अंदरूनी तौर पर
अंदरूनी तौर पर في 30 ثانية
- Means 'internally' or 'inwardly'.
- Used for medical, psychological, and organizational contexts.
- More formal than the simple word 'andar'.
- Does not change based on gender or number.
The phrase अंदरूनी तौर पर (Andaroonee Taur Par) is a sophisticated Hindi adverbial phrase that translates to 'internally,' 'on the inside,' or 'inwardly.' It is composed of two primary parts: the adjective 'अंदरूनी' (internal/inner) and the postpositional phrase 'तौर पर' (as/in a manner). Together, they function to describe how an action occurs or how a state exists within the confines of a system, a physical body, or a person's psyche. While the basic word 'अंदर' (inside) is used for simple physical locations, 'अंदरूनी तौर पर' elevates the discourse to describe structural, systemic, or emotional depths. You will encounter this term frequently in medical reports discussing internal injuries, in political analysis regarding a party's internal conflicts, and in psychological contexts describing a person's private feelings that they do not share with the world.
- Physical Usage
- Used to describe things happening inside a structure or body, such as internal bleeding or the internal workings of a machine.
- Psychological Usage
- Describes feelings, thoughts, or states of mind that are kept private and not expressed outwardly.
- Organizational Usage
- Refers to matters within a company, government, or group that are not meant for public disclosure.
वह बाहर से शांत दिखता है, लेकिन अंदरूनी तौर पर वह बहुत परेशान है। (He looks calm on the outside, but internally he is very troubled.)
In everyday conversation, choosing this phrase over simpler alternatives like 'अंदर से' (from inside) indicates a higher level of fluency and precision. It suggests that the speaker is looking at the 'nature' or 'manner' of the internal state rather than just the location. For instance, if a building is 'internally strong,' it implies its structural integrity is sound, which is more comprehensive than just saying something is 'inside' the building. This nuance makes it indispensable for formal writing, journalism, and deep personal reflections.
कंपनी अंदरूनी तौर पर बदलाव कर रही है। (The company is making changes internally.)
The versatility of this phrase is its greatest strength. It can modify verbs, adjectives, and even entire situations. In the context of health, a doctor might say a patient is 'अंदरूनी तौर पर ठीक' (internally fine), meaning the organs are functioning well despite outward appearances. In the context of a machine, it might refer to the gears and circuits. In the context of a community, it might refer to the social bonds that are not visible to outsiders. This multi-layered application is why mastering this phrase is a key milestone for A2/B1 learners transitioning into more abstract Hindi communication.
Using अंदरूनी तौर पर correctly requires understanding its role as an adverbial modifier. In Hindi syntax, adverbs typically precede the verb or the adjective they are modifying. Because this is a multi-word phrase, it carries significant weight in a sentence and often sets the tone for the entire clause. It is most commonly placed right before the predicate or at the beginning of a clause for emphasis. Unlike 'अंदर' (inside), which often needs a reference point (like 'कमरे के अंदर' - inside the room), 'अंदरूनी तौर पर' is an absolute adverb; it doesn't usually require a 'ke' (of) construction because the 'internal' nature is already implied in the word 'अंदरूनी'.
यह मशीन अंदरूनी तौर पर बहुत जटिल है। (This machine is internally very complex.)
- Modifying Adjectives
- When modifying an adjective like 'मजबूत' (strong) or 'कमजोर' (weak), place it immediately before the adjective: 'अंदरूनी तौर पर मजबूत' (internally strong).
- Modifying Verbs
- When describing how an action is performed: 'उन्होंने मामले को अंदरूनी तौर पर सुलझा लिया' (They resolved the matter internally).
One of the most important things to remember is that 'अंदरूनी' ends in 'ee', but it does not change its ending based on the gender of the subject because it is part of an adverbial phrase here. Whether you are talking about a boy, a girl, or a plural group, 'अंदरूनी तौर पर' remains constant. This makes it easier to use than many other Hindi descriptors. However, do not confuse it with 'आंतरिक' (Antarik), which is a more formal, Sanskrit-derived synonym often used in academic or administrative contexts. 'अंदरूनी तौर पर' feels more natural in journalism, business, and daily sophisticated conversation.
पार्टी अंदरूनी तौर पर दो गुटों में बँटी हुई है। (The party is internally divided into two factions.)
When using it to describe emotions, it creates a contrast with 'बाहरी तौर पर' (externally/outwardly). This contrast is a staple of Hindi literature and cinema, where characters often hide their true feelings. 'वह अंदरूनी तौर पर टूट चुका था' (He was internally broken) conveys a much more profound sense of despair than simply saying 'वह दुखी था' (He was sad). It implies a deep, structural emotional failure that isn't necessarily visible to the naked eye. This depth is what makes the phrase so powerful in storytelling and personal expression.
You will encounter अंदरूनी तौर पर in several specific domains of Indian life. First and foremost is the world of **News and Politics**. News anchors frequently use this term to describe 'internal matters' of political parties or the government. If there is a disagreement within a cabinet that hasn't been made public, a reporter might say, 'अंदरूनी तौर पर मतभेद चल रहे हैं' (Internal differences are ongoing). It provides a way to discuss sensitive topics that are happening behind closed doors without necessarily revealing specific secrets.
