発行 em 30 segundos
- 発行 (Hakkō) means to issue or publish official items like documents, money, or magazines. It is a formal term used by institutions and businesses.
- Commonly used with the verb 'suru' (to do), it describes the authoritative release of something into public or private circulation.
- It is essential for administrative tasks in Japan, such as requesting receipts (ryōshūsho) or certificates (shōmeisho) at government offices.
- Distinct from 'hatsubai' (selling), it focuses on the creation and authorization rather than the commercial transaction of goods.
The Japanese word 発行 (はっこう - Hakkō) is a fundamental noun and suru-verb that translates primarily to 'issue,' 'publication,' or 'issuance.' At its core, it describes the act of officially producing and putting something into circulation or making it available for public use. This can range from physical objects like currency and passports to intellectual property like magazines and academic journals. The word is composed of two kanji: 発 (hatsu), meaning to discharge, emit, or start, and 行 (kō), meaning to go, act, or carry out. Together, they create the image of something being 'sent out into the world' through an official process.
- Official Documents
- Used when government bodies or institutions create certificates, licenses, or passports. For example, 'shōmeisho no hakkō' (issuance of a certificate).
- Media and Publishing
- Refers to the act of printing and distributing newspapers, magazines, or books. It focuses on the publisher's side of the process rather than the retail sale.
- Finance
- Crucial in the context of issuing currency (banknotes), stocks, or bonds by central banks or corporations.
新しい紙幣が来月から発行されます。 (New banknotes will be issued starting next month.)
In a broader sense, 発行 implies a level of authority. You wouldn't use it for a child drawing a picture and giving it to their parent; however, you would use it if a company issues a commemorative stamp. It is a word that carries the weight of formal distribution. Whether it is a digital receipt or a physical newspaper, the 'issuance' marks the moment the item becomes valid or public. Understanding the nuance of Hakkō requires recognizing that it is the bridge between production and circulation. It is not just about making something; it is about authorizing its existence in the public sphere.
この雑誌は月刊で発行されています。 (This magazine is published monthly.)
- Etymology Insight
- The kanji 発 originally depicted a foot stepping out or an arrow being released from a bow, signifying a sudden start or release. Combined with 行 (to go), it literally means 'to start going' or 'to release into circulation.'
Furthermore, in the digital age, the term has expanded to include electronic issuance. For example, 'denshi manē no hakkō' (issuing electronic money) or 'mērū-magajin no hakkō' (issuing an email newsletter). Despite the lack of physical paper, the action remains the same: an authoritative entity releases information or value to a recipient list. This versatility makes it one of the most common words in both business and daily administrative life in Japan. From the perspective of a learner, mastering Hakkō allows you to navigate banking, government procedures, and media consumption with much more clarity.
Using 発行 (Hakkō) correctly involves understanding its role as both a noun and a suru-verb. When used as a verb, it typically takes the direct object marker を (o). Because it is a formal word, it is frequently found in passive forms (発行される - hakkō sareru) when the focus is on the object being issued rather than the issuer. This is especially common in news reports and official announcements.
- Active Usage
- 市役所が証明書を発行する。 (The city hall issues the certificate.) Here, the subject is clearly the authority performing the action.
- Passive Usage
- パスポートは一週間以内に発行されます。 (The passport will be issued within one week.) This is the standard way to describe a process to a customer or citizen.
領収書を発行していただけますか？ (Could you please issue a receipt for me?)
One subtle point is the distinction between Hakkō and similar verbs like Tsukuru (to make). While you 'make' a sandwich, you 'issue' a credit card. The former is about creation, while the latter is about the formal granting of status or value. In business contexts, you will often see compound nouns where Hakkō acts as a suffix. For example, 発行元 (hakkō-moto) refers to the 'issuer' or the source of the publication. 発行日 (hakkō-bi) is the date of issue. These compounds are essential for reading forms and official documents.
政府は新たな国債を発行することを決定した。 (The government decided to issue new government bonds.)
