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A1 adjective #2,800 mais comum 8 min de leitura

माफ़

maaf
At the A1 level, 'माफ़' (Maaf) is primarily learned as part of the polite phrase 'माफ़ कीजिए' (Maaf kijiye), which means 'Excuse me' or 'I'm sorry.' Beginners use it to navigate social spaces—like when they bump into someone or need to get a waiter's attention. The focus is on the fixed expression rather than the underlying grammar. You learn it as a 'magic word' for politeness. It's essential for basic survival Hindi. You might also see it in very simple sentences like 'Mujhe maaf karo' (Forgive me) when talking to a friend. The key at this stage is recognizing the sound and knowing it's the polite way to handle small errors. You don't need to know the Persian history or complex legal uses yet. Just remember: if you make a mistake, say 'Maaf kijiye!' with a smile.
At A2, you start to understand that 'माफ़' is an adjective used with 'करना' (to do). you learn the difference between 'Maaf kijiye' (formal) and 'Maaf karo' (informal). You begin to use it in slightly longer sentences, such as 'Galti ke liye maaf kijiye' (Forgive me for the mistake). You also encounter the noun form 'माफ़ी' (Maafi) in simple contexts like 'Maafi maangna' (to ask for forgiveness). You start to see it used in public announcements or signs. The concept of 'waiving' something (like a small fee) might appear in simple dialogues. You are moving from just memorizing a phrase to understanding how to direct the apology to someone using 'mujhe' or 'usse'.
At the B1 level, you explore the nuances of 'माफ़' in different social contexts. You learn to use it for interrupting politely: 'Maaf kijiyega, kya main ek baat kahoon?' (Excuse me, may I say one thing?). You also start to understand the passive construction 'Maaf hona' (to be forgiven/waived). You can discuss social issues like 'Karz maafi' (loan waivers) in simple terms. You distinguish between 'Maaf' and 'Kshama,' recognizing that 'Maaf' is more common in daily life while 'Kshama' is for formal writing. Your vocabulary expands to include related phrases like 'Maafi-naama' (a written apology). You can explain why you are asking for forgiveness using complex conjunctions like 'kyunki' (because) or 'isliye' (therefore).
At B2, you handle 'माफ़' with stylistic confidence. You understand its use in idiomatic expressions and literature. You can differentiate between the subtle shades of 'Bakhshna,' 'Kshama,' and 'Maaf.' You might read news articles about legal pardons or political apologies where 'maaf' is used in a more technical sense. You understand the cultural implications of 'maafi' in Indian society—how it relates to honor and social harmony. You can use the word in hypothetical scenarios: 'Agar tumne use maaf kar diya hota, toh aaj baat yahan tak nahi pahunchti' (If you had forgiven him, things wouldn't have reached this point). You also notice the use of 'maaf' in poetry and song lyrics where it often rhymes with 'saaf' (clean) or 'insaaf' (justice).
At the C1 level, you appreciate the etymological journey of 'माफ़' from Persian to Hindi and its integration into the 'Khari Boli' dialect. You can analyze the sociolinguistic reasons why 'Maaf' is preferred over 'Kshama' in urban settings. You use the word in sophisticated arguments about restorative justice or historical apologies. You understand the legal distinctions of 'Maafi' in the Indian Penal Code versus its colloquial use. You can detect sarcasm or insincerity in the way someone says 'Maaf kijiye.' Your usage includes complex grammatical structures like 'Maaf kiye jaane ki umeed' (the hope of being forgiven). You are comfortable using it in high-level professional negotiations where an apology must be precisely calibrated.
At the C2 level, you have a native-like grasp of 'माफ़.' You can use it to create puns, double entendres, or deep metaphorical meanings in creative writing. You understand the historical shift from Sanskritized Hindi to Hindustani and how 'Maaf' represents the syncretic nature of the language. You can debate the philosophical nature of forgiveness (Maafi) versus justice (Insaaf). You are familiar with classical literature where 'Maaf' might be used in archaic ways. You can effortlessly switch between 'Maaf,' 'Kshama,' and 'Bakhshish' to suit the exact micro-context of a conversation, whether it's a court of law, a Sufi shrine, or a modern corporate boardroom. Your mastery is such that you know exactly when *not* to use 'maaf' to maintain social distance or authority.
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माफ़ em 30 segundos

  • Maaf is the most common Hindi word for 'forgive' or 'excuse,' essential for daily polite social interactions and seeking pardon for mistakes.
  • It is primarily used in the phrase 'Maaf kijiye' (Excuse me/Sorry) and combined with 'karna' to form the verb 'to forgive.'
  • Originating from Persian, it is used in both casual conversations and formal contexts like government loan waivers or legal pardons.
  • While similar to the Sanskrit 'Kshama,' Maaf is more colloquial and versatile, covering everything from bumping into someone to financial exemptions.

