Esta página no seu idioma
English فارسی العربية Deutsch Español Français 日本語 한국어 中文 हिन्दी
B2 adverb 9 min de leitura

گذشته از این

Besides this; apart from this.

gozashte az in
At the A1 level, you are just starting to learn how to connect simple ideas. You usually use 'و' (va - and) or 'هم' (ham - also). 'گذشته از این' might seem a bit long, but you can think of it as a fancy way to say 'and also.' It helps you start a new sentence when you want to add one more thing. For example, 'I have a cat. Besides this, I have a dog.' In Persian, you would say 'من یک گربه دارم. گذشته از این، یک سگ هم دارم.' It's a great way to make your simple sentences sound a little more advanced. Even at A1, knowing this phrase helps you understand when people are adding more information to a list. It's like a signal that says 'Wait, there's more!' Just remember it's three words: Go-zash-te (past), Az (from), In (this). Together they mean 'besides this.'
Cadastre-se grátis para ler a explicação completa
As an A2 learner, you are building your ability to describe things and people. 'گذشته از این' is a useful tool for adding more details to your descriptions. Instead of just using 'و' (and) all the time, which can get boring, you can use this phrase to start a second sentence. It makes you sound more organized. For instance, if you are talking about your city, you can say it is beautiful, and then use 'گذشته از این' to say it has good restaurants. It's especially common when you are giving reasons for something. If someone asks why you like a book, you give one reason, then say 'گذشته از این' and give another. This shows you can think in a structured way. It is a 'transition' word that helps your listener follow your thoughts without getting lost.
Cadastre-se grátis para ler a explicação completa
At the B1 level, you are expected to handle more complex topics and express opinions. 'گذشته از این' becomes essential here. It acts as a logical connector in your arguments. When you write an email or a short essay, you can use it to layer your points. It's stronger than 'همچنین' (also) because it implies a slight separation between the points—as if you are saying 'Setting aside the first point I made, consider this second point.' This adds weight to your arguments. You will notice it used in news reports and articles. It helps you avoid repetitive sentence structures. At this level, you should also notice that it's often paired with 'هم' (also) or 'نیز' (also/too) later in the sentence to emphasize the addition. It’s a key part of moving from 'simple' Persian to 'intermediate' Persian.
Cadastre-se grátis para ler a explicação completa
At the B2 level, which is the target level for this word, 'گذشته از این' is a standard part of your vocabulary. You should be able to use it naturally in both speaking and writing to create cohesive discourse. It is particularly useful in formal debates, academic writing, and professional emails. At this stage, you should understand the rhetorical nuance: it’s not just adding information, it’s often used to provide a 'clincher' or a second, stronger reason. You can use it to pivot between different types of evidence. For example, you might give a financial reason for a project, then say 'گذشته از این' and give a social reason. This shows you can look at a problem from multiple angles. You should also be comfortable using its synonyms like 'علاوه بر این' to vary your style and keep your audience engaged.
For C1 learners, 'گذشته از این' is used with precision to manage the flow of complex, high-level information. At this level, you are not just using it to add facts, but to control the 'information architecture' of your speech or writing. You might use it to transition between two complex paragraphs or to introduce a point that is slightly tangential but still relevant. You understand that while 'گذشته از این' is versatile, in very formal academic contexts, you might opt for 'افزون بر این' (afzun bar in) for a more elevated tone. A C1 speaker uses this phrase to ensure that their discourse is 'seamless'—that each idea leads logically into the next. You also use it to handle counter-arguments, perhaps by acknowledging a point and then using 'گذشته از این' to show why it doesn't invalidate your main thesis.
Cadastre-se grátis para ler a explicação completa
At the C2 level, you have a near-native command of Persian rhetoric. 'گذشته از این' is used with stylistic flair. You might use it to create a specific rhythm in a speech or to add a touch of formality to a conversation. You are aware of its historical roots (from the verb 'gozashtan') and how it fits into the broader landscape of Persian conjunctions and transitions. At this level, you can use it to introduce subtle nuances, such as when the second point actually contradicts the tone of the first point in a clever way. You use it effortlessly in complex legal, philosophical, or literary analyses. You also know how to omit it when a more direct transition is needed for impact, showing that you have full control over the 'density' of your language and the pace of your logical progression.
Cadastre-se grátis para ler a explicação completa
Exemplos
The Persian phrase گذشته از این (gozashte az in) is a sophisticated transitional adverbial phrase used primarily to introduce an additional point, argument, or fact that complements what has already been stated. In English, it is most accurately translated as 'besides this,' 'apart from this,' 'furthermore,' or 'setting this aside.' At its core, the phrase functions as a bridge between two ideas, where the second idea is usually of equal or greater importance than the first. The term is composed of three parts: gozashte (the past participle of 'gozashtan' meaning 'to pass' or 'having passed'), az (the preposition 'from'), and in (the demonstrative pronoun 'this'). Literally, it translates to 'having passed from this,' suggesting that once we move beyond the current point, there is more to consider.
Semantic Range
This phrase is not just a simple 'and.' It implies a logical layering. It is used when the speaker wants to emphasize that the previous point was valid, but the upcoming point provides a new dimension to the argument. It is common in analytical writing, formal speeches, and educational settings.

