B1 Passive & Reported Speech 1 min read Médio

Changes in Tense and Pronouns in Reported Speech

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

In Armenian, reported speech keeps the original tense but shifts pronouns and uses the conjunction 'որ' (that).

  • Use 'որ' to connect the reporting verb to the statement: Ասաց, որ... (He said that...)
  • Shift pronouns to match the speaker: 'I' becomes 'he/she' or the reflexive 'ինքը'.
  • Unlike English, Armenian usually keeps the original tense of the spoken words.
👤 + 🗣️ + որ + [👤 Change] + 🕒 [Same Tense]

Pronoun Shifts in Reported Speech

Direct Speech Pronoun Reported Speech Pronoun Example (Direct) Example (Reported)
Ես (I)
Նա / Ինքը (He/She)
«Ես գալիս եմ»
Ասաց, որ ինքը գալիս է
Մենք (We)
Նրանք / Իրենք (They)
«Մենք գալիս ենք»
Ասացին, որ իրենք գալիս են
Դու (You)
Ես / Նա (I/He)
«Դու լավ ես»
Ասաց, որ ես լավ եմ

Meanings

Reported speech allows you to convey what someone else said without quoting them word-for-word, adjusting pronouns to maintain clarity.

1

Reporting Statements

Relaying facts or opinions shared by others using the conjunction 'որ'.

“Նա ասաց, որ գալիս է:”

“Մայրիկն ասաց, որ հացը պատրաստ է:”

2

Reporting Questions

Relaying questions using 'թե' (whether) or question words.

“Հարցրեց, թե որտեղ եմ ապրում:”

“Հարցրեց, թե երբ ենք գնալու:”

Reference Table

Reference table for Changes in Tense and Pronouns in Reported Speech
Type Structure Example
Statement
Verb + որ + Clause
Ասաց, որ գալիս է:
Negative
Verb + որ + Negative Clause
Ասաց, որ չի գալիս:
Yes/No Question
Verb + թե + Clause
Հարցրեց, թե գալիս է:
Wh- Question
Verb + թե + Wh-word + Clause
Հարցրեց, թե ուր է գնում:
Command
Verb + որ + Subjunctive
Ասաց, որ գնամ:

Espectro de formalidade

Formal
Նա իրազեկեց, որ ժամանում է:

Նա իրազեկեց, որ ժամանում է: (Arrival)

Neutro
Նա ասաց, որ գալիս է:

Նա ասաց, որ գալիս է: (Arrival)

Informal
Ասեց՝ գալիս եմ:

Ասեց՝ գալիս եմ: (Arrival)

Gíria
Ասեց՝ հեսա տեղում եմ:

Ասեց՝ հեսա տեղում եմ: (Arrival)

Reported Speech Components

Reported Speech

Conjunctions

  • որ that
  • թե whether

Pronoun Shifts

  • ինքը himself/herself
  • իրենք themselves

English vs Armenian Tense

English
He said he WAS tired Backshift
Armenian
Ասաց, որ հոգնած Է No Backshift

Exemplos por nível

1

Նա ասաց, որ գալիս է:

He said that he is coming.

2

Աննան ասաց, որ սոված է:

Anna said that she is hungry.

1

Հայրիկն ասաց, որ ինքը հոգնած է:

Dad said that he (himself) is tired.

2

Մենք գիտենք, որ նա գալու է:

We know that he is going to come.

1

Տնօրենը նշեց, որ ինքը գոհ է մեր աշխատանքից:

The director noted that he is satisfied with our work.

2

Արամը հարցրեց, թե երբ ենք սկսելու դասը:

Aram asked when we are going to start the lesson.

1

Քաղաքապետը պնդեց, որ ծրագիրը կավարտվի ժամանակին:

The mayor insisted that the project will be finished on time.

2

Նա հերքեց, որ տեսել է այդ մարդուն:

He denied that he has seen that man.

1

Զեկուցողը շեշտեց, որ խնդիրը պահանջում է անհապաղ լուծում:

The speaker emphasized that the problem requires an immediate solution.

2

Հարցին, թե արդյոք պատրաստ են, նրանք պատասխանեցին դրական:

To the question of whether they were ready, they answered affirmatively.

1

Հեղինակը ենթադրում է, որ սույն երևույթը պայմանավորված է պատմական հանգամանքներով:

The author presumes that this phenomenon is conditioned by historical circumstances.

2

Նա հավաստիացրեց, որ որևէ պարագայում չի դրժի իր խոստումը:

He assured that under no circumstances would he break his promise.

Fácil de confundir

Changes in Tense and Pronouns in Reported Speech vs Direct vs Indirect Questions

Learners often use 'որ' for questions instead of 'թե'.

Erros comuns

Նա ասաց ես սոված եմ:

Նա ասաց, որ ինքը սոված է:

Missing the conjunction 'որ' and failing to shift the pronoun.

