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C1 noun 7 دقيقة للقراءة

εξοστρακισμός

ostracism, banishment

At the A1 level, the word 'εξοστρακισμός' is much too difficult to use in daily conversation. However, you can understand it as a very strong way to say 'no friends' or 'not allowed'. Imagine a group of children playing and one child is not allowed to join. That is a very simple version of this word. At this level, you should focus on the basic idea of 'being alone' (είμαι μόνος) or 'not coming' (δεν έρχομαι). You don't need to use the word yet, but if you see it, just think of a big 'X' over a person in a group. It is a word about being left out. You might hear it in very simple history stories about Ancient Greece. Just remember: it means someone has to go away because the group said so. It is a sad word. You can practice by saying 'Είναι μόνος' (He is alone) instead of using this long word.
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At the A2 level, you are starting to learn more about Greek history and culture. You might learn that in Ancient Athens, people used pieces of pottery (όστρακα) to vote. This is where the word 'εξοστρακισμός' comes from. It's like a formal 'goodbye' from the city. In modern life, you can think of it as a very serious way of being 'blocked' on social media, but by a whole group of people in real life. You might see this word in a simple news headline. Don't worry about using it in your own speaking yet, but try to recognize the 'εξ-' prefix, which often means 'out' (like 'έξω'). So, 'εξ-οστρακισμός' is being 'out' because of the 'ostrakon'. It is a noun, and it is masculine: ο εξοστρακισμός. If you want to describe someone being left out at this level, you can say 'Δεν τον θέλουν στην παρέα' (They don't want him in the group).
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At the B1 level, you can begin to use 'εξοστρακισμός' in specific contexts, especially when talking about history or social issues. You should understand that it is a formal word. You might use it in a sentence like 'Στην αρχαία Αθήνα υπήρχε ο εξοστρακισμός' (In ancient Athens, there was ostracism). You should also notice that the word implies a collective decision. It's not just one person being mean; it's the whole group. You can start to see how it is used in the accusative case: 'Φοβάται τον εξοστρακισμό' (He fears ostracism). At this level, you should be able to distinguish it from 'αποκλεισμός' (exclusion). If a door is closed, that's 'αποκλεισμός'. If a whole community stops talking to someone to punish them, that's 'εξοστρακισμός'. It's a useful word for discussing books or movies where a character is rejected by their village or family.
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At the B2 level, you should be comfortable recognizing 'εξοστρακισμός' in newspapers and TV debates. You should understand its metaphorical use in professional and social contexts. For example, you might read about the 'επαγγελματικός εξοστρακισμός' (professional ostracism) of someone who spoke out against their company. You should also be able to use the word with appropriate adjectives like 'κοινωνικός' (social) or 'πολιτικός' (political). You should be aware of the verb form 'εξοστρακίζω' (to ostracize), although the noun is more common. At this stage, you should use the word to add a more academic or formal tone to your writing. For instance, in an essay about social media, you could write about how 'cancel culture' is a modern form of 'εξοστρακισμός'. You should also be careful with the genitive case: 'Οι συνέπειες του εξοστρακισμού' (The consequences of ostracism).
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At the C1 level, you are expected to use 'εξοστρακισμός' with precision and nuance. You should understand the psychological depth the word carries—the idea of 'social death'. You should be able to discuss the historical evolution of the term and its application in modern political theory. You should use it to describe not just the exclusion of people, but also the exclusion of ideas, words, or cultural practices. You should be familiar with common collocations like 'υφίσταμαι εξοστρακισμό' (to suffer ostracism) or 'επιβάλλω εξοστρακισμό' (to impose ostracism). You should also be able to compare it to similar concepts like 'περιθωριοποίηση' (marginalization) or 'αποπομπή' (dismissal) and explain why 'εξοστρακισμός' is the more appropriate choice in a given context. Your usage should reflect an understanding of the word's high register and its impact in a formal argument.
At the C2 level, you should have a native-like command of 'εξοστρακισμός'. You can use it fluently in complex rhetorical structures. You might use it in a philosophical discussion about the nature of democracy and the tension between individual rights and collective security. You should be able to identify the word in classical literature and modern high-brow journalism, picking up on any subtle irony or historical allusion the author might be making. You should be able to discuss the ethics of 'εξοστρακισμός' in the digital age, using the word as a cornerstone of your analysis. Furthermore, you should be able to use the word in its most abstract forms, such as 'ο εξοστρακισμός του κάλλους από τη σύγχρονη τέχνη' (the ostracism of beauty from modern art). Your mastery should include perfect control of all grammatical cases and the ability to weave the word into sophisticated, multi-clause sentences without it feeling forced.
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أمثلة ملاحظات ونصائح

εξοστρακισμός في 30 ثانية

  • A formal word for social exclusion or shunning.
  • Derived from Ancient Greek voting shards (ostraka).
  • Used in political, professional, and psychological contexts.
  • Implies a collective decision to isolate an individual.