The Hindi word माफ़ (Maaf) is a versatile adjective and noun of Persian origin that primarily translates to 'forgiven,' 'excused,' or 'pardoned.' In the linguistic landscape of Hindi-Urdu (Hindustani), it serves as the cornerstone for expressing apology, seeking permission to interrupt, or granting absolution for a mistake. While its root is found in the Arabic 'afw,' its adoption into Hindi has made it one of the most frequently used words in daily social interactions, ranging from casual street talk to formal diplomatic apologies.

Grammatical Function
Primarily used as an adjective with the auxiliary verbs 'करना' (to do) or 'होना' (to be).
Semantic Core
The removal of debt, guilt, or obligation following a transgression.
Register
Neutral to Formal; used across all social strata in India.

"मुझे माफ़ कर दीजिए, मुझसे गलती हो गई।" (Please forgive me, I made a mistake.)

When you use 'माफ़,' you are essentially asking for the 'wiping away' of a social or moral debt. It is not just about saying 'sorry' in the English sense of feeling regret, but specifically about the act of being excused. For instance, in a legal context, a 'maafi' (the noun form) refers to a pardon or a remission of a sentence. In a crowded market, 'maaf kijiye' acts as 'excuse me' to navigate through the throng. The depth of the word varies by context: a mother forgiving a child is an emotional 'maaf,' whereas a tax exemption is a financial 'maaf' (chhoot/maafi).

"क्या आप मुझे माफ़ कर पाएंगे?" (Will you be able to forgive me?)

Historically, the word entered the Indian subcontinent through Persian influence during the Mughal era. Before this, the Sanskrit-derived word 'क्षमा' (Kshama) was the primary term. Today, while 'Kshama' is used in highly formal, literary, or religious contexts, 'Maaf' is the undisputed king of colloquial conversation. It carries a sense of humility and social grace. Using it correctly can instantly soften a tense situation, as Indian culture places a high value on the humility required to ask for forgiveness.

"उसकी सज़ा माफ़ कर दी गई।" (His punishment was pardoned/waived.)

Cultural Nuance
Asking for forgiveness is seen as a sign of strength and character in many Indian households.
Usage in Media
Commonly heard in Bollywood songs and dramatic dialogues to signify reconciliation.

"बड़े लोग छोटी बातों को माफ़ कर देते हैं।" (Great people forgive small matters.)

"गलती किसी से भी हो सकती है, उसे माफ़ कर दो।" (Anyone can make a mistake, forgive him.)

Using माफ़ correctly involves understanding its relationship with auxiliary verbs and the level of politeness required. The most common construction is 'माफ़ करना' (Maaf Karna). Depending on who you are speaking to, the ending of 'karna' changes to reflect the level of respect (Tu, Tum, Aap).

  • Aap (Formal): माफ़ कीजिए (Maaf kijiye) or माफ़ कीजिएगा (Maaf kijiyega - even more polite/future-oriented).
  • Tum (Informal/Friendly): माफ़ करो (Maaf karo).
  • Tu (Very Intimate/Disrespectful): माफ़ कर (Maaf kar).

Example: "भाई साहब, माफ़ कीजिए, क्या मैं यहाँ बैठ सकता हूँ?" (Brother, excuse me, may I sit here?)

Another common structure is the passive form 'माफ़ होना' (Maaf Hona), which means 'to be forgiven' or 'to be waived.' This is often used in administrative or legal contexts. For example, 'Fees maaf hona' means the fees have been waived. It shifts the focus from the person forgiving to the object or person being forgiven.

"गरीबों का कर्ज़ माफ़ होना चाहिए।" (The debt of the poor should be forgiven/waived.)

When you want to say 'I am sorry,' you don't usually say 'Main maaf hoon.' Instead, you say 'Mujhe maaf kijiye' (Forgive me). This is a crucial distinction for English speakers. In English, 'sorry' is an adjective describing your feeling. In Hindi, 'maaf' is the action you are requesting from the other person. You are literally saying, 'Make me forgiven.'