او بسیار باهوش است؛ گذشته از این، او تجربه زیادی در این کار دارد.

(He is very intelligent; besides this, he has a lot of experience in this job.)
Contextual Usage
While often used in formal contexts, you will also hear it in educated daily conversation when someone is justifying a decision or explaining a complex situation. It acts as a mental signal to the listener that the list of reasons is not yet finished.

هوا خیلی سرد است؛ گذشته از این، ماشین من هم خراب شده است.

(The weather is very cold; apart from this, my car is also broken.)
Register Variation
In very formal Persian, you might encounter 'افزون بر این' (afzun bar in), but 'گذشته از این' remains the most versatile choice for the B2 learner, bridging the gap between standard and literary registers.

کتاب گران است؛ گذشته از این، نایاب هم هست.

(The book is expensive; besides this, it is also rare.)

او خسته بود؛ گذشته از این، گرسنه هم بود.

(He was tired; besides this, he was also hungry.)

فیلم خسته‌کننده بود؛ گذشته از این، صدای سالن هم بد بود.

(The movie was boring; apart from this, the hall's sound was also bad.)
In summary, 'گذشته از این' is an essential tool for any Persian speaker aiming to express complex thoughts or construct persuasive arguments. It allows for a natural transition that acknowledges what was said while steering the conversation toward further evidence.
Using گذشته از این correctly requires an understanding of sentence structure and logical flow. In Persian, this phrase usually appears at the beginning of a second clause or a new sentence. It acts as a cohesive device that links the previous statement to the next. Structurally, it is often followed by a comma (in modern punctuation) to separate the transition from the main subject and verb of the new clause.
Sentence Placement
The most common position is at the start of a sentence. For example: 'خانه بزرگ است. گذشته از این، منظره خوبی دارد.' (The house is large. Besides this, it has a good view.) It can also be used after a semi-colon in more formal writing to show a tighter connection between two independent clauses.

درس خواندن سخت است؛ گذشته از این، زمان زیادی می‌برد.

(Studying is hard; besides this, it takes a lot of time.)
Grammatical Composition
The word 'گذشته' is a participle. In this construction, it functions as a 'vash-e-mota'alleq' (related particle), meaning it doesn't change based on person or number. It is a fixed expression. You cannot say 'گذشته از آن' to mean 'besides that' as frequently as 'گذشته از این', though 'گذشته از آن' is also grammatically correct for referring to something further away in the discourse.

پروژه هزینه زیادی داشت؛ گذشته از این، نیروی انسانی کافی نداشتیم.

(The project had a high cost; apart from this, we didn't have enough manpower.)
Logical Connection
It is important that the two ideas being linked are related. You wouldn't say 'The sun is hot; besides this, I like pizza' unless there's a very specific context. Usually, both points support the same conclusion, like why a product is bad or why a plan will succeed.

سفر به شمال گران است؛ گذشته از این، جاده‌ها هم شلوغ هستند.

(Traveling to the north is expensive; besides this, the roads are also crowded.)

او زبان انگلیسی را بلد است؛ گذشته از این، به زبان فرانسه هم مسلط است.

(He knows English; besides this, he is also fluent in French.)

این رستوران غذای خوبی دارد؛ گذشته از این، قیمتش هم مناسب است.