The Greek word εξοστρακισμός is a powerful noun that carries both historical weight and contemporary social significance. In its most literal, historical sense, it refers to the democratic process in Ancient Athens where citizens could vote to banish a politician who was deemed a threat to the city-state for ten years. Today, the word has evolved to describe the act of excluding someone from a society, a group, or a conversation, often through collective consensus. It is not just about physical removal; it is about the psychological and social weight of being 'cast out' by one's peers.

Historical Context
The term comes from the Greek word 'όστρακον' (ostrakon), which was a fragment of pottery. In the 5th century BC, Athenians would scratch the name of a person they wanted to exile onto these shards. If a minimum of 6,000 votes were cast, the person with the most votes was forced to leave Athens.

Ο πολιτικός αντιμετώπισε τον κοινωνικό εξοστρακισμό μετά το σκάνδαλο διαφθοράς.

In modern Greek, you will hear this word in academic, political, and sociological discussions. It describes the phenomenon of 'cancel culture' in a more formal, intellectual way. When a person is ignored by their professional circle or when a community refuses to engage with an individual due to their actions, that is εξοστρακισμός. It implies a systematic and often cold-blooded exclusion rather than a simple argument or a temporary fallout.

Psychological Impact
Psychologists use the term to describe the devastating effects of being ignored or rejected by a primary social group. It is often described as 'social death' because it severs the vital connection between an individual and their community.

Ο εξοστρακισμός από την ομάδα των συνομηλίκων μπορεί να προκαλέσει κατάθλιψη.

The word is masculine in gender (ο εξοστρακισμός) and follows the standard second declension for nouns ending in -ος. It is a high-register word, so while you might not use it while ordering a coffee, you will certainly see it in the headlines of major Greek newspapers like Kathimerini or To Vima when they discuss international relations or social trends.

Using εξοστρακισμός correctly requires an understanding of its grammatical role as a noun. It often appears as the object of a verb or following a preposition. Because it is a formal word, it is frequently paired with adjectives that specify the type of exclusion being discussed, such as 'κοινωνικός' (social), 'πολιτικός' (political), or 'επαγγελματικός' (professional).

Active Usage
When you want to say that someone is practicing ostracism, you might use the verb 'επιβάλλω' (to impose). For example: 'Η κοινωνία επέβαλε τον εξοστρακισμό του'.

Πολλοί φοβούνται τον εξοστρακισμό αν εκφράσουν αντίθετες απόψεις.

Another common way to use the word is in the passive sense, describing someone 'experiencing' or 'suffering' from it. The verbs 'υφίσταμαι' (to undergo/suffer) or 'αντιμετωπίζω' (to face) are the most natural collocations here. This emphasizes the victim's position within the social dynamic.

Metaphorical Use
In literary or highly formal contexts, you might see the word used metaphorically to describe the removal of an idea or a word from a language. 'Ο εξοστρακισμός των ξένων λέξεων από τη γλώσσα μας' (The ostracism of foreign words from our language).

Ο εξοστρακισμός της λογικής από τον δημόσιο διάλογο είναι ανησυχητικός.

When writing, ensure you use the correct case. In the nominative, it is 'ο εξοστρακισμός'. In the genitive (showing possession or 'of'), it becomes 'του εξοστρακισμού'. In the accusative (the direct object), it is 'τον εξοστρακισμό'. Mastering these changes will make your usage sound native and sophisticated.

You are most likely to encounter εξοστρακισμός in environments where the conversation is elevated. It is a favorite among journalists, academics, and legal professionals. If you watch a Greek news program like 'Enikos' or read an editorial in 'Kathimerini', the word will appear when discussing political figures who have been ousted from their parties or social movements that are excluding certain groups.