In more complex sentences, 'maaf' can be used to express a condition. 'Agar tumne maaf nahi kiya, toh main chain se nahi so paunga' (If you don't forgive me, I won't be able to sleep in peace). Here, it functions as the core of a conditional clause. It can also be used as a noun in the form of 'Maafi' (forgiveness/pardon). 'Maafi maangna' means 'to ask for forgiveness.'

"उसने मुझसे माफ़ी माँगी।" (He asked me for forgiveness.)

You will encounter माफ़ in almost every corner of Hindi-speaking life. Its frequency is comparable to 'sorry' or 'excuse me' in English, but it carries a slightly heavier weight of sincerity. Here are the primary environments where you'll hear it:

1. Public Transport and Crowded Spaces

In the bustling metros of Delhi or the local trains of Mumbai, 'Maaf kijiye' is the standard way to ask someone to move so you can pass. It is more polite than 'Hatiye' (Move) and less aggressive than pushing.

2. Bollywood and Television

Melodramatic reconciliations are a staple of Indian cinema. You will often hear a protagonist crying, 'Mujhe maaf kar do!' after a betrayal. Conversely, a villain might say, 'Main tumhe kabhi maaf nahi karunga' (I will never forgive you).

"प्यार में सब कुछ माफ़ है।" (Everything is forgiven in love.)

3. News and Politics

When the government announces a 'Karz Maafi' (Loan Waiver) for farmers, the word 'maaf' is splashed across headlines. It signifies a state-level act of pardoning financial obligations. Similarly, a 'Governor's Pardon' is referred to as 'Maafi' in legal news.

4. Customer Service

If a waiter drops a spoon or a call center agent makes a mistake, they will immediately say, 'Maaf kijiye, sir/ma'am.' It is the professional standard for acknowledging a service lapse.

"माफ़ कीजिए, क्या आप फिर से कह सकते हैं?" (Excuse me, can you say that again?)

While माफ़ is a simple word, learners often trip over its syntax and cultural application. Here are the most frequent errors:

1. Using 'Main Maaf Hoon' for 'I am sorry'
In English, 'sorry' is an adjective you apply to yourself. In Hindi, if you say 'Main maaf hoon,' it means 'I am forgiven.' To express apology, you must use 'Mujhe maaf kijiye' (Forgive me) or 'Main maafi chahta hoon' (I want forgiveness).
2. Confusing 'Maaf' with 'Dukh'
Learners sometimes use 'maaf' to express sympathy (e.g., 'I'm sorry your dog died'). This is incorrect. For sympathy, use 'Dukh' (sadness) - 'Mujhe dukh hai.' 'Maaf' is only for transgressions or seeking permission.

Incorrect: "मैं माफ़ हूँ कि मैं लेट हूँ।" (I am forgiven that I am late.)
Correct: "देर से आने के लिए माफ़ कीजिए।" (Forgive me for coming late.)

Another common mistake is the pronunciation of the 'f' sound. In pure Hindi, 'f' (फ़) has a dot (nuqta) under it, making it a labiodental sound like the English 'f.' However, many speakers pronounce it as a 'ph' (aspirated 'p'). While understood, 'Maaf' with a clear 'f' sounds more refined and authentic to its Persian roots.

Lastly, overusing 'Maaf' in very casual settings with close friends can sometimes sound too formal or even sarcastic. Between close friends, English 'Sorry' is actually more common in modern urban India than the formal 'Maaf kijiye.'

Hindi has several words that overlap with माफ़, each with its own nuance and register. Understanding these will help you choose the right word for the right situation.

क्षमा (Kshama)
The Sanskrit-derived equivalent. It is highly formal and often used in literature, religious texts, or formal speeches. It carries a sense of 'divine' or 'noble' forgiveness.
छूट (Chhoot)
This means 'exemption' or 'discount.' While 'maaf' can be used for waiving a fee, 'chhoot' is more common in commercial contexts (e.g., 20% discount).
बख़्शना (Bakhshna)
An Urdu-origin word meaning 'to bestow' or 'to pardon.' It is often used in the context of a king or God pardoning a sin. 'Jaan bakhshna' means to spare someone's life.

"ईश्वर हमें हमारे पापों के लिए क्षमा करें।" (May God forgive us for our sins.)

There is also the word 'परहेज' (Parhez), which means 'avoidance' or 'abstinence,' sometimes confused by learners when they want to say 'excuse me from this food.' However, 'maaf' is not used there. If you want to be excused from a task, you might say 'Mujhe isse alag rakhiye' or 'Mujhe maafi dijiye.'