(This restaurant has good food; besides this, its price is also reasonable.)
Understanding the nuance of this phrase allows for better paragraph construction in Persian essays. It creates a rhythm that leads the reader through a series of supporting points effectively.
The phrase گذشته از این is a staple of formal and semi-formal communication in the Persian-speaking world. You are most likely to encounter it in environments where structured arguments are presented.
News and Media
In news broadcasts (like IRIB or BBC Persian), journalists use this phrase to link different aspects of a developing story. For example, 'The sanctions have affected the economy; besides this, the healthcare sector is also under pressure.' It provides a professional tone that implies a comprehensive analysis of the situation.

تورم افزایش یافته است؛ گذشته از این، نرخ بیکاری نیز بالا رفته است.

(Inflation has increased; besides this, the unemployment rate has also gone up.)
Academic and Educational Settings
University professors and researchers use 'گذشته از این' to build their case during lectures. It helps students follow the logic of a complex theory. In textbooks, it's used to add supplementary information that is nonetheless vital to the subject matter.

این نظریه ایراداتی دارد؛ گذشته از این، شواهد تجربی کافی برای آن وجود ندارد.

(This theory has flaws; besides this, there is not enough empirical evidence for it.)
Legal and Official Documents
In contracts or legal rulings, each clause needs to be distinct yet connected. 'گذشته از این' is used to list additional conditions or findings. It ensures that each point is recognized as a separate entity while maintaining the overall context of the document.

مستاجر باید اجاره را به موقع بپردازد؛ گذشته از این، مسئول نگهداری از آپارتمان است.

(The tenant must pay rent on time; besides this, they are responsible for maintaining the apartment.)

تکنولوژی زندگی را آسان کرده است؛ گذشته از این، ارتباطات را هم سریع‌تر کرده است.

(Technology has made life easier; besides this, it has also made communications faster.)

او هنرمند توانایی است؛ گذشته از این، انسان بسیار مهربانی هم هست.

(He is a talented artist; besides this, he is also a very kind person.)
Whether reading a newspaper in Tehran or listening to a podcast about Persian history, 'گذشته از این' is a frequent companion that helps organize the wealth of information presented.
Learners of Persian often face specific challenges when incorporating گذشته از این into their active vocabulary. Understanding these pitfalls is crucial for moving from intermediate to advanced proficiency.
Confusion with Temporal 'Past'
The biggest mistake is confusing 'گذشته از این' with 'در گذشته' (in the past). While 'گذشته' means 'past', in this specific phrase, it functions as a logical transition, not a time marker. For example, saying 'گذشته از این، مردم اسب سوار می‌شدند' (Apart from this, people used to ride horses) is logically confusing if you meant 'In the past, people used to ride horses.'

اشتباه: گذشته از این، من در تهران زندگی می‌کردم. (غلط، اگر منظور زمان باشد)

(Mistake: 'Besides this, I used to live in Tehran' - wrong if you meant 'In the past...')
Redundancy
Another common error is combining it with other similar transitions in a way that sounds repetitive, like 'علاوه بر این، گذشته از این...' (In addition to this, besides this...). Choose one and stick with it for that specific sentence to maintain elegance.

صحیح: او خوش‌قول است؛ گذشته از این، بسیار هم با‌تجربه است.

(Correct: He is punctual; besides this, he is also very experienced.)
Incorrect Preposition
Learners sometimes use 'به' instead of 'از', saying 'گذشته به این'. This is incorrect. The phrase is idiomatic and fixed with 'از'. The logic is 'passing *from* this point to the next.'

او خسته است؛ گذشته از این، گرسنه هم هست.

(He is tired; besides this, he is also hungry.)

این لباس زیباست؛ گذشته از این، جنس خوبی هم دارد.

(This dress is beautiful; besides this, it also has good material.)

او دیر آمد؛ گذشته از این، تکالیفش را هم نیاورده بود.

(He came late; besides this, he hadn't brought his homework either.)
By being mindful of these common errors, you can use 'گذشته از این' to make your Persian sound more natural and professional.
To truly master Persian, you need to know when to use گذشته از این and when an alternative might be more appropriate. Persian has a rich set of transition words, each with its own subtle nuance.
Comparison: علاوه بر این (Alāve bar in)
This is the closest synonym. While 'گذشته از این' implies moving past a point, 'علاوه بر این' literally means 'in addition to this.' They are often interchangeable, but 'علاوه بر این' is slightly more common in purely additive contexts without the rhetorical 'moving on' feel.