Academic Lectures
In a university setting, specifically in Sociology or History departments, professors will use this word to describe the mechanisms of social control in both ancient and modern societies.

Στο μάθημα της ιστορίας, αναλύσαμε τον εξοστρακισμό του Αριστείδη του Δίκαιου.

In the legal world, although not a strictly technical legal term today, it is used rhetorically to describe the severity of a punishment that effectively removes a person's ability to function in society. Defense lawyers might argue that a certain sentence amounts to a 'social ostracism' of their client, making it impossible for them to ever reintegrate.

Political Commentary
Pundits often use the word to describe 'party purges' or when a prominent figure is no longer invited to important events or media panels.

Ο εξοστρακισμός του πρώην υπουργού από το κόμμα ήταν ξαφνικός.

Finally, in literature and high-end theater reviews, you will see the word used to describe the isolation of a protagonist. If a character is alienated from their family or village, the reviewer will likely use 'εξοστρακισμός' to convey the tragic and absolute nature of that isolation.

One of the most frequent mistakes learners make with εξοστρακισμός is confusing it with more common words for 'exclusion' or 'leaving'. Because it is a C1 level word, using it in the wrong context can make a sentence sound unintentionally dramatic or overly intellectual.

Confusion with 'Εξορία'
Many students confuse 'εξοστρακισμός' with 'εξορία' (exile). While they are related, 'εξορία' is usually a legal or political sentence of being forced to live in another country or a remote island. 'Εξοστρακισμός' is more about the social act of being shunned.

Λάθος: Καταδικάστηκε σε εξοστρακισμό στην Ιταλία. (Correct: εξορία)

Another mistake involves the declension of the word. Since it ends in -ός, it is masculine. Beginners often mistakenly treat it as feminine because many abstract Greek nouns end in -η or -α. Always remember: 'Ο' εξοστρακισμός, not 'Η' εξοστρακισμός.

Register Mismatch
Using this word in a casual setting, like saying 'My friends gave me an ostracism because I forgot to call them', sounds very strange in Greek. Use 'με έκαναν στην άκρη' or 'με απέκλεισαν' for casual social snubs.

Σωστό: Ο εξοστρακισμός είναι μια σκληρή μορφή τιμωρίας.

Finally, avoid overusing the word. Because it is a 'heavy' word, it should be reserved for significant events or formal analysis. Using it multiple times in a short paragraph can make your writing feel repetitive and pretentious. Instead, vary your vocabulary with synonyms like 'αποκλεισμός' or 'περιθωριοποίηση'.

Understanding the nuances between εξοστρακισμός and its synonyms will help you choose the right word for the right situation. While they all deal with exclusion, their 'flavors' are quite different.

Αποκλεισμός (Exclusion)
This is the most general term. It can mean being excluded from a list, a game, or a room. It lacks the historical and ritualistic weight of 'εξοστρακισμός'.
Περιθωριοποίηση (Marginalization)
This is a sociological term. It refers to being pushed to the 'margins' of society. Unlike ostracism, which is often an active rejection, marginalization can be a slow, systemic process.

Η περιθωριοποίηση των μειονοτήτων είναι ένα σοβαρό πρόβλημα.

If you are looking for a more poetic or literary alternative, you might use 'αποπομπή' (dismissal/sending away). This is often used when someone is removed from a high office or a position of power in a very public and shameful way.

Απομόνωση (Isolation)
This describes the state of being alone. While ostracism causes isolation, isolation itself can be voluntary or accidental, whereas ostracism is always imposed by others.

Ο εξοστρακισμός οδηγεί στην πλήρη κοινωνική απομόνωση.

In summary, choose 'εξοστρακισμός' when you want to emphasize the collective, harsh, and often formal nature of the exclusion. Use 'αποκλεισμός' for everyday situations, and 'περιθωριοποίηση' for long-term social trends affecting groups of people.

حقيقة ممتعة

In Ancient Athens, the person ostracized did not lose their property or their citizenship rights permanently; they just had to live outside the city for a decade. It was considered a 'cool down' period for political tensions.