In the realm of publishing, Hakkō is often used alongside Busū (number of copies). So, 'hakkō busū' means 'circulation' or 'the number of copies printed.' This is a key metric for newspapers and magazines to measure their reach. Unlike 'shuppan' (publishing), which focuses on the creative and commercial act of bringing a book to market, 'hakkō' focuses on the physical or digital 'outputting' of the items. For instance, a small newsletter might be 'hakkō' (issued) but not necessarily 'shuppan' (published as a commercial book).
- Compound Words
- 発行部数 (Circulation), 発行所 (Publishing house), 発行済 (Already issued).
You will encounter 発行 (Hakkō) in several specific real-world environments in Japan. The most common is likely the City Hall (Kuyakusho/Shiyakusho). When you need a certificate of residence (jūminhyō) or a tax certificate (nozei shōmeisho), you will see signs that say 'shōmeisho hakkō madoguchi' (certificate issuance window). The staff will ask you to fill out a form to have these documents 'hakkō' (issued).
窓口で番号札を受け取り、書類の発行を待ちます。 (Take a number at the counter and wait for the issuance of your documents.)
In Banking and Finance, the word is ubiquitous. When you open an account, the bank 'hakkō' (issues) your cash card. On the news, when the Bank of Japan discusses the money supply, they talk about 'shihei no hakkō' (issuance of paper money). If a company is looking for investors, they might 'hakkō' (issue) new shares (kabushiki) or bonds (saiken). This context highlights the word's connection to value and legal validity.
- News Reports
- 'New stamps were issued today to commemorate the anniversary.' (Kinen kitte ga hakkō saremashita.)
- Corporate Environment
- 'Please issue an invoice for this project.' (Seikyūsho o hakkō shite kudasai.)
In the Publishing World, looking at the back of any Japanese book or magazine, you will find a section called the 'okuzuke' (colophon). Here, it will list the 'hakkō-bi' (publication date) and the 'hakkō-sha' (publisher). If you are a fan of manga, you might hear about 'shokkan hakkō' (first edition issuance). The word is central to the identity of the object as a published work.
このカードは提携会社によって発行されています。 (This card is issued by a partner company.)
Finally, in Public Transport, you might hear it regarding commuter passes (teikiken). If you lose your pass, you go to the station office for 'sai-hakkō' (re-issuance). This specific prefix 'sai-' (re-) is very commonly attached to 'hakkō' for lost cards, licenses, or certificates. Hearing this word in a station usually means someone is dealing with paperwork for their travel passes.
One of the most frequent mistakes learners make is confusing 発行 (Hakkō) with 発売 (Hatsubai). While both involve making something available to the public, Hatsubai specifically means 'to put on sale.' For example, a video game is hatsubai (released for sale), but it is not hakkō (issued). Hakkō is reserved for things like books, newspapers, and official documents. If you say you 'issued' a video game, a Japanese speaker might think you are treat it like a legal certificate.
- Hakkō vs. Hatsubai
- 発行: Focus on the act of printing or authorizing. (Magazines, Passports, Money).
発売: Focus on the act of selling. (Games, Toys, Electronics). - Hakkō vs. Shuppan
- 出版: Specifically for books and commercial publishing.
発行: Broader term including documents, currency, and IDs.
❌ このゲームは昨日発行されました。
✅ このゲームは昨日発売されました。
Another error is using Hakkō for 'sending' a simple letter or email. While an email newsletter (mērū-magajin) can be hakkō because it is a publication, a personal email to a friend is just 'sōshin' (sending). Hakkō requires a sense of 'issuing' something from an organization or for a wider audience. Similarly, don't confuse it with 発効 (Hakkō)—note the different second kanji. This homophone (same sound, different kanji) means 'coming into effect' or 'becoming valid' (like a treaty or a law). While related, they are distinct actions.
Finally, learners sometimes over-rely on 'hakkō' for things like 'distributing' flyers. For hand-outs or flyers, haifu (distribution) is more appropriate. Hakkō is the 'birth' of the document, whereas haifu is the movement of that document into people's hands. If you say you 'hakkō' a flyer, it sounds like you are the official publishing body for that flyer, which might be technically true but sounds overly formal for a simple advertisement.
