一下，如果你不那么固执，你的生活会有什么不同。
描述一个你成功说服一个固执的人改变主意的经历。
Test Yourself 54 questions
Which of these words means 'stubborn'?
固执 (gùzhí) means stubborn or obstinate. 高兴 (gāoxìng) means happy. 漂亮 (piàoliang) means pretty. 聪明 (cōngmíng) means smart.
My younger brother is very ___.
This sentence needs an adjective to describe the younger brother. 固执 (gùzhí) means stubborn, which fits the context. 大 (dà) means big, 小 (xiǎo) means small, and 好 (hǎo) means good.
Which sentence uses '固执' correctly?
固执 (gùzhí) is an adjective describing a person's personality. The first sentence uses it correctly to describe someone who is stubborn and doesn't listen. The other sentences use 固执 incorrectly with verbs or nouns.
A固执 (gùzhí) person always changes their mind easily.
固执 (gùzhí) means stubborn or obstinate, so a stubborn person does NOT change their mind easily.
Someone who is 固执 (gùzhí) is likely to listen to everyone's advice.
固执 (gùzhí) means stubborn, so a stubborn person is unlikely to listen to everyone's advice.
If someone is 固执 (gùzhí), they are probably firm in their opinions.
固执 (gùzhí) means stubborn, which implies being firm in one's opinions and not easily swayed.
Describe a time you or someone you know was stubborn about something. Use '固执' at least once in your answer.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
我有一个朋友很固执。他觉得这个方法是最好的，不想听别人的意见。 (I have a friend who is very stubborn. He thinks this method is the best and doesn't want to listen to others' opinions.)
Complete the sentence: '因为他很固执，所以他常常______。' (Because he is very stubborn, he often ______.)
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
因为他很固执，所以他常常不听别人的意见。 (Because he is very stubborn, he often doesn't listen to others' opinions.)
Write a short sentence about a child who is '固执'.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
这个孩子很固执，他只做自己想做的事情。 (This child is very stubborn, he only does what he wants to do.)
小明为什么要去那家饭店吃饭？ (Why does Xiao Ming want to go to that restaurant to eat?)
Read this passage:
小明很固执。他说他一定要去那家饭店吃饭，即使那家饭店很远。他不喜欢听别人的建议。 (Xiao Ming is very stubborn. He said he must go to that restaurant to eat, even if it's far. He doesn't like to listen to others' suggestions.)
小明为什么要去那家饭店吃饭？ (Why does Xiao Ming want to go to that restaurant to eat?)
文章中说小明很固执，即使饭店很远也要去。 (The passage says Xiao Ming is very stubborn, even if the restaurant is far, he still wants to go.)
文章中说小明很固执，即使饭店很远也要去。 (The passage says Xiao Ming is very stubborn, even if the restaurant is far, he still wants to go.)
家人改变妈妈的想法容易吗？ (Is it easy for the family to change mom's mind?)
Read this passage:
我的妈妈有时候很固执。她觉得她的方法总是对的，所以我们很难改变她的想法。 (My mom is sometimes very stubborn. She thinks her way is always right, so it's hard for us to change her mind.)
家人改变妈妈的想法容易吗？ (Is it easy for the family to change mom's mind?)
文章中说“我们很难改变她的想法”，所以不容易。 (The passage says 'it's hard for us to change her mind', so it's not easy.)
文章中说“我们很难改变她的想法”，所以不容易。 (The passage says 'it's hard for us to change her mind', so it's not easy.)
小丽为什么不练习写汉字？ (Why doesn't Xiao Li practice writing Chinese characters?)
Read this passage:
老师告诉小丽要多练习写汉字，但是小丽很固执，她觉得已经写得很好，不需要练习。 (The teacher told Xiao Li to practice writing Chinese characters more, but Xiao Li is very stubborn, she thinks she already writes well and doesn't need to practice.)
小丽为什么不练习写汉字？ (Why doesn't Xiao Li practice writing Chinese characters?)
文章中说“小丽很固执，她觉得已经写得很好，不需要练习”。 (The passage says 'Xiao Li is very stubborn, she thinks she already writes well and doesn't need to practice'.)