دليل النطق

UK /e.ksos.tra.ci.ˈzmos/
US /ɛk.soʊ.strə.kɪz.ˈmoʊs/
Last syllable (ε-ξο-στρα-κι-σμός).
يتقافى مع
πολιτισμός (culture) εκσυγχρονισμός (modernization) αποκλεισμός (exclusion) φανατισμός (fanaticism) μηχανισμός (mechanism) ρεαλισμός (realism) τουρισμός (tourism) καπιταλισμός (capitalism)
أخطاء شائعة
  • Missing the 's' sound before 't' (eostrakismos).
  • Stressing the wrong syllable (e.g., εξοστράκισμος).
  • Pronouncing 'ξ' as 'z' (ezostrakismos).
  • Confusing the 'i' (ι) sound with an 'e' sound.
  • Softening the 'k' (κ) too much before 'i'.
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أمثلة حسب المستوى

1

Αυτός ο άνθρωπος είναι μόνος.

This man is alone.

Simple sentence using 'είναι'.

2

Δεν παίζει με την ομάδα.

He does not play with the team.

Negative verb form.

3

Η παρέα δεν τον θέλει.

The group does not want him.

Direct object pronoun 'τον'.

4

Είναι εκτός ομάδας.

He is out of the team.

Preposition 'εκτός'.

5

Γιατί φεύγει;

Why is he leaving?

Question form.

6

Δεν έχει φίλους εδώ.

He has no friends here.

Verb 'έχω' with negation.

7

Είναι μια κακή μέρα.

It is a bad day.

Adjective-noun agreement.

8

Όλοι λένε όχι.

Everyone says no.

Subject 'Όλοι'.

1

Στην Αθήνα είχαν τον εξοστρακισμό.

In Athens, they had ostracism.

Past tense 'είχαν'.

2

Ο εξοστρακισμός ήταν μια τιμωρία.

Ostracism was a punishment.

Noun with the definite article 'ο'.

3

Έγραψαν το όνομα στο όστρακο.

They wrote the name on the shard.

Preposition 'στο' (σε + το).

4

Ο άνθρωπος έπρεπε να φύγει.

The man had to leave.

Modal verb 'έπρεπε'.

5

Δεν είναι εύκολο να είσαι μόνος.

It is not easy to be alone.

Infinitive-like structure 'να είσαι'.

6

Η πόλη ψήφισε εναντίον του.

The city voted against him.

Preposition 'εναντίον' with genitive.

7

Ο εξοστρακισμός κρατούσε δέκα χρόνια.

Ostracism lasted ten years.

Imperfect tense 'κρατούσε'.

8

Σήμερα είναι διαφορετικά.

Today things are different.

Adverb 'διαφορετικά'.

1

Ο κοινωνικός εξοστρακισμός πονάει πολύ.

Social ostracism hurts a lot.

Adjective 'κοινωνικός' modifying the noun.

2

Πολλοί φοβούνται τον εξοστρακισμό από την παρέα τους.

Many fear ostracism from their group.

Accusative case 'τον εξοστρακισμό'.

3

Ο εξοστρακισμός ήταν ένα μέσο προστασίας της δημοκρατίας.

Ostracism was a means of protecting democracy.

Genitive case 'της δημοκρατίας'.

4

Ένιωσε τον εξοστρακισμό όταν σταμάτησαν να του μιλάνε.

He felt the ostracism when they stopped talking to him.

Temporal clause with 'όταν'.

5

Ο εξοστρακισμός δεν σημαίνει πάντα φυλακή.

Ostracism does not always mean prison.

Adverb 'πάντα'.

6

Η ιστορία του εξοστρακισμού είναι ενδιαφέρουσα.

The history of ostracism is interesting.

Genitive 'του εξοστρακισμού'.

7

Αντιμετωπίζει τον εξοστρακισμό με θάρρος.

He faces ostracism with courage.

Prepositional phrase 'με θάρρος'.

8

Ο εξοστρακισμός μπορεί να καταστρέψει μια καριέρα.

Ostracism can destroy a career.

Modal 'μπορεί να' with subjunctive.

1

Ο επαγγελματικός εξοστρακισμός είναι συχνό φαινόμενο.

Professional ostracism is a common phenomenon.

Subject-complement structure.

2

Υπέστη πλήρη εξοστρακισμό από την επιστημονική κοινότητα.

He underwent complete ostracism from the scientific community.

Verb 'υπέστη' (aorist of υφίσταμαι).

3

Ο εξοστρακισμός των αντιφρονούντων είναι χαρακτηριστικό των δικτατοριών.

The ostracism of dissidents is a characteristic of dictatorships.

Genitive plural 'των αντιφρονούντων'.