او هنرمند است؛ علاوه بر این، نویسنده هم هست.

(He is an artist; in addition to this, he is also a writer.)
Comparison: در ضمن (Dar zemn)
Meaning 'meanwhile' or 'incidentally,' this is used when the second point is a side note or a secondary thought, rather than a major supporting argument. It's more casual than 'گذشته از این'.

او به مهمانی نیامد؛ در ضمن، اصلاً زنگ هم نزد.

(He didn't come to the party; incidentally, he didn't call at all.)
Comparison: افزون بر این (Afzun bar in)
This is the most formal version. You will find it in high-level academic papers or classical literature. It carries a heavy, serious tone.

این تغییرات ساختاری هستند؛ افزون بر این، نیازمند بودجه کلانی می‌باشند.

(These changes are structural; furthermore, they require a huge budget.)

غذا شور بود؛ گذشته از این، سرد هم بود.

(The food was salty; besides this, it was also cold.)

او باهوش است؛ گذشته از این، پشتکار زیادی هم دارد.

(He is smart; besides this, he also has a lot of perseverance.)
Having these alternatives in your toolkit allows you to vary your speech and writing based on the listener and the situation. 'گذشته از این' remains the best all-rounder for B2 learners.
Cadastre-se grátis para ler a explicação completa

Exemplos por nível

1

هوا خوب است. گذشته از این، آفتابی است.

The weather is good. Besides this, it is sunny.

Simple addition of two adjectives.

2

این سیب شیرین است. گذشته از این، قرمز است.

This apple is sweet. Besides this, it is red.

Using the phrase to describe an object.

3

او مهربان است. گذشته از این، زیباست.

She is kind. Besides this, she is beautiful.

Connecting two positive traits.

4

کتاب ارزان است. گذشته از این، جالب است.

The book is cheap. Besides this, it is interesting.

Adding a qualitative reason.

5

من چای می‌خواهم. گذشته از این، کمی نان می‌خواهم.

I want tea. Besides this, I want some bread.

Using the phrase with 'I want' (mi-khāham).

6

او برادر من است. گذشته از این، دوست من است.

He is my brother. Besides this, he is my friend.

Adding a personal relationship.

7

این اتاق بزرگ است. گذشته از این، تمیز است.

This room is big. Besides this, it is clean.

Describing a place.

8

ماشین او سریع است. گذشته از این، جدید است.

His car is fast. Besides this, it is new.

Adding features of a vehicle.

1

رستوران خیلی شلوغ بود. گذشته از این، غذا هم دیر آماده شد.

The restaurant was very crowded. Besides this, the food was also prepared late.

Using 'ham' (also) to reinforce the addition.

2

او پیانو می‌نوازد. گذشته از این، گیتار هم بلد است.

He plays piano. Besides this, he also knows guitar.

Adding a skill.

3

تهران شهر بزرگی است. گذشته از این، موزه‌های زیادی دارد.

Tehran is a big city. Besides this, it has many museums.

Describing a city's features.

4

امروز کار زیادی دارم. گذشته از این، باید به خرید بروم.

I have a lot of work today. Besides this, I have to go shopping.

Using 'bāyad' (must) in the second clause.

5

فیلم خیلی طولانی بود. گذشته از این، داستانش هم غمگین بود.

The movie was very long. Besides this, its story was also sad.

Adding a negative point.

6

او به مدرسه نرفت. گذشته از این، مریض هم بود.

He didn't go to school. Besides this, he was also sick.

Using past tense in both clauses.

7

این هتل استخر دارد. گذشته از این، به ساحل هم نزدیک است.

This hotel has a pool. Besides this, it is also near the beach.

Adding amenities.

8

او انگلیسی را خوب حرف می‌زند. گذشته از این، آلمانی هم می‌داند.

He speaks English well. Besides this, he also knows German.

Adding language skills.

1

سفر با قطار امن‌تر است. گذشته از این، می‌توانید از مناظر لذت ببرید.

Traveling by train is safer. Besides this, you can enjoy the scenery.

Using 'tavānestan' (can) in the second clause.

2

او در امتحان قبول نشد. گذشته از این، تمام پولش را هم گم کرد.