文章中说“小丽很固执，她觉得已经写得很好，不需要练习”。 (The passage says 'Xiao Li is very stubborn, she thinks she already writes well and doesn't need to practice'.)
因为他太___，所以我们经常争吵。
The context implies a negative trait causing arguments, and '固执' (stubborn) fits this meaning.
她对自己的决定非常___，不肯让步。
The sentence '不肯让步' (unwilling to give in) strongly suggests '固执' (stubborn).
老师劝了他很久，但他还是___地坚持自己的看法。
Despite the teacher's persuasion, he '坚持自己的看法' (insisted on his own view), indicating stubbornness.
有时候，一点点___会让你错过很多好机会。
Being too '固执' (stubborn) can lead to missing good opportunities, as it prevents adapting or changing.
他这个人就是这样，认准了的事情就会___到底。
'认准了的事情就会___到底' means once he's decided, he sticks with it, which is the essence of stubbornness.
虽然大家都反对，但他依然___地执行自己的计划。
Despite widespread opposition, he '执行自己的计划' (carried out his plan), showing stubbornness.
He is very stubborn, it's hard to persuade him.
She stubbornly believes she is right.
Don't be too obstinate, learn to listen to others' advice.
Read this aloud:
请用“固执”造一个句子。
Focus: 固执 (gù zhí)
You said:
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Read this aloud:
你觉得什么样的人比较固执？
Focus: 固执 (gù zhí)
You said:
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Read this aloud:
有时候固执是好事还是坏事？为什么？
Focus: 固执 (gù zhí)
You said:
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她总是_______地认为自己是对的。
The sentence describes someone who always believes they are right, indicating stubbornness. '固执' means stubborn or obstinate.
面对困难，他表现得很_______，不肯放弃。
The context implies someone who is unwilling to give up despite difficulties, which aligns with being stubborn or persistent. '固执' fits this meaning.
她_______地拒绝了所有人的帮助。
Refusing all help in a persistent way suggests stubbornness. '固执' accurately describes this action.
一个固执的人很容易接受别人的意见。
A stubborn person (固执的人) is typically not easy to accept others' opinions, which contradicts the statement.
他因为固执己见，最终错过了重要的合作机会。
Being stubborn (固执己见) often leads to missed opportunities, making this statement true.
固执通常被认为是一种积极的性格特征。
While persistence can be positive, '固执' (stubbornness/obstinacy) generally carries a negative connotation and is not considered a positive character trait.
Describe a time you or someone you know was stubborn about something. What was the situation, and what was the outcome?
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
我有一个朋友很固执。上次我们计划去旅行，她坚持要去一个很远的地方，尽管大家都觉得太麻烦。结果，我们花了很多时间在路上，没有好好休息。
Imagine you are trying to convince a stubborn friend to try something new. What would you say? Write a short dialogue.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
A: 我们去那家新开的餐厅怎么样？听说他们的菜很好吃。 B: 我不想去，我只喜欢我们常去的那家。你太固执了！ A: 别那么固执嘛！偶尔尝试一下新口味也不错啊，也许你会喜欢呢！
Write a short paragraph explaining why being stubborn can sometimes be a good quality, and sometimes a bad one.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
固执有时是优点，因为它可以让人坚持自己的信念和目标，不轻易放弃。但如果固执于错误的想法，就会变得很糟糕，因为它会阻碍进步和接受新观念。
小王在工作中有什么特点？
Read this passage:
小王在工作中总是非常固执，一旦他决定了某件事情，就很难改变主意。即使有新的数据或更好的建议，他也很少采纳。他的同事们觉得他很难合作，因为他不愿意听取别人的意见。
小王在工作中有什么特点？
文章中提到“他很难改变主意”和“不愿意听取别人的意见”，所以他很难合作。
文章中提到“他很难改变主意”和“不愿意听取别人的意见”，所以他很难合作。
根据这段话，固执可能带来的好处是什么？
Read this passage:
一个固执的人往往会坚持自己的看法，即使面对困难和反对，他们也会继续努力。这种坚持不懈的精神在追求梦想时非常重要。然而，过于固执也可能导致一个人错过更好的机会，或者与他人产生不必要的冲突。
根据这段话，固执可能带来的好处是什么？
文章中提到“这种坚持不懈的精神在追求梦想时非常重要”，所以这是固执带来的好处。
文章中提到“这种坚持不懈的精神在追求梦想时非常重要”，所以这是固执带来的好处。
“双刃剑”在这里意味着什么？
Read this passage:
老李是一个非常固执的人，他坚持每天早上五点起床锻炼，风雨无阻。即使家人劝他休息，他也不为所动。他的身体因此非常健康，但有时也因为过度劳累而感到疲惫。他的妻子常常说，他的固执是把双刃剑。
“双刃剑”在这里意味着什么？
文章中提到老李因为固执而身体健康，但也因此过度劳累，所以“双刃剑”表示既有好处也有坏处。
文章中提到老李因为固执而身体健康，但也因此过度劳累，所以“双刃剑”表示既有好处也有坏处。
他太固执了，从不听取别人的建议。
固执 (gùzhí) means stubborn or obstinate. The sentence describes someone who never listens to others' advice due to their stubbornness.