4

Ο φόβος του εξοστρακισμού οδηγεί στη συμμόρφωση.

The fear of ostracism leads to conformity.

Abstract noun 'συμμόρφωση'.

5

Η ταινία πραγματεύεται τον εξοστρακισμό ενός ξένου.

The movie deals with the ostracism of a stranger.

Verb 'πραγματεύεται' (deponent).

6

Ο εξοστρακισμός στην αρχαιότητα ήταν πολιτικό εργαλείο.

Ostracism in antiquity was a political tool.

Noun as a tool 'εργαλείο'.

7

Δεν μπορούμε να επιβάλλουμε τον εξοστρακισμό σε κανέναν.

We cannot impose ostracism on anyone.

Subjunctive 'να επιβάλλουμε'.

8

Ο εξοστρακισμός έχει σοβαρές ψυχολογικές επιπτώσεις.

Ostracism has serious psychological consequences.

Adjective 'ψυχολογικές'.

1

Ο εξοστρακισμός της κριτικής σκέψης υπονομεύει την πρόοδο.

The ostracism of critical thinking undermines progress.

Metaphorical usage.

2

Η κοινωνία συχνά καταφεύγει στον εξοστρακισμό για να διατηρήσει την ομοιογένεια.

Society often resorts to ostracism to maintain homogeneity.

Purpose clause 'για να'.

3

Ο εξοστρακισμός του από το κόμμα θεωρήθηκε άδικος.

His ostracism from the party was considered unfair.

Passive voice 'θεωρήθηκε'.

4

Παρατηρούμε έναν ψηφιακό εξοστρακισμό στα μέσα κοινωνικής δικτύωσης.

We observe a digital ostracism on social media.

Adjective 'ψηφιακό'.

5

Ο εξοστρακισμός λειτουργεί ως ένας άγραφος νόμος.

Ostracism functions as an unwritten law.

Simile 'ως ένας'.

6

Η απειλή του εξοστρακισμού φιμώνει τις μειονοτικές φωνές.

The threat of ostracism silences minority voices.

Verb 'φιμώνει' (to muzzle/silence).

7

Αντιμετώπισε τον εξοστρακισμό με αξιοπρέπεια και σιωπή.

He faced ostracism with dignity and silence.

Nouns 'αξιοπρέπεια' and 'σιωπή'.

8

Ο εξοστρακισμός των παλαιών ηθών είναι αναπόφευκτος.

The ostracism of old morals is inevitable.

Adjective 'αναπόφευκτος'.

1

Η διαλεκτική του εξοστρακισμού αποκαλύπτει τις παθογένειες της συλλογικότητας.

The dialectic of ostracism reveals the pathologies of the collective.

Highly formal academic language.

2

Ο εξοστρακισμός του 'άλλου' αποτελεί θεμελιώδη μηχανισμό συγκρότησης ταυτότητας.

The ostracism of the 'other' constitutes a fundamental mechanism of identity formation.

Philosophical concept of 'the other'.

3

Η συστηματική περιθωριοποίηση και ο εξοστρακισμός των αδύναμων είναι κοινωνικό στίγμα.

The systematic marginalization and ostracism of the weak is a social stigma.

Compound subject.

4

Ο εξοστρακισμός της ποίησης από την καθημερινότητα στεγνώνει την ψυχή.

The ostracism of poetry from everyday life dries up the soul.

Metaphorical verb 'στεγνώνει'.

5

Η ρητορική του μίσους συχνά προλειάνει το έδαφος για τον εξοστρακισμό.

Hate speech often paves the way for ostracism.

Idiomatic expression 'προλειάνει το έδαφος'.

6

Ο εξοστρακισμός δεν είναι απλώς μια πράξη, αλλά μια βαθιά υπαρξιακή κρίση.

Ostracism is not just an act, but a deep existential crisis.

Contrastive structure 'δεν είναι... αλλά'.

7

Στην αρχαία γραμματεία, ο εξοστρακισμός περιγράφεται ως αναγκαίο κακό.

In ancient literature, ostracism is described as a necessary evil.

Passive voice 'περιγράφεται'.

8

Η αναίρεση του εξοστρακισμού απαιτεί γενναιότητα από την πλευρά της κοινότητας.

The reversal of ostracism requires bravery on the part of the community.

Action noun 'αναίρεση'.

