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B2 verb 9 دقيقة للقراءة

استناد شدن

To be cited, to be referred to as an example or authority.

estenad shodan
At the A1 level, 'استناد شدن' is quite advanced. However, you can think of it as a very fancy way of saying 'someone talked about a book or a paper to show they are right.' In simple Persian, we usually say 'goftan' (to say) or 'neveshtan' (to write). If you see this word, just know it means a specific book or person is being used as a helper to prove a point. For example, if a teacher says 'In the book it says...', they are 'citing' the book. At this level, don't worry about using it yourself, just recognize that 'Sanad' means a document, and 'Estenad' is about using that document.
سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل
For A2 learners, 'استناد شدن' appears in formal news or school books. It is a compound verb. The first part, 'Estenad', comes from the word for 'document' or 'proof'. The second part, 'shodan', means 'to become' or 'to be'. Together, they mean 'to be cited'. You will often see it with the small word 'be' (to). Example: 'Be in ketab estenad shod' (This book was cited). It's like saying 'We used this book as our proof'. You might hear this if you watch Persian news on TV when they talk about what a famous person or a law said.
سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل
At the B1 level, you should start recognizing 'استناد شدن' as a formal passive verb used in writing. It is different from 'estefade shodan' (to be used). You use 'estefade' for tools, but you use 'estenad' for ideas, laws, and books. When you write an essay in Persian, using this verb instead of 'goftan' will make your writing look much better. Remember the rule: 'Be' + [Source] + 'Estenad Shodan'. It is very common in the 'Past Participle' form: 'Estenad shode ast' (has been cited). This is the standard way to talk about references in a report.
سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل
At the B2 level, 'استناد شدن' is a key vocabulary item for academic and professional success. You should be able to use it fluently in formal contexts. It implies a level of authority and evidentiary weight. It is often used in the passive voice to maintain objectivity. You should also be aware of its collocations, such as 'be ghanoon estenad shodan' (to be cited to the law) or 'be madarek estenad shodan' (to be cited to the evidence). At this level, you should distinguish it from 'erja dade shodan' (to be referred to), noting that 'estenad' is more about proving a point, while 'erja' is about directing the reader's attention.
For C1 learners, 'استناد شدن' is a tool for nuanced argumentation. You should understand its nuances in legal and philosophical texts. It functions as a mechanism of 'isnad' (attribution) which is deeply rooted in Persian and Islamic intellectual history. You should be able to identify when it is used to appeal to authority (Argumentum ad verecundiam) or when it is used to provide empirical grounding. In C1 level writing, you can use it to critique sources, for example: 'Be manabe-i estenad shode ast ke اعتبار kafi nadarand' (Sources have been cited that do not have enough credibility).
سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل
At the C2 level, 'استناد شدن' is understood within the broader context of Persian stylistics and legal hermeneutics. You should be familiar with its use in high-level judicial verdicts where the 'estenad' to specific legal principles defines the legitimacy of the state's power. You can analyze the rhetorical function of citation in classical and modern literature. Furthermore, you should be able to use the verb in complex grammatical structures, such as within relative clauses or as part of gerundial phrases, and recognize its stylistic equivalents in archaic Persian if they appear in classical commentaries.
سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل
أمثلة ملاحظات ونصائح

استناد شدن في 30 ثانية

  • A formal Persian verb meaning 'to be cited' or 'to be referred to' as a source of authority or evidence.
  • Essential for academic, legal, and journalistic contexts to ground arguments in documented proof or established laws.
  • Always used with the preposition 'be' (to) and functions as the passive form of 'estenad kardan'.
  • Distinguishes formal referencing from simple mentioning, implying that the source provides a foundational basis for the claim.

The Persian compound verb استناد شدن (estenād shodan) is a sophisticated term primarily used in formal, academic, legal, and journalistic contexts. At its core, it signifies the act of being cited, referenced, or relied upon as a source of authority, evidence, or justification. When a document, a law, or a specific statement 'is cited' to prove a point or to provide a basis for a decision, this is the verb that describes that state of being used as a reference. It is the passive counterpart to استناد کردن (to cite/to refer to). In the modern information age, where the validity of claims depends heavily on sources, understanding this verb is crucial for navigating high-level Persian discourse.