即使面对困难，他依然固执己见，不肯改变。
固执己见 (gùzhí jǐjiàn) means to stubbornly cling to one's own opinions. The sentence implies that even in difficult situations, he would not change his mind.
他的固执导致了这次谈判的失败。
固执 (gùzhí) refers to stubbornness. The sentence states that his stubborn nature was the cause of the negotiation's failure.
一个固执的人很容易接受别人的建议。
固执的人通常很难接受别人的建议，因为他们坚持自己的想法。
在重要的决策中，固执是一种值得提倡的品质。
在重要的决策中，过于固执可能会导致错失良机或犯下错误，因此通常不被认为是值得提倡的品质。
形容一个人'固执'通常带有负面意味。
在中文语境中，'固执'一词通常带有负面的评价，暗示一个人不灵活、不愿听取他人意见。
The speaker is talking about someone's stubbornness.
The speaker is describing how someone faces difficulties.
The speaker is expressing frustration about someone's stubbornness.
Read this aloud:
请你用“固执”造一个句子，描述一个你认识的固执的人。
Focus: 固执 (gùzhí)
You said:
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Read this aloud:
你认为固执是优点还是缺点？为什么？
Focus: 固执 (gùzhí)
You said:
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Read this aloud:
描述一次你因为固执而遇到的困境。
Focus: 固执 (gùzhí)
You said:
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This sentence describes someone stubbornly refusing to apologize despite knowing they are wrong. The structure '尽管...但...' (although...but...) is key for C2 learners.
This sentence illustrates extreme stubbornness in opinions, refusing all advice. The phrase '不听从任何人的劝告' (does not listen to anyone's advice) is a C2 level expression.
This sentence portrays an elderly person's stubborn adherence to old methods and refusal of new things. '不肯接受新事物' (unwilling to accept new things) is a nuanced C2 phrase.
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Basic Meaning
固执 (gùzhí) means stubborn or obstinate. It describes someone who is unwilling to change their mind or attitude, even when faced with good reasons to do so. Think of someone who is set in their ways or very headstrong.
Use with People
You primarily use 固执 to describe people. It's a common adjective to characterize someone's personality. For example, 你这个人太固执了 (Nǐ zhè ge rén tài gùzhí le) means 'You are too stubborn.'
Context Matters
While 固执 is generally negative, sometimes being persistent can be seen as a positive trait in some contexts. However, the core meaning of 固执 itself still implies an unwillingness to adapt.
Example Sentence 1
他很固执，从不听别人的意见。 (Tā hěn gùzhí, cóng bù tīng biérén de yìjiàn.) - He is very stubborn, never listens to others' opinions.
Example
他很固执，一旦决定了就不会改变。
Related Content
This Word in Other Languages
Related Phrases
More emotions words
有点
A1A little; somewhat; rather.
一点
A1A little; a bit; slightly.
可恶
A2Hateful; detestable; abominable.
心不在焉
A2Absent-minded; preoccupied.
接受地
A2Acceptingly; receptively.
成就感
B1Sense of achievement; fulfillment.
撒娇
A2To act like a spoiled child; to act cute.
上瘾
B1To be addicted to something.
沉迷
A2To be addicted to; to be engrossed in.
敬佩
B1Admiration; respect; reverence.