"दुकानदार ने मुझे दस रुपये की छूट दी।" (The shopkeeper gave me a ten-rupee discount.)

How Formal Is It?

Formal

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Gíria

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Nível de dificuldade

Gramática essencial

Exemplos por nível

1

माफ़ कीजिए।

Excuse me / I'm sorry.

Standard polite imperative form.

2

मुझे माफ़ करो।

Forgive me.

Informal 'tum' version.

3

क्या आप माफ़ करेंगे?

Will you forgive?

Future tense of 'karna'.

4

सब माफ़ है।

Everything is forgiven.

'Maaf' as an adjective.

5

माफ़ कीजिए, समय क्या है?

Excuse me, what time is it?

Used to get attention.

6

उसे माफ़ कर दो।

Forgive him/her.

Imperative for 'tum'.

7

मेरी गलती माफ़ कीजिए।

Forgive my mistake.

Object + Maaf + Verb.

8

नमस्ते, माफ़ कीजिए।

Hello, excuse me.

Basic greeting and apology.

1

देर से आने के लिए माफ़ कीजिए।

Forgive me for coming late.

Use of 'ke liye' (for).

2

क्या मेरी फीस माफ़ हो सकती है?

Can my fees be waived?

Passive 'maaf hona'.

3

उसने माफ़ी नहीं माँगी।

He did not ask for forgiveness.

Noun 'maafi' with 'maangna'.

4

मैं आपको माफ़ करता हूँ।

I forgive you.

Present habitual tense.

5

कृपया मुझे माफ़ कर दीजिए।

Please forgive me.

Adding 'kripya' for extra politeness.

6

गलती माफ़ करना इंसान का काम है।

To forgive a mistake is human.

Infinitive 'karna' as a subject.

7

क्या तुम मुझे माफ़ कर सकते हो?

Can you forgive me?

Use of 'sakna' (can).

8

उसकी सज़ा माफ़ हो गई।

His punishment was pardoned.

Past tense of 'maaf hona'.

1

माफ़ कीजिएगा, मैं आपकी बात नहीं समझ पाया।

Excuse me, I couldn't understand what you said.

Polite future-imperative 'kijiyega'.

2

सरकार ने किसानों का कर्ज़ माफ़ कर दिया है।

The government has waived the farmers' loans.

Present perfect tense.

3

बिना माफ़ी माँगे मत जाना।

Don't go without asking for forgiveness.

Use of 'bina' (without).

4

अगर वह माफ़ कर दे, तो सब ठीक हो जाएगा।

If he forgives, everything will be fine.

Conditional 'agar'.

5

उसने अपनी गलती के लिए माफ़ी-नामा लिखा।

He wrote a letter of apology for his mistake.

Compound noun 'maafi-nama'.

6

क्या आपको लगता है कि उसे माफ़ करना सही है?

Do you think it's right to forgive him?

Complex question structure.

7

वह माफ़ करने के लायक नहीं है।

He is not worth forgiving.

Use of 'layak' (worthy).

8

माफ़ कीजिए, क्या मैं यहाँ फ़ोन चार्ज कर सकता हूँ?

Excuse me, can I charge my phone here?

Polite request.

1

दिल से माफ़ करना ही असली बड़प्पन है।

Forgiving from the heart is true greatness.

Gerundial use of 'maaf karna'.

2

उसने अपनी सारी संपत्ति माफ़ कर दी।

He gave up/waived all his property (rights).

Contextual use for 'giving up rights'.

3

माफ़ कीजिए, लेकिन मैं आपके विचारों से सहमत नहीं हूँ।

Excuse me, but I don't agree with your views.

Used to introduce a disagreement.

4

अदालत ने उसे माफ़ करने से इनकार कर दिया।

The court refused to pardon him.

Infinitive with 'se inkaar karna'.

5

इतनी बड़ी गलती को माफ़ नहीं किया जा सकता।

Such a big mistake cannot be forgiven.

Passive voice with 'ja sakta'.

6

उसकी आँखों में माफ़ी की झलक दिख रही थी।

A glimpse of forgiveness was visible in her eyes.

Abstract noun usage.

7

माफ़ करना सीखो, वरना मन भारी रहेगा।

Learn to forgive, otherwise the mind will remain heavy.

Imperative with a warning.