Legal Context
In a courtroom or legal document, when a specific article of the constitution or a previous judicial precedent is brought forward to support a verdict, we say that the law has been 'cited' or 'relied upon'. For example, if a judge bases a ruling on Article 5, they are performing the act, but from the perspective of the law, Article 5 استناد شده است.
Academic Research
In the world of science and humanities, the impact of a researcher is often measured by how many times their work استناد می‌شود (is cited). If a paper is frequently referenced by other scholars to support their own findings, it gains prestige through this process of citation.
Journalism and Media
News agencies often report on statements from 'anonymous sources'. When these reports are analyzed, the validity of the claims often depends on which source استناد شده است. Journalists use this term to describe the grounding of their stories in credible evidence or witness testimony.

در حکم نهایی دادگاه، به گزارش‌های کارشناسی پزشکی قانونی استناد شده است.
In the final court ruling, the forensic expert reports were cited.

The verb conveys a sense of intellectual or legal 'leaning'. The root 'sanad' (document/support) implies that something is being used as a pillar to hold up an argument. Therefore, when something is cited, it isn't just mentioned in passing; it is treated as a foundational piece of evidence. This distinguishes it from simpler verbs like ذکر شدن (to be mentioned), which does not necessarily imply authority or evidentiary weight.

این نظریه بارها در مقالات علمی بین‌المللی استناد شده است.
This theory has been cited many times in international scientific articles.

Culturally, Iranians value 'Sanad' (documentation). In formal debates, asking 'Be che sanadi?' (Based on what document?) is a common way to challenge someone. Thus, 'Estenad shodan' represents the formal validation of that challenge. If your words are cited, they have moved from the realm of opinion into the realm of documented authority.

Historical Usage
Historically, in Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh), the 'isnad' or chain of transmission is vital. While 'Estenad' is a modern Persian usage, it shares this deep cultural history of tracing knowledge back to a reliable source.

به سخنان بزرگان دین در این کتاب فراوان استناد شده است.
The words of religious leaders have been cited extensively in this book.

Using استناد شدن correctly requires an understanding of Persian passive construction and the specific prepositions that accompany formal verbs. Unlike English, where you might say 'The book was cited,' in Persian, the structure is more like 'To the book was cited.' This is due to the verb's relationship with the preposition به (be).

The Passive Structure
The verb is composed of the noun 'استناد' and the auxiliary 'شدن'. To use it in different tenses, you conjugate 'شدن'. For example: استناد می‌شود (is cited - present), استناد شد (was cited - past), استناد خواهد شد (will be cited - future).
The Preposition 'به'
This is the most critical grammatical point. The thing being cited is always preceded by 'به'. If you omit 'به', the sentence becomes ungrammatical in formal Persian. Example: 'به این مدرک استناد شد' (Reference was made to this document).

آیا به شواهد جدید در پرونده استناد شده است؟
Have the new evidences in the case been cited?

In academic writing, you will often see this verb in the passive voice to maintain an objective tone. Instead of saying 'The author cited Smith,' a formal paper would say 'Smith's theory was cited.' This shifts the focus from the person doing the citing to the source itself.

در فصل دوم پایان‌نامه، به آمار رسمی دولت استناد شده است.
In the second chapter of the thesis, official government statistics have been cited.

When used in the negative, it implies a lack of evidence or a failure to ground an argument in reality. استناد نشده است suggests that the claim is baseless or lacks the necessary support to be taken seriously in a formal context.

متأسفانه در این گزارش به هیچ منبع معتبری استناد نشده است.
Unfortunately, in this report, no credible source has been cited.

Combining with Adverbs
Common adverbs used with this verb include مکرراً (repeatedly), اشتباهاً (mistakenly), and مستقیماً (directly). Example: 'به این کتاب مکرراً استناد شده است' (This book has been cited repeatedly).

در بسیاری از دادگاه‌ها، به این تبصره قانونی استناد می‌شود.
In many courts, this legal note is cited.

You are unlikely to hear استناد شدن at a casual dinner party or while buying groceries. However, if you turn on the news, attend a university lecture, or step into a government office in Iran, you will hear it frequently. It is a hallmark of 'Ketabi' (bookish) or formal Persian.