❌ チラシを発行する。
✅ チラシを配布する。
To truly master 発行 (Hakkō), you should understand the words that surround it in the Japanese lexicon. Depending on the context—whether legal, commercial, or academic—there might be a more precise word to use.
- 交付 (Kōfu)
- This is a very formal term used by government offices. While 'hakkō' is the act of creating the document, 'kōfu' is the act of officially 'handing it over' or 'granting' it to the citizen. You will see 'menkyoshō kōfu' (granting of a license).
- 刊行 (Kankō)
- Used mainly for periodicals, academic journals, or multi-volume series. It has a more scholarly or formal literary nuance than 'hakkō.' A university might 'kankō' a research journal.
- 出版 (Shuppan)
- The standard word for 'publishing' books for sale. If you wrote a novel, you would want it to be 'shuppan' by a major company.
この報告書は政府によって刊行された。 (This report was published [periodically/officially] by the government.)
In finance, you might hear 振出 (Furidashi). This is specifically used for 'issuing' or 'drawing' a check (kogitte) or a bill of exchange. While you could technically use 'hakkō' for a check, 'furidashi' is the technical banking term. In the context of tickets, 発券 (Hakken) is used. When you use an automated machine at a train station or a cinema, the process of the machine printing the ticket is 'hakken.' Note the 'ken' (ticket) kanji replacing 'gyō' (act).
For digital content, you might see 配信 (Haishin). While an email magazine is 'hakkō' (because it is a publication), a live stream or a simple data transmission is 'haishin' (distribution/delivery). Choosing between 'hakkō' and 'haishin' depends on whether you view the content as an 'issued edition' or a 'delivered stream.' Understanding these subtle shifts in vocabulary will help you sound more like a native speaker and allow you to understand the specific nuances of Japanese administrative and business language.
- Quick Comparison
- 発行 (Hakkō): General/Official issuance.
発券 (Hakken): Tickets specifically.
交付 (Kōfu): Official granting of documents.
出版 (Shuppan): Commercial book publishing.
Exemplos por nível
カードを発行します。
I will issue the card.
Simple verb usage: [Object] + o + hakkō shimasu.
本の発行日はいつですか？
When is the publication date of the book?
Compound noun: Hakkō-bi (Issue date).
領収書を発行してください。
Please issue a receipt.
Request form: ~shite kudasai.
新しい切手が発行されました。
New stamps were issued.
Passive form: hakkō saremashita.
雑誌の発行所はどこですか？
Where is the publishing office of the magazine?
Compound noun: Hakkō-sho (Place of issue).
この新聞は毎日発行されます。
This newspaper is issued every day.
Frequency + passive verb.
カードの発行手数料は無料です。
The card issuance fee is free.
Noun phrase: Hakkō tesuryō (Issuance fee).
証明書の発行を待ちます。
I will wait for the issuance of the certificate.
Noun usage with 'o machimasu'.
銀行で新しい通帳を発行してもらった。
I had a new bankbook issued at the bank.
~shite morau (to have someone do something).
パスポートの発行には時間がかかります。
Issuing a passport takes time.
Hakkō ni wa (For the issuance...).
学生証を再発行したいです。
I want to have my student ID re-issued.
Prefix 'sai-' (re-) + hakkō.
この本は1990年に発行された。
This book was issued in 1990.
Past passive: hakkō sareta.
チケットの発行機はあそこです。
The ticket issuing machine is over there.
Hakkō-ki (Issuing machine).
メールマガジンを毎週発行しています。
We issue an email newsletter every week.
Te-iru form for ongoing action.
処方箋を発行しましょうか？
Shall I issue a prescription?
~mashō ka (Shall I...?).
カードの発行状況を確認する。
Check the status of the card issuance.
Hakkō jōkyō (Issuance status).
請求書を発行する前に、内容を再確認してください。
Before issuing the invoice, please double-check the content.
Hakkō suru mae ni (Before issuing).
この雑誌の発行部数は年々減少している。
The circulation of this magazine is decreasing year by year.
Hakkō busū (Circulation/Number of copies).
政府は新しい500円硬貨を発行することを決めた。
The government decided to issue a new 500-yen coin.
Koto o kimeta (Decided to...).