8

क्या आप मेरी एक छोटी सी भूल माफ़ कर देंगे?

Will you forgive a small slip-up of mine?

Polite future tense.

1

क्षमा और माफ़ में एक सूक्ष्म अंतर होता है।

There is a subtle difference between 'kshama' and 'maaf'.

Comparative analysis.

2

राजनीतिक लाभ के लिए कर्ज़ माफ़ करना एक आम बात है।

Waiving loans for political gain is a common thing.

Complex subject phrase.

3

उसने माफ़ी माँगने में बहुत देर कर दी।

He took too long to ask for forgiveness.

Idiomatic 'der kar dena'.

4

माफ़ कीजिए, मेरा उद्देश्य आपको ठेस पहुँचाना नहीं था।

Excuse me, my intention was not to hurt you.

Formal clarification of intent.

5

इतिहास उन्हें कभी माफ़ नहीं करेगा।

History will never forgive them.

Metaphorical subject (History).

6

वह अपनी माफ़ी की अर्ज़ी लेकर दर-दर भटकता रहा।

He kept wandering from door to door with his petition for pardon.

Use of 'arzi' (petition).

7

माफ़ करना एक आध्यात्मिक प्रक्रिया है।

Forgiving is a spiritual process.

Philosophical definition.

8

क्या आप इस अपराध को माफ़ किए जाने योग्य समझते हैं?

Do you consider this crime to be pardonable?

Use of 'yogya' (worthy/able).

1

माफ़ करने की क्षमता ही मनुष्य को पशु से अलग करती है।

The capacity to forgive is what distinguishes man from animal.

High-level philosophical statement.

2

उसकी खामोशी ही उसकी माफ़ी का प्रमाण थी।

Her silence itself was the proof of her forgiveness.

Poetic interpretation.

3

बिना पश्चाताप के माफ़ी का कोई मूल्य नहीं है।

Forgiveness without repentance has no value.

Ethical proposition.

4

उन्होंने अपनी वसीयत में दुश्मनों को भी माफ़ कर दिया।

In their will, they even forgave their enemies.

Context of finality.

5

माफ़ कीजिएगा, पर आपकी दलीलें तर्कहीन हैं।

Excuse me, but your arguments are irrational.

Using 'maaf' to soften a harsh critique.

6

पूरी दुनिया के सामने माफ़ी माँगना उसके अहंकार के खिलाफ था।

Asking for forgiveness in front of the whole world was against his ego.

Gerundial subject with 'khilaf'.

7

माफ़ करना और भूल जाना दो अलग बातें हैं।

To forgive and to forget are two different things.

Parallel infinitives.

8

ईश्वरीय न्याय में माफ़ी की गुंजाइश हमेशा रहती है।

In divine justice, there is always room for pardon.

Theological context.

Colocações comuns

माफ़ करना (Maaf karna)
माफ़ होना (Maaf hona)
कर्ज़ माफ़ (Karz maaf)
गलती माफ़ (Galti maaf)
सज़ा माफ़ (Saza maaf)
फीस माफ़ (Fees maaf)
बिल्कुल माफ़ (Bilkul maaf)
दिल से माफ़ (Dil se maaf)
सब माफ़ (Sab maaf)
माफ़ कीजिएगा (Maaf kijiyega)

Frases Comuns

माफ़ कीजिए (Maaf kijiye)

मुझे माफ़ कर दो (Mujhe maaf kar do)

माफ़ी माँगना (Maafi maangna)

माफ़ी चाहता हूँ (Maafi chahta hoon)

कोई बात नहीं, माफ़ किया (No problem, forgiven)

माफ़ करना और भूल जाना (Forgive and forget)

गलती माफ़ (Mistake forgiven)

माफ़ कीजिए, क्या कहा? (Excuse me, what did you say?)

सब कुछ माफ़ है (Everything is forgiven)

माफ़ करना मेरा काम नहीं (Forgiving is not my job)

Frequentemente confundido com

माफ़ vs सॉरी (Sorry - English equivalent)

माफ़ vs क्षमा (Kshama - Formal)

माफ़ vs दुख (Dukh - Sympathy)

Expressões idiomáticas

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Fácil de confundir

माफ़ vs साफ़ (Saaf)

माफ़ vs नाफ़ (Naaf)

माफ़ vs काफ़ (Kaaf)

Padrões de frases

Como usar

legal

Refers to official pardons.

social

Used as a social lubricant to avoid conflict.

financial

Refers to waiving debts or fees.