He didn't pass the exam. Besides this, he also lost all his money.

Connecting two unfortunate events.

3

ورزش کردن برای سلامتی مفید است. گذشته از این، باعث شادی می‌شود.

Exercising is good for health. Besides this, it causes happiness.

Adding a psychological benefit.

4

قیمت خانه در این منطقه بالاست. گذشته از این، ترافیک هم زیاد است.

House prices in this area are high. Besides this, traffic is also heavy.

Giving reasons against a location.

5

او مدیر لایقی است. گذشته از این، اخلاق بسیار خوبی دارد.

He is a competent manager. Besides this, he has very good morals.

Adding a personal quality to a professional one.

6

این گوشی حافظه زیادی دارد. گذشته از این، دوربینش هم عالی است.

This phone has a lot of memory. Besides this, its camera is also excellent.

Adding technical specifications.

7

یادگیری زبان جدید زمان‌بر است. گذشته از این، به تمرین روزانه نیاز دارد.

Learning a new language is time-consuming. Besides this, it needs daily practice.

Adding a requirement.

8

او در شرکت ما کار نمی‌کند. گذشته از این، اصلاً او را نمی‌شناسم.

He doesn't work in our company. Besides this, I don't know him at all.

Using 'aslan' (at all) for emphasis.

1

طرح پیشنهادی شما بسیار خلاقانه است؛ گذشته از این، هزینه‌های اجرایی آن هم پایین است.

Your proposed plan is very creative; besides this, its executive costs are also low.

Formal sentence with a semicolon and 'ham' (also).

2

او در چندین رشته ورزشی مدال آورده است؛ گذشته از این، در تحصیلات خود نیز بسیار موفق بوده است.

He has won medals in several sports; besides this, he has also been very successful in his studies.

Using 'niz' (also) in a formal context.

3

کمبود منابع آبی جدی است؛ گذشته از این، آلودگی هوا هم به یک بحران تبدیل شده است.

The shortage of water resources is serious; besides this, air pollution has also become a crisis.

Linking two environmental crises.

4

این نویسنده سبک منحصر به فردی دارد؛ گذشته از این، به مسائل اجتماعی هم توجه ویژه‌ای می‌کند.

This writer has a unique style; besides this, he pays special attention to social issues as well.

Adding a thematic focus to a stylistic one.

5

دولت باید زیرساخت‌ها را بهبود بخشد؛ گذشته از این، باید به فکر جذب سرمایه‌گذار خارجی هم باشد.

The government must improve infrastructure; besides this, it must also think about attracting foreign investors.

Using 'bāyad' (must) to express obligation.

6

استفاده از پلاستیک به محیط زیست آسیب می‌زند؛ گذشته از این، بازیافت آن هم بسیار دشوار است.

Using plastic harms the environment; besides this, recycling it is also very difficult.

Connecting a cause to a secondary problem.

7

او در کار خود بسیار دقیق است؛ گذشته از این، توانایی مدیریت بحران را هم دارد.

He is very precise in his work; besides this, he also has the ability to manage crises.

Adding a leadership skill.

8

این دارو عوارض جانبی کمی دارد؛ گذشته از این، تاثیرگذاری آن هم بسیار سریع است.

This medicine has few side effects; besides this, its effectiveness is also very fast.

Adding a medical benefit.

1

ساختار سیاسی کشور در حال تغییر است؛ گذشته از این، تحولات فرهنگی عمیقی نیز در لایه‌های زیرین جامعه در جریان است.

The country's political structure is changing; besides this, deep cultural transformations are also underway in the underlying layers of society.

High-level vocabulary like 'tahavvolāt' and 'zirin'.

2

این نظریه از لحاظ منطقی با بن‌بست مواجه شده است؛ گذشته از این، یافته‌های نوین علمی نیز آن را به چالش کشیده‌اند.

This theory has faced a logical dead-end; besides this, modern scientific findings have also challenged it.

Using 'be chālesh keshidan' (to challenge).

3

سرمایه‌گذاری در این بخش ریسک بالایی دارد؛ گذشته از این، نوسانات بازار هم غیرقابل پیش‌بینی است.

Investing in this sector has a high risk; besides this, market fluctuations are also unpredictable.

Using financial terminology.