身分証明書の発行には、保険証が必要です。
An insurance card is required for the issuance of an ID.
Noun + ni wa (For the [noun]).
オンラインで領収書が発行できるようになりました。
It has become possible to issue receipts online.
Verb potential + yō ni naru.
そのニュースは号外として発行された。
That news was issued as an extra edition.
Toshite (As/In the capacity of).
カードを発行する際の審査は厳しいですか？
Is the screening strict when issuing a card?
Suru sai (When doing/On the occasion of).
弊社は季刊誌を発行しております。
Our company issues a quarterly magazine.
Humble form: ~shite orimasu.
中央銀行は通貨の安定のために、発行量を調節する。
The central bank adjusts the issuance amount to stabilize the currency.
Hakkō-ryō (Issuance amount).
社債を発行して、新事業の資金を調達する計画だ。
The plan is to issue corporate bonds to raise funds for the new business.
Te-form for sequential actions.
著作権の侵害により、その本の発行が差し止められた。
The issuance of that book was suspended due to copyright infringement.
Sashitomeru (to suspend/halt).
この証明書は発行日から3ヶ月間有効です。
This certificate is valid for three months from the date of issue.
Hakkō-bi kara (From the date of issue).
新株予約権を発行することで、優秀な人材を確保する。
By issuing stock acquisition rights, they secure talented personnel.
De (By means of).
未発行の株式については、取締役会で検討される。
Unissued shares will be considered by the board of directors.
Mi-hakkō (Unissued).
電子マネーの発行体としての責任を果たす。
Fulfill the responsibility as an issuer of electronic money.
Hakkō-tai (Issuing body/entity).
記念金貨の発行枚数は限定されている。
The number of commemorative gold coins issued is limited.
Hakkō maisū (Number of items issued).
通貨発行権の独占は、国家主権の根幹をなすものである。
The monopoly on the right to issue currency forms the basis of national sovereignty.
Hakkō-ken (Right of issuance).
有価証券報告書の虚偽記載により、発行会社の信頼が失墜した。
The reliability of the issuing company plummeted due to false statements in the securities report.
Hakkō-gaisha (Issuing company).
新法案の発行に伴い、既存の証明書の手続きが変更される。
With the issuance of the new bill, the procedures for existing certificates will change.
Ni tomonai (Along with/In accordance with).
その学術誌は、厳格な査読を経て発行されることで知られている。
The academic journal is known for being issued after a rigorous peer-review process.
O hete (Through/Via).
過剰な通貨発行は、インフレーションを招く恐れがある。
Excessive issuance of currency may lead to inflation.
Osore ga aru (There is a fear/risk that...).
デジタル地域通貨を発行し、地域経済の活性化を図る。
Issue a digital local currency to aim for the revitalization of the local economy.
Hakaru (To aim for/plan).
不適切な領収書の発行は、税務調査の対象となり得る。
Inappropriate issuance of receipts can be subject to a tax audit.
Uru/Eru (Can/Is possible).
債券の発行条件を市場動向に合わせて見直す。
Review the issuance conditions of bonds in line with market trends.
Ni awasete (In accordance with).
中央銀行の独立性と通貨発行の裁量権をめぐる議論が再燃している。
Debates over the independence of the central bank and its discretionary power over currency issuance are reigniting.
Sairyō-ken (Discretionary power).
ブロックチェーン技術を用いた独自のトークン発行が、資金調達の新たな形態として注目されている。
The issuance of unique tokens using blockchain technology is garnering attention as a new form of fundraising.
O mochiita (Using/By means of).
戦時中の乱脈な軍票発行が、占領地の経済混乱を招いた歴史的背景がある。
There is a historical background where the chaotic issuance of military scrip during the war caused economic turmoil in occupied territories.
Ranmyaku na (Chaotic/Disorderly).
国際機関による特別引出権（SDR）の発行は、世界の流動性を補完する役割を担う。
The issuance of Special Drawing Rights (SDR) by international organizations plays a role in supplementing global liquidity.
Yakuwari o nanau (To play a role).
私募債の発行は、適格機関投資家のみを対象として行われる。
The issuance of private placement bonds is conducted targeting only qualified institutional investors.