Ասաց, որ նա հոգնած էր:

Ասաց, որ նա հոգնած է:

Backshifting the tense to past when it should stay present.

Հարցրեց որ գալիս ես:

Հարցրեց, թե գալիս եմ:

Using 'որ' instead of 'թե' for a question.

Նա ասաց, որ թող գնամ:

Նա ասաց, որ գնամ:

Redundant use of 'թող' in reported commands.

Padrões de frases

[Անունը] ասաց, որ ___:

Real World Usage

Texting friends constant

Ասեց՝ չի գալիս:

News broadcasts very common

Նախարարը նշեց, որ տնտեսությունը աճում է:

Job Interviews common

Իմ նախկին տնօրենն ասաց, որ ես լավ մասնագետ եմ:

🎯

The 'Inke' Rule

Always use 'ինքը' (reflexive) instead of 'նա' (he/she) when reporting what someone said about themselves to avoid ambiguity.
⚠️

Don't Backshift!

If the person said 'I am happy,' don't say 'He said he was happy.' Say 'He said he IS happy.'

Smart Tips

Use 'ինքը' to sound like a native and avoid confusion with other people.

Արամն ասաց, որ նա հոգնած է: (Ambiguous: Aram or someone else?) Արամն ասաց, որ ինքը հոգնած է: (Clear: Aram is tired.)

Pronúncia

asats... vor

Intonation of 'որ'

There is usually a slight pause or a dip in pitch before 'որ'.

Reporting Rise

Ասաց, որ ↑ գալիս է:

The focus is on the content of the speech.

Memorize

Mnemônico

Remember: 'որ' is the door to what they said, and 'ինքը' is the mirror reflecting the speaker.

Associação visual

Imagine a person holding a mirror. When they speak about themselves ('I'), the mirror reflects them as 'ինքը' (himself/herself) to the audience.

Rhyme

Keep the tense, change the name, 'որ' makes the reporting game.

Story

Aram told me, 'I am a king.' When I told Anna, I said, 'Aram said that he (ինքը) is a king.' I didn't change the crown (tense), just the person wearing it.

Word Web

ասելորինքըհարցնելթեպատմել

Desafio

Try to report three things your family members said today using 'Ասաց, որ...'

Notas culturais

When reporting what an elder said, Armenians often use more formal reporting verbs like 'հրամայեց' (ordered/commanded) or 'հորդորեց' (exhorted) to show respect.

The conjunction 'որ' stems from Proto-Indo-European relative stems, functioning similarly to 'that' in English or 'que' in Romance languages.

Iniciadores de conversa

Ի՞նչ ասաց քեզ ընկերդ այսօր:

Տնօրենն ի՞նչ նշեց ժողովի ժամանակ:

Temas para diário

Write about a conversation you had with a friend yesterday. Report at least five things they said.

Erros comuns

Incorrect

Correto


Incorrect

Correto


Incorrect

Correto


Incorrect

Correto

Test Yourself

Choose the correct reported speech form for: «Ես սոված եմ» (Արամ) Múltipla escolha

Արամն ասաց, ___:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: որ ինքը սոված է
We use 'որ', change 'ես' to 'ինքը', and keep the present tense 'է'.
Fill in the missing conjunction for a question.

Նա հարցրեց, ___ որտեղ եմ ապրում:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: թե
Questions in reported speech use 'թե'.

Score: /2

Exercicios praticos

2 exercises
Choose the correct reported speech form for: «Ես սոված եմ» (Արամ) Múltipla escolha

Արամն ասաց, ___:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: որ ինքը սոված է
We use 'որ', change 'ես' to 'ինքը', and keep the present tense 'է'.
Fill in the missing conjunction for a question.

Նա հարցրեց, ___ որտեղ եմ ապրում:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: թե
Questions in reported speech use 'թե'.

Score: /2

Perguntas frequentes (6)

Rarely. Only if the relative time has actually changed (e.g., reporting a past event that is now even further in the past), but for 95% of cases, you keep the original tense.

'Ինքը' refers back to the person speaking. 'Նա' could refer to a third person. Using 'ինքը' makes it clear the speaker is talking about themselves.

In very informal speech, you can replace 'որ' with a colon-like pause or the particle 'թե', but in writing, 'որ' is mandatory.

Use 'որ' followed by the subjunctive mood. For example: 'Ասաց, որ գնաս' (He said that you [should] go).

Yes, in the context of reported speech, 'թե' is used to report yes/no questions or wh-questions.

Because it preserves the original tense, it feels like you are re-playing the moment rather than describing it from a distant past perspective.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

English moderate

Reported Speech

No backshifting of tenses in Armenian.

Spanish moderate

Estilo indirecto

Spanish changes tenses; Armenian keeps them.

German low

Indirekte Rede

Armenian uses the indicative mood, not a special subjunctive for reporting.

Japanese high

引用 (In'yō)

Both languages avoid backshifting.

Arabic high

الكلام المنقول

Structural similarity in tense preservation.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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