The Evening News (IRIB)
News anchors use this verb when reporting on international relations or domestic policy. You might hear: 'به گزارش سازمان ملل استناد شده است تا نشان داده شود که...' (The UN report was cited to show that...). It adds an air of authority and objectivity to the broadcast.
University Seminars
Professors and students use it constantly. When defending a thesis, a student might be asked: 'به کدام نظریه‌پرداز در این بخش استناد شده است؟' (Which theorist has been cited in this section?). It is the standard way to discuss bibliography and literature reviews.

در اخبار ساعت نه، به بیانیه وزارت امور خارجه استناد شد.
In the nine o'clock news, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs statement was cited.

In legal dramas or real-life court proceedings in Iran, lawyers use this verb to ground their arguments. If a lawyer says 'به ماده ۱۰ قانون مدنی استناد می‌کنم' (I cite Article 10 of the Civil Code), the court recorder will later write 'به ماده ۱۰ استناد شد' (Article 10 was cited). It is a vital part of the legal record.

در لایحه دفاعی، به سوابق مشابه در پرونده‌های قبلی استناد شده است.
In the defense bill, similar precedents in previous cases have been cited.

Furthermore, in high-end literary criticism or philosophical debates found in Persian journals like 'Bokhara' or 'Negah-e No', writers use this verb to weave together complex arguments. It shows that the writer is well-read and that their ideas are not coming from a vacuum but are part of a larger intellectual tradition.

در این تحلیل ادبی، به اشعار حافظ برای اثبات مدعا استناد شده است.
In this literary analysis, Hafez's poems have been cited to prove the claim.

Because استناد شدن is a high-register verb, learners often make errors in its prepositional use or confuse it with similar-sounding or similar-meaning words. Avoiding these mistakes will make your Persian sound much more professional and natural.

Mistake 1: Omitting 'به' (be)
This is the most frequent error. Learners often try to use it like the English 'to cite' (transitive). They might say 'کتاب استناد شد' (The book was cited). Correct: 'به کتاب استناد شد' (Reference was made to the book). Without 'be', the sentence feels incomplete to a native speaker.
Mistake 2: Confusing with 'استفاده شدن'
While 'استفاده شدن' means 'to be used', 'استناد شدن' is specific to using something as a reference or authority. You use a hammer (استفاده), but you cite a law (استناد). Using 'استناد' for physical objects is incorrect.

Wrong: این مقاله استناد شد.
Right: به این مقاله استناد شد.

Another mistake involves the register. Using this verb in a very casual setting, like telling a friend 'I cited your advice yesterday,' sounds overly stiff and robotic. In such cases, words like گفتن (to say) or تعریف کردن (to tell/describe) are more appropriate. Save 'استناد شدن' for when there is a 'Sanad' (document/hard evidence) involved.

اشتباهاً به منبع نادرستی استناد شده است.
Mistakenly, an incorrect source has been cited.

Finally, some learners confuse 'Estenad' with 'Etemad' (trust). While they sound slightly similar, they are unrelated. 'Estenad' is about evidence; 'Etemad' is about emotion and reliability. You 'Etemad' a person, but you 'Estenad' to their statement in a report.

نباید به شایعات بی‌اساس استناد شود.
Unfounded rumors should not be cited.

Persian is rich with synonyms, but each has a specific 'flavor' or register. When you want to express the idea of referencing something, you have several options depending on how formal you want to be or what exactly you are referencing.

ارجاع داده شدن (Erjā dāde shodan)
This is the closest synonym to 'استناد شدن'. It means 'to be referred to'. While 'Estenad' implies using something as authority, 'Erja' is more general. You 'Erja' a reader to another page, but you 'Estenad' to a law.
Example: خواننده به پانویس ارجاع داده شد. (The reader was referred to the footnote.)
ذکر شدن (Zekr shodan)
This means 'to be mentioned'. it is much less formal and does not imply that the thing mentioned is being used as proof.
Example: نام او در لیست ذکر شده است. (His name is mentioned in the list.)
مستند شدن (Mostanad shodan)
This means 'to be documented'. It is related to the same root (Sanad). It implies that a claim has been backed up with documents.
Example: این ادعا با مدارک کافی مستند شده است. (This claim has been documented with sufficient evidence.)