Nomio taishō toshite (Targeting only...).
著作物の死後発行における権利関係の整理は、法的に極めて複雑な課題である。
Sorting out the rights relationships in the posthumous issuance of copyrighted works is an extremely complex legal task.
Shigo hakkō (Posthumous issuance).
信用創造のプロセスにおいて、銀行による預金通貨の発行は中核的な機能を果たす。
In the process of credit creation, the issuance of deposit currency by banks fulfills a core function.
Chūkaku-teki (Core/Central).
当該国はハイパーインフレを抑制するため、新通貨の発行とデノミネーションを断行した。
To suppress hyperinflation, the country carried out the issuance of a new currency and a redenomination.
Dankō suru (To carry out resolutely).
Colocações comuns
Frases Comuns
— Already issued. Used to indicate that a document or stock has already been processed.
発行済みの株式。
— Not yet issued. Used for documents or currency that have been prepared but not released.
未発行の証明書。
— The process/procedure for issuance.
発行手続きには時間がかかります。
— The fee required to have something issued.
発行手数料は500円です。
— Same-day issuance. Very common for credit cards or IDs.
即日発行可能なカードを探す。
— Regular/periodic issuance (e.g., monthly).
このニュースレターは定期発行です。
— Limited issuance (e.g., limited edition coins).
限定発行の記念メダル。
— Simultaneous issuance to many people at once.
新しいIDカードを一斉発行する。
— The issuing entity or body.
信頼できる発行体を選ぶ。
— Suspension or cessation of issuance.
その雑誌は発行停止になった。
Expressões idiomáticas
— To issue paper money. Used literally but also in economics to discuss inflation.
政府が紙幣を乱発する。
Neutral— To issue an extra edition (newspaper). Used when something huge happens.
オリンピック金メダルで号外が発行された。
Journalistic— Metaphorically giving a 'seal of approval' (though 'hakkō' is less common here than 'ataeru').
専門家がお墨付きを発行したようなものだ。
Metaphorical— To issue deficit-financing bonds. A common political/economic phrase.
赤字国債の発行を抑える。
Political— To issue a prescription. Also used metaphorically for providing a solution.
経済再建の処方箋を発行する。
Medical/MetaphoricalSummary
発行 (Hakkō) is the professional word for 'issuing.' Whether it's a bank issuing a card, a government issuing a passport, or a publisher issuing a magazine, it always involves an authority releasing a valid item. Example: 領収書を発行する (Issue a receipt).
- 発行 (Hakkō) means to issue or publish official items like documents, money, or magazines. It is a formal term used by institutions and businesses.
- Commonly used with the verb 'suru' (to do), it describes the authoritative release of something into public or private circulation.
- It is essential for administrative tasks in Japan, such as requesting receipts (ryōshūsho) or certificates (shōmeisho) at government offices.
- Distinct from 'hatsubai' (selling), it focuses on the creation and authorization rather than the commercial transaction of goods.
Exemplo
新しいパスポートの発行を申請した。
Conteúdo relacionado
Mais palavras de business
遅めに
B1Um pouco tarde ou mais tarde do que o habitual.
経理
B1A contabilidade é a gestão dos registos financeiros de uma empresa.
的確な
B1Uma análise precisa e direta ao ponto.
達成する
B1Alcançar um objetivo ou realizar uma meta planejada. É o ato de ter sucesso após o esforço.
活性化
B2Ativar ou revitalizar algo, frequentemente usado para economia ou processos biológicos.
付加
B2Adicionar ou anexar algo extra a uma coisa existente para aumentar seu valor ou função. 'Uma nova funcionalidade foi adicionada ao software.'
優位性
B2優位性 significa ter uma vantagem ou estar em uma posição melhor do que outros. Uma empresa pode ter uma vantagem competitiva (優位性) devido à tecnologia inovadora. Atletas buscam obter uma vantagem física (優位性) para vencer a competição.
有利
A2Significa estar em uma posição vantajosa ou favorável.
有利に
B1Vantajosamente; favoravelmente.
宣伝する
B1Promover ou fazer publicidade de algo para o público em geral.