تلازمات شائعة

κοινωνικός εξοστρακισμός
πολιτικός εξοστρακισμός
επαγγελματικός εξοστρακισμός
υφίσταμαι εξοστρακισμό
επιβάλλω εξοστρακισμό
απειλή εξοστρακισμού
ψηφιακός εξοστρακισμός
πλήρης εξοστρακισμός
άδικος εξοστρακισμός
εξοστρακισμός λέξεων

العبارات الشائعة

καταδικάζω σε εξοστρακισμό

οδηγώ στον εξοστρακισμό

αντιμετωπίζω τον εξοστρακισμό

θύμα εξοστρακισμού

μηχανισμός εξοστρακισμού

εξοστρακισμός από την κοινωνία

εξοστρακισμός από το προσκήνιο

εξοστρακισμός και απομόνωση

φόβος για τον εξοστρακισμό

εξοστρακισμός των αδυνάτων

تعبيرات اصطلاحية

"βάζω κάποιον στο περιθώριο"

To put someone on the margins (the idiomatic way to describe ostracism).

Τον έβαλαν στο περιθώριο επειδή διαφώνησε.

Neutral

"κάνω κάποιον στην άκρη"

To push someone to the side; to ignore them.

Με έκαναν στην άκρη και δεν με καλούν πια.

Informal

"γίνομαι ξένο σώμα"

To become a 'foreign body' in a group; to no longer belong.

Ένιωθε σαν ξένο σώμα μέσα στην ίδια του την οικογένεια.

Literary

"κόβω την καλημέρα"

To stop saying 'good morning'; to stop speaking to someone.

Μετά τον καυγά, του έκοψαν την καλημέρα.

Informal

"ρίχνω μαύρη πέτρα"

To leave a place forever and never look back (related to the finality of exile).

Έριξε μαύρη πέτρα πίσω του και έφυγε.

Informal

"είμαι στην απέξω"

To be on the 'outside' looking in.

Πάντα ένιωθα ότι ήμουν στην απέξω σε αυτή την παρέα.

Slang

"κλείνω τις πόρτες"

To close the doors to someone; to deny them entry or participation.

Του έκλεισαν όλες τις πόρτες στην αγορά εργασίας.

Neutral

"βγάζω στη σέντρα"

To expose someone publicly (often a precursor to ostracism).

Τον έβγαλαν στη σέντρα για τα λάθη του.

Informal/Sports

"είμαι ο αποδιοπομπαίος τράγος"

To be the scapegoat (often leads to being ostracized).

Έγινε ο αποδιοπομπαίος τράγος για την αποτυχία του έργου.

Formal

"μένω στα κρύα του λουτρού"

To be left out in the cold; abandoned.

Τον άφησαν στα κρύα του λουτρού την τελευταία στιγμή.

Informal

عائلة الكلمة

الأسماء

الأفعال

الصفات

مرتبط

سجّل مجاناً لرؤية جميع الأمثلة

احفظها

وسيلة تذكّر

Think of an 'extra-straker' (extra striker). Imagine a soccer striker being kicked OUT (ex-) of the team and hit with a STICK (strak-). 'Ex-o-strak-ismos'.

ربط بصري

Visualize a person standing alone outside a high wall, while inside the wall, people are throwing pottery shards (ostraka) with their name on it.

Word Web

Ancient Athens Pottery Shard Voting Exclusion Ten Years Social Death Political Tool Isolation

تحدٍّ

Try to use 'εξοστρακισμός' in a sentence about a character in a movie you recently watched who was rejected by their group.

أصل الكلمة

Derived from the Ancient Greek word 'όστρακον' (ostrakon), meaning a shell or a fragment of pottery. The practice was established in Athens by Cleisthenes in the late 6th century BC as a safeguard against tyranny.

المعنى الأصلي: The act of voting with pottery shards to banish a citizen for ten years.

Indo-European > Hellenic > Greek.

السياق الثقافي

Be careful when using this word to describe modern social groups; it is very strong and implies a level of cruelty or systematic rejection.

In English, 'ostracism' is used similarly but lacks the immediate historical connection that a Greek speaker feels. Greeks are taught about the 'ostraka' in primary school.

The ostracism of Aristides 'the Just' in 482 BC. Themistocles, the hero of Salamis, who was later ostracized. Cimon, the Athenian general, who suffered the same fate.
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