Erros comuns
  • Saying 'Main maaf hoon' when you mean 'I am sorry'.
  • Using 'Maaf' to express sympathy for someone's loss.
  • Pronouncing it as 'Maaph' with a heavy 'P' sound.
  • Forgetting to use 'kijiye' or 'karo' after 'maaf'.
  • Using 'Maaf' for a commercial discount instead of 'Chhoot'.

Dicas

The Power of Maaf

In India, a sincere 'Maaf kijiye' can de-escalate almost any road rage or public argument. It shows you are 'shareef' (noble/well-bred). Never hesitate to use it even for small things.

The 'Ko' Rule

Always remember that the person you are asking for forgiveness is the indirect object. 'Mujhe' is 'Mujh + ko'. If you say 'Main maaf kijiye', it makes no sense.

The Nuqta

The dot under 'f' (फ़) is important. Practice by biting your lower lip with your upper teeth to get that perfect 'f' sound instead of 'ph'.

Maaf vs Chhoot

Use 'Maaf' for sins, mistakes, and debts. Use 'Chhoot' for discounts in a shop. Don't ask a shopkeeper to 'maaf' the price!

Texting Etiquette

In WhatsApp Hindi, people often write 'Sorry' in English script. Using 'Maaf kijiye' in a text can sound very sincere and touching.

Office Usage

If you are late for a meeting, 'Maaf kijiye' is better than 'Sorry'. It shows respect for the formal environment.

Poetry Tip

If you are writing a poem, 'Maaf' rhymes beautifully with 'Insaaf' (Justice). It's a classic pairing in Urdu/Hindi poetry.

Movie Cues

Listen for 'Maaf' in Bollywood breakup scenes. It's usually the turning point of the movie's emotional arc.

Start Simple

Just learn 'Maaf kijiye' first. It's the Swiss Army knife of Hindi politeness. You can use it for almost anything.

Legal Context

Learn the term 'Karz Maafi'. It's a key term for understanding Indian news and the rural economy.

Memorize

Associação visual

Imagine a giant eraser wiping away a debt written on a chalkboard.

Origem da palavra

Persian/Arabic

Contexto cultural

Loan waivers (Karz Maafi) are a major electoral tool in Indian politics.

Forgiveness is a central theme in Indian religions, often linked to Karma and liberation.

When saying 'Maaf kijiye' to a stranger, use a polite tone and avoid direct eye contact if the mistake was physical (like bumping).

Pratique na vida real

Contextos reais

Iniciadores de conversa

"क्या आपने कभी किसी को दिल से माफ़ किया है?"

"क्या आपको लगता है कि कुछ गलतियाँ माफ़ नहीं की जा सकतीं?"

"अगर कोई माफ़ी न माँगे, तो क्या उसे माफ़ करना चाहिए?"

"भारत में 'कर्ज़ माफ़ी' के बारे में आपकी क्या राय है?"

"क्या 'सॉरी' और 'माफ़ कीजिए' में कोई अंतर है?"

Temas para diário

एक ऐसी घटना के बारे में लिखें जब आपने किसी को माफ़ किया।

क्या खुद को माफ़ करना दूसरों को माफ़ करने से ज़्यादा मुश्किल है?

माफ़ी माँगने के बाद आपको कैसा महसूस होता है?

एक पत्र लिखें जिसमें आप किसी पुरानी गलती के लिए माफ़ी माँग रहे हों।

मेरे जीवन में माफ़ी का महत्व...

Perguntas frequentes

10 perguntas

No, 'Maaf' is only for mistakes or seeking permission. For sympathy, use 'Mujhe dukh hai' (I am sad).

'Maaf kijiyega' is slightly more formal and polite, often used when you are about to ask for a favor or interrupt.

It is of Persian origin and is used in both Hindi and Urdu (Hindustani).

You would say 'खुद को माफ़ करो' (Khud ko maaf karo).

While 'Chhoot' is more common, you can say 'Fees maaf' for a full waiver.

Neither is 'better'; 'Kshama' is just more formal and Sanskrit-based, while 'Maaf' is common and colloquial.

No, it is an adjective and remains 'Maaf'.

You can say 'Koi baat nahi' (No problem) or 'Theek hai' (It's okay).

It's an idiom meaning someone is given total freedom to do anything without punishment.

In formal speech, yes. In casual speech, some people pronounce it as 'ph', but 'f' is more accurate.

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