अदालत ने कहा कि यह संस्था का अंदरूनी तौर पर सुलझाया जाने वाला मामला है। (The court said this is a matter to be resolved internally by the institution.)
- In Medicine
- Doctors use it to differentiate between external wounds (like a cut) and internal issues (like organ failure or internal bleeding). 'मरीज अंदरूनी तौर पर घायल है' means the patient has internal injuries.
- In Business
- Used in corporate meetings to discuss restructuring, audits, or employee relations that are not for the clients' eyes.
Another common place is in **Psychological and Self-Help contexts**. Hindi podcasts or motivational speakers often talk about being 'internally strong' (अंदरूनी तौर पर मजबूत). They emphasize that while the world sees your outward success, what matters most is how you feel internally. This usage is very common in modern urban Hindi, where discussions about mental health and personal growth are becoming more prevalent. It bridges the gap between traditional spiritual language and modern psychological terminology.
आपको अंदरूनी तौर पर शांति की तलाश करनी चाहिए। (You should search for peace internally.)
In **Sports**, especially cricket, commentators might use it to describe a team's morale or their strategy. If a team is playing well but there are rumors of a rift between the captain and the coach, the commentator might say, 'अंदरूनी तौर पर सब कुछ ठीक नहीं लग रहा' (Internally, everything doesn't seem right). This adds a layer of investigative depth to the commentary, suggesting that the visible game is being influenced by invisible internal factors. Whether it's a broken bone, a broken heart, or a broken political alliance, this phrase is the go-to expression for looking beneath the surface.
One of the most frequent mistakes learners make is confusing **अंदर (Andar)** with **अंदरूनी तौर पर (Andaroonee Taur Par)**. While both relate to the concept of 'inside,' they are not interchangeable. 'अंदर' is a simple postposition or adverb of place. If you say 'मैं अंदर हूँ' (I am inside), it usually means you are inside a room. If you say 'मैं अंदरूनी तौर पर खुश हूँ' (I am internally happy), it describes your state of being. You cannot say 'मैं अंदर खुश हूँ' and expect the same level of formal precision, though it might be understood in very casual speech. 'अंदर' is about location; 'अंदरूनी तौर पर' is about the nature of a state or action.
Incorrect: वह अंदर घायल है। (He is inside injured - sounds like he is injured while being inside a room.)
Correct: वह अंदरूनी तौर पर घायल है। (He is internally injured.)
- Confusion with 'आंतरिक' (Antarik)
- 'आंतरिक' is an adjective. You can say 'आंतरिक मामला' (internal matter). But if you want to use it as an adverb, you must say 'आंतरिक रूप से'. Learners often forget to add 'रूप से' or 'तौर पर' and try to use the adjective as an adverb.
- Redundancy
- Avoid saying 'अंदर के अंदरूनी तौर पर'. The phrase already includes the concept of 'inside'.
Another mistake is the mispronunciation of 'अंदरूनी'. Some learners pronounce it as 'Androoni' (dropping the 'a' sound after 'd'). It should be 'An-da-roo-nee'. The 'da' is a soft dental sound. Also, ensure you don't confuse 'तौर' (taur - manner) with 'तोड़' (tod - break). Saying 'अंदरूनी तोड़ पर' would be nonsensical and confusing to a native speaker. Precision in the 't' and 'r' sounds is vital here.
Finally, be careful with the context of 'privacy'. While 'अंदरूनी तौर पर' can mean private, it doesn't mean 'secretly' in the sense of 'chupke se'. If you are doing something secretly to hide it from others, use 'चुपके से' (chupke se). If you are describing a state that is inherent to the inside of something, use 'अंदरूनी तौर पर'. For example, 'He secretly went out' is 'वह चुपके से बाहर गया', not 'वह अंदरूनी तौर पर बाहर गया'. The latter would imply a physical impossibility!
Hindi offers a rich palette of words to describe 'internality,' and choosing the right one depends on the register and the specific nuance you wish to convey. The most direct academic alternative is **आंतरिक रूप से (Antarik Roop Se)**. This is derived from Sanskrit and is the standard term used in textbooks, formal government documents, and scientific papers. If you are writing a formal essay about the 'internal structure of an atom' or 'internal security,' 'आंतरिक' is your best bet. 'अंदरूनी तौर पर' is slightly more versatile and common in media and daily professional life.
- आंतरिक रूप से (Antarik Roop Se)
- Very formal. Use for: Science, Government, Formal Law. Example: 'भारत की आंतरिक सुरक्षा' (India's internal security).
- भीतर से (Bhitar Se)
- More poetic and emotional. Often used in songs and literature to describe the soul or deep feelings. Example: 'वह भीतर से टूट गया' (He broke from within).
- मन ही मन (Man Hi Man)
- Specifically for thoughts or feelings kept to oneself. Example: 'वह मन ही मन मुस्कुराया' (He smiled to himself/internally).