به جای 'استناد شدن'، گاهی از 'گواه گرفته شدن' در متون ادبی استفاده می‌شود.
Instead of 'estenad shodan', sometimes 'govāh gerefte shodan' (to be taken as witness/proof) is used in literary texts.

In legal contexts, you might also see تکیه کردن (to lean/rely on), but this is usually active voice (تکیه شده است). 'Estenad' remains the most precise and prestigious choice for academic and legal writing. Choosing between these words depends on whether you are simply mentioning something or using it as a pillar for your argument.

در این پژوهش، به منابع دست اول استناد شده است.
In this research, primary sources have been cited.

حقيقة ممتعة

The term 'Isnad' in Islamic studies refers to the chain of narrators for a Hadith. 'Estenad' is the modern Persian evolution of this concept of verifying truth through a lineage of sources.

دليل النطق

UK /ɛstɛˈnɑːd ʃɔˈdæn/
US /ɛstəˈnɑd ʃoʊˈdæn/
The primary stress is on the last syllable of the noun 'estenād' and the last syllable of the conjugated auxiliary verb 'shodan'.
يتقافى مع
ایجاد شدن (ijād shodan) بنیاد شدن (bonyād shodan) فریاد شدن (faryād shodan) آزاد شدن (āzād shodan) امداد شدن (emdād shodan) ارشاد شدن (ershād shodan) انعقاد شدن (eneghād shodan) اعتماد شدن (etemād shodan)
أخطاء شائعة
  • Pronouncing the 's' as a 'z'.
  • Omitting the 'e' at the beginning (saying 'stenad').
  • Making the 'a' in 'estenad' too short.
  • Misplacing the stress on the first syllable.
  • Vocalizing the 'n' too nasally.
سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل

أمثلة حسب المستوى

1

به این کتاب استناد شد.

This book was cited.

Passive past tense.

2

به حرف او استناد شد.

His words were cited.

Estenad + Be.

3

آیا به این نامه استناد شد؟

Was this letter cited?

Question form.

4

به نام من استناد نکنید.

Do not cite my name.

Negative imperative (active).

5

به حرف‌های معلم استناد شد.

The teacher's words were cited.

Formal context.

6

در کلاس به این عکس استناد شد.

In class, this photo was cited.

Locative + Verb.

7

به گزارش پلیس استناد شد.

The police report was cited.

Common collocation.

8

به این قانون استناد می‌شود.

This law is cited.

Present passive.

1

در روزنامه به سخنان رئیس‌جمهور استناد شده است.

In the newspaper, the President's words have been cited.

Present perfect passive.

2

به مدارک قدیمی استناد شد تا حقیقت روشن شود.

Old documents were cited so the truth would become clear.

Purpose clause.

3

در این مقاله به هیچ منبعی استناد نشده است.

In this article, no source has been cited.

Negative present perfect.

4

به آمار سال گذشته استناد می‌شود.

The statistics from last year are cited.

Present passive.

5

برای اثبات جرم، به فیلم دوربین استناد شد.

To prove the crime, the camera footage was cited.

Infinitive for purpose.

6

به نوشته‌های این نویسنده زیاد استناد می‌شود.

This writer's writings are cited a lot.

Adverb 'ziyad'.

7

آیا به این تبصره قانونی استناد شده است؟

Has this legal note been cited?

Question perfect.

8

به گفته‌های شاهدان عینی استناد شد.

The statements of eyewitnesses were cited.

Compound noun.

1

در پایان‌نامه من، به بیش از پنجاه مقاله علمی استناد شده است.

In my thesis, more than fifty scientific articles have been cited.

Academic register.

2

به اشتباه به یک وب‌سایت غیرمعتبر استناد شده بود.

Mistakenly, an unreliable website had been cited.

Past perfect passive.

3

در بیانیه رسمی، به توافق‌نامه قبلی استناد شد.

In the official statement, the previous agreement was cited.

Formal bureaucratic usage.

4

چرا به این مدرک مهم استناد نشده است؟

Why hasn't this important document been cited?

Interrogative negative.

5

در دادگاه به اعترافات متهم استناد می‌شود.

In court, the defendant's confessions are cited.

Legal context.

6

به تحقیقات جدید در این زمینه استناد خواهد شد.

New research in this field will be cited.

Future passive.

