方言与语言：有什么区别？

• Language: This is the overarching communication system used by a large community, often a nation or culture. A language is typically codified, meaning it has an official grammar, a standardized dictionary (lexicon), and a consistent writing system (orthography). It's the form used in schools, government, and national media. For example, Modern Standard Arabic is the formal language used in books and news broadcasts across the Arab world, even though daily speech varies greatly from country to country.

• Dialect: This is a specific variety of a language spoken by a particular group or in a particular region. A dialect has its own consistent and rule-governed variations that make it different from other varieties of the same language. These differences occur systematically across three levels:
• Phonology (Accent): Differences in pronunciation. For example, the vowel in the word caught is pronounced differently by many American speakers (/ɔ/) and Canadian speakers (/ɑ/), a well-known linguistic marker.
• Lexicon (Vocabulary): Differences in words. For example, to describe a public holiday in the UK, you would say bank holiday, while in the US, you would say federal holiday.
• Syntax (Grammar): Differences in sentence structure and word forms. In some Scottish dialects, you might hear I'm not wanting any tea, using a progressive form for a stative verb, which is ungrammatical in Standard British English (I don't want any tea).

• Accent: This term refers exclusively to pronunciation. It is the phonological part of a dialect. You can speak a standard dialect but with a regional accent. For instance, a person from Australia and a person from South Africa might both use standard English grammar and vocabulary in a formal setting, but their accents will make it clear where they are from. Every speaker has an accent; there is no such thing as 'neutral' pronunciation. Forms like General American are simply accents that have become widely accepted as standard.

Linguistically, American English is a collection of dialects of the English language. It is fully intelligible with other major varieties like British or Australian English. However, because of its global influence, large number of speakers, and highly standardized form, it functions like a language in its own right. No one would call it 'just a dialect' in a non-academic context.

Yes, this is a common historical process. It happens when the speakers of a dialect gain political autonomy, standardize their form of speech, and promote it as a symbol of their national identity. Afrikaans, which developed from a dialect of Dutch spoken in South Africa, is a perfect example. It was standardized and made an official language in the 20th century.

It can be. While it's a neutral technical term in linguistics, in everyday conversation the word dialect is often misunderstood to mean 'sub-standard' or 'not proper'. It is almost always safer and more polite to talk about someone's accent (pronunciation) or their way of speaking. The exception is if you are in an academic setting or having a specific discussion about linguistic variation.

Slang is a very informal and often rapidly changing set of vocabulary used by a specific social group (e.g., teenagers, gamers). A dialect is a complete, stable system of speech for a whole community that includes grammar, vocabulary (which can include slang), and pronunciation. Slang is a small part of a dialect's lexicon; a dialect is a whole system of language.

These are specific types of language varieties. A creole is a fully developed, stable language that originates from a mixture of two or more different languages. For example, Haitian Creole developed from French and West African languages. A patois (pronounced pat-wah) is a term often used to refer to a non-standard dialect, particularly in the Caribbean (e.g., Jamaican Patois). While the term was historically used by outsiders with negative connotations, many speakers now use it with pride to refer to their local language.