Then there is the word **निजी तौर पर (Niji Taur Par)**, which means 'personally.' While 'internally' and 'personally' can overlap (e.g., 'Internally, I disagree'), 'निजी तौर पर' focuses on the individual's private opinion rather than the internal state of a system. Another useful term is **घरेलू (Gharelu)**, which literally means 'domestic' or 'household-related.' In political contexts, 'internal matters' of a country are often called 'घरेलू मामले' (domestic matters), whereas 'अंदरूनी मामले' might refer to the internal matters of a specific organization or group.
Comparison:
1. अंदरूनी तौर पर (General/Professional/Medical)
2. आंतरिक रूप से (Academic/Governmental)
3. भीतर से (Poetic/Emotional)
Lastly, consider the antonyms to understand the boundaries. **बाहरी तौर पर (Bahari Taur Par)** means 'externally' or 'outwardly.' Using these two together creates a perfect balance: 'वह बाहरी तौर पर हँस रहा था, पर अंदरूनी तौर पर रो रहा था' (He was laughing outwardly, but crying internally). By understanding these alternatives, you can tailor your Hindi to fit the exact social and emotional context of your conversation.
How Formal Is It?
حقيقة ممتعة
The 'ee' suffix in 'andaroonee' is a classic Persian way to turn a noun into an adjective. Many Hindi words following the pattern [Word + ee + taur par] are actually hybrids of Persian and Arabic origins that have become standard in modern Hindi.
دليل النطق
- Pronouncing 'andaroonee' as 'androonee' (skipping the middle 'a').
- Confusing the dental 't' in 'taur' with the retroflex 'T'.
- Pronouncing 'taur' like 'tower'. It should be one syllable.
- Ending 'andaroonee' with a short 'i' instead of a long 'ee'.
- Pronouncing 'par' like 'par' in golf; it should be a short 'a' like in 'up'.
مستوى الصعوبة
Easy to recognize if you know 'andar'.
Requires remembering the 'ee' and 'taur par' construction.
The soft dental 't' and 'd' sounds need practice.
Very common in news and formal speech.
ماذا تتعلّم بعد ذلك
المتطلبات الأساسية
تعلّم لاحقاً
متقدم
أمثلة حسب المستوى
वह अंदरूनी तौर पर खुश है।
He is internally happy.
Simple Subject + Adverb + Adjective + Verb.
यह कमरा अंदरूनी तौर पर साफ़ है।
This room is internally clean (inside the cupboards/corners).
Using the adverb to modify the state of a room.
क्या आप अंदरूनी तौर पर ठीक हैं?
Are you internally okay?
Interrogative sentence structure.
मशीन अंदरूनी तौर पर काम कर रही है।
The machine is working internally.
Adverb modifying a continuous verb.
वह अंदरूनी तौर पर बहुत शांत है।
She is internally very calm.
Use of 'bahut' (very) with the adverb.
फल अंदरूनी तौर पर सड़ा हुआ है।
The fruit is internally rotten.
Describing a hidden state.
घर अंदरूनी तौर पर छोटा है।
The house is internally small.
Comparing outward appearance to internal reality.
वह अंदरूनी तौर पर डर गया।
He got scared internally.
Past tense usage.
डॉक्टर ने कहा कि चोट अंदरूनी तौर पर है।
The doctor said the injury is internal.
Medical context.
पार्टी अंदरूनी तौर पर बहुत कमजोर है।
The party is internally very weak.
Political/Organizational context.
हमें अंदरूनी तौर पर सुधार करना होगा।
We will have to improve internally.
Future tense with 'hoga' (will have to).
वह अंदरूनी तौर पर खुद से लड़ रहा है।
He is internally fighting with himself.
Psychological struggle.
यह डिब्बा अंदरूनी तौर पर खाली है।
This box is internally empty.
Describing physical space.
वे अंदरूनी तौर पर एक दूसरे को पसंद करते हैं।
They internally like each other.
Private feelings.
स्कूल अंदरूनी तौर पर बहुत अच्छा है।
The school is internally very good.
Evaluating an institution.
उसने अंदरूनी तौर पर फैसला कर लिया था।
He had decided internally.
Past perfect tense.
संस्था अंदरूनी तौर पर भ्रष्टाचार से लड़ रही है।
The organization is internally fighting corruption.
Abstract organizational process.
यह इमारत अंदरूनी तौर पर बहुत मजबूत बनाई गई है।
This building has been built very strong internally.
Passive voice construction.
अंदरूनी तौर पर, वह अपनी सफलता से संतुष्ट नहीं था।
Internally, he was not satisfied with his success.
Starting a sentence with the adverb for emphasis.
हमें अपनी अंदरूनी तौर पर होने वाली गलतियों को पहचानना चाहिए।
We should identify the mistakes happening internally.
Using the phrase as part of a complex noun phrase.
फिल्म अंदरूनी तौर पर एक प्रेम कहानी है।
The film is internally (at its core) a love story.
Metaphorical usage