7

در این کتاب به اشعار مولوی مکرراً استناد شده است.

In this book, Rumi's poems have been cited repeatedly.

Use of 'mokarraran'.

8

به جای حدس و گمان، باید به واقعیت‌ها استناد شود.

Instead of guesswork, facts must be cited.

Modal 'bayad'.

1

در متن حکم دادگاه، به صراحت به ماده ۱۲ قانون مجازات اسلامی استناد شده است.

In the text of the court verdict, Article 12 of the Islamic Penal Code has been explicitly cited.

Adverbial phrase 'be serahet'.

2

نظریه او به دلیل اینکه به منابع دست اول استناد نشده بود، رد شد.

His theory was rejected because primary sources had not been cited.

Causal clause.

3

به گزارش‌های محرمانه در این پرونده استناد نخواهد شد.

Confidential reports will not be cited in this case.

Future negative passive.

4

در بسیاری از مقالات علوم انسانی، به آرای فوکو استناد می‌شود.

In many humanities articles, Foucault's views are cited.

Subject-verb agreement.

5

به نظر می‌رسد که در این تحلیل به داده‌های آماری غلط استناد شده است.

It seems that incorrect statistical data has been cited in this analysis.

Epistemic phrase 'be nazar miresad'.

6

آیا می‌توان به این مدرک به عنوان یک سند تاریخی استناد کرد؟

Can this document be cited as a historical record?

Modal 'tavanestan' (active).

7

در گزارش نهایی، به تمام جزئیات حادثه استناد شده است.

In the final report, all details of the incident have been cited.

Comprehensive scope.

8

به سخنان او در محافل سیاسی به عنوان یک الگو استناد می‌شود.

His words are cited in political circles as a model.

Prepositional phrase 'be onvan-e'.

1

در نقد این اثر، به مبانی نظری مکتب فرانکفورت استناد شده است تا تضادهای درونی متن آشکار گردد.

In the critique of this work, the theoretical foundations of the Frankfurt School have been cited to reveal the internal contradictions of the text.

Complex academic syntax.

2

عدم استناد به منابع معتبر، اعتبار کل پژوهش را زیر سؤال برده است.

The failure to cite credible sources has called into question the credibility of the entire research.

Gerundial use of the noun.

3

در این رساله، به متون کلاسیک با رویکردی هرمنوتیک استناد شده است.

In this treatise, classical texts have been cited with a hermeneutic approach.

Specialized terminology.

4

به سوابق قضایی مشابه در نظام‌های حقوقی دیگر نیز استناد شده است.

Similar judicial precedents in other legal systems have also been cited.

Comparative legal context.

5

در بیانیه، به حقوق بین‌الملل برای توجیه اقدامات نظامی استناد شد.

In the statement, international law was cited to justify military actions.

Political discourse.

6

به نظر می‌رسد به جای استناد به واقعیت، به تخیلات نویسنده استناد شده است.

It seems that instead of citing reality, the author's fantasies have been cited.

Contrastive structure.

7

در این مقاله به یافته‌های متناقضی استناد شده است که نیاز به بررسی بیشتر دارد.

Conflicting findings have been cited in this article, which require further investigation.

Relative clause.

8

به شواهد فیزیکی موجود در صحنه جرم به دقت استناد شده است.

The physical evidence present at the crime scene has been cited with precision.

Adverbial precision.

1

در تبیین این پدیده جامعه‌شناختی، به دیالکتیک میان ساختار و کارگزار استناد شده است.

In explaining this sociological phenomenon, the dialectic between structure and agency has been cited.

High-level social science jargon.

2

وجاهت قانونی این تصمیم در صورتی که به اصول قانون اساسی استناد نشود، مخدوش خواهد بود.

The legal validity of this decision will be compromised if the principles of the constitution are not cited.

Conditional complex sentence.

3

در این واکاوی تاریخی، به اسناد نویافته‌ای استناد شده است که روایت‌های پیشین را به چالش می‌کشد.

In this historical analysis, newly discovered documents have been cited that challenge previous narratives.

Nuanced vocabulary ('vākāvi').

4

به جای استناد به ظواهر، باید به بطن و معنای عمیق متن استناد شود.

Instead of citing appearances, one must cite the core and deep meaning of the text.

Philosophical register.

5

در لایحه اعتراضی، به نقض صریح حقوق شهروندی استناد شده است.

In the protest bill, the explicit violation of citizenship rights has been cited.

Legal activism terminology.

6

به آرای فقهی متقدمین در این فتوا به طور گسترده استناد شده است.

The jurisprudential views of predecessors have been extensively cited in this fatwa.

Religious academic register.

7

اگر به این منبع خاص استناد نمی‌شد، نتیجه‌گیری کاملاً متفاوت بود.

If this specific source had not been cited, the conclusion would have been completely different.

Counterfactual conditional.

8

در این نقد فلسفی، به اپیستمولوژی کانت برای واسازی ادعاها استناد شده است.

In this philosophical critique, Kant's epistemology has been cited to deconstruct the claims.

Post-modern academic terminology.

تلازمات شائعة

به قانون استناد شدن
به منبع استناد شدن
به مدرک استناد شدن
به آمار استناد شدن
به سخنان استناد شدن
به شواهد استناد شدن
به نظریه استناد شدن
به گزارش استناد شدن
به سوابق استناد شدن
به آیات استناد شدن

العبارات الشائعة

با استناد به

قابل استناد

مورد استناد قرار گرفتن

بدون استناد به

استناد قانونی

وجه استناد

عدم استناد

استناد مکرر

استناد اشتباه

مرجع استناد

تعبيرات اصطلاحية

"حرفش سند است"

His word is a document (meaning he is very trustworthy, related to the root of estenad).

او مرد بزرگی است و حرفش سند است.

Colloquial/Respectful

"سند آوردن"

To bring proof/evidence.

برای ادعایت سند بیاور.

General

"بی‌سند و مدرک"

Without any proof or document.

حرف‌های بی‌سند و مدرک نزن.

General

"سند زدن"

To register a document officially (often for property).

خانه را به نام من سند زد.

General

"روی حرف کسی حساب کردن"

To count on someone's word (conceptual link to relying on a source).

می‌توانی روی حرف من حساب کنی.

Colloquial

"مهر تأیید زدن"

To put a stamp of approval (often through citation).

این گزارش مهر تأییدی بر گفته‌های ما بود.

Journalistic

"آیه نازل شدن"

To be revealed like a verse (used sarcastically when someone treats a source as absolute).

فکر می‌کنی حرف‌های او آیه نازل شده است؟

Colloquial/Sarcastic

"چشم و گوش بسته"

Blindly (without checking sources/documents).

نباید چشم و گوش بسته به هر چیزی استناد کرد.

Colloquial

"از خودش درآوردن"

To make something up (the opposite of citing a source).

این حرف‌ها را از خودش درآورده است.

Colloquial

"سیاه روی سفید"

Black on white (written proof).

این قانون سیاه روی سفید نوشته شده است.

General

عائلة الكلمة

الأسماء

الأفعال

الصفات

مرتبط

سجّل مجاناً لرؤية جميع الأمثلة

احفظها

وسيلة تذكّر

Think of 'Estenad' as 'A Stand'. When you cite something, you are taking 'A Stand' on a 'Sanad' (document).

ربط بصري

Imagine a lawyer leaning against a giant stack of law books. He is 'leaning' (S-N-D) on them to support his case.

Word Web

Law Book Source Proof Academic Citation Reference Authority

تحدٍّ

Try to write three sentences about your favorite book using 'estenad shodan'. For example, 'In my school, to this book is cited often.'

أصل الكلمة

Derived from the Arabic root S-N-D (س-ن-د), which relates to leaning, supporting, or propping something up.

المعنى الأصلي: To lean against something or to support a claim by tracing it back to a reliable source.

Semitic root (Arabic) integrated into Indo-European (Persian) grammar via the light verb 'shodan'.

السياق الثقافي

Be careful when citing religious texts (like the Quran) in Iran; ensure the 'estenad' is respectful and accurate to avoid social or legal friction.

In English, 'to be cited' is common in academia. In Persian, it carries a slightly heavier, almost sacred weight in legal contexts.

The Civil Code of Iran (Qanun-e Madani) Scientific journals like 'Majalle-ye Elmi' News broadcasts on IRIB
سجّل مجاناً للنصائح والملاحظات

محتوى ذو صلة

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