4

او نه تنها یک فیلسوف بزرگ بود، بلکه در سیاست هم نقش فعالی داشت؛ گذشته از این، اشعار او از زیباترین آثار ادبی به شمار می‌روند.

He was not only a great philosopher but also had an active role in politics; besides this, his poems are considered among the most beautiful literary works.

Using 'be shomār raftan' (to be considered).

5

تغییرات اقلیمی باعث خشکسالی‌های پیاپی شده است؛ گذشته از این، الگوهای مهاجرتی حیوانات را هم به کلی دگرگون کرده است.

Climate change has caused successive droughts; besides this, it has also completely transformed animal migration patterns.

Using 'degar-gun kardan' (to transform).

6

این نرم‌افزار امنیت بسیار بالایی دارد؛ گذشته از این، رابط کاربری آن هم برای کاربران حرفه‌ای بسیار کارآمد طراحی شده است.

This software has very high security; besides this, its user interface is also designed very efficiently for professional users.

Using technical terms like 'rābete-ye kārbari'.

7

عدم شفافیت مالی یکی از مشکلات اصلی این نهاد است؛ گذشته از این، فساد اداری هم در آن ریشه دوانده است.

Lack of financial transparency is one of the main problems of this institution; besides this, administrative corruption has also taken root in it.

Using the idiom 'rishe davāndan' (to take root).

8

هنر مدرن مرزهای سنتی را درنوردیده است؛ گذشته از این، تعاریف جدیدی از زیبایی‌شناسی ارائه داده است.

Modern art has crossed traditional boundaries; besides this, it has provided new definitions of aesthetics.

Using 'dar-navardan' (to cross/traverse).

1

فروپاشی آن امپراتوری معلول عوامل متعددی بود؛ گذشته از این، خیانت‌های داخلی نیز ضربه نهایی را بر پیکره آن وارد آورد.

The collapse of that empire was due to numerous factors; besides this, internal betrayals also dealt the final blow to its body.

Using 'ma'lul-e' (caused by) and 'peikare' (body/structure).

2

شعر حافظ لایه‌های معنایی بی‌پایانی دارد؛ گذشته از این، موسیقی کلام او در زبان فارسی بی‌نظیر است.

Hafez's poetry has endless semantic layers; besides this, the music of his speech is unique in the Persian language.

Literary analysis vocabulary.

3

بحران هویت در جوامع مدرن به وضوح دیده می‌شود؛ گذشته از این، زوال ارزش‌های اخلاقی هم به این وضعیت دامن زده است.

Identity crisis is clearly seen in modern societies; besides this, the decline of moral values has also fueled this situation.

Using 'dāman zadan' (to fuel/aggravate).

4

این توافق‌نامه از منظر حقوق بین‌الملل وجاهت قانونی ندارد؛ گذشته از این، با منافع ملی ما نیز در تضاد آشکار است.

This agreement lacks legal validity from the perspective of international law; besides this, it is also in clear conflict with our national interests.

Using 'vojāhat-e qānuni' and 'dar tazād-e āshkār'.

5

پیشرفت‌های هوش مصنوعی نویدبخش آینده‌ای روشن است؛ گذشته از این، چالش‌های اخلاقی پیچیده‌ای را هم پیش روی بشریت قرار داده است.

AI advancements promise a bright future; besides this, they have also placed complex ethical challenges before humanity.

Using 'navid-bakhsh' (promising).

6

معماری این بنا تلفیقی از سنت و مدرنیته است؛ گذشته از این، نمادگرایی عمیقی در هر جزء آن نهفته است.

The architecture of this building is a fusion of tradition and modernity; besides this, deep symbolism is hidden in every part of it.

Using 'talfiq' (fusion) and 'nahofte' (hidden).

7

سیاست‌های انقباضی دولت به رکود دامن زده است؛ گذشته از این، قدرت خرید مردم را هم به شدت کاهش داده است.

The government's contractionary policies have fueled the recession; besides this, they have also severely reduced people's purchasing power.

Using 'siyāsat-hā-ye enqebāzi' (contractionary policies).

8

پژوهش‌های اخیر نشان‌دهند

Cadastre-se grátis para ver todos os exemplos

Conteúdo relacionado

Foi útil?

Comentários (0)

Faça Login para Comentar
Nenhum comentário ainda. Seja o primeiro a compartilhar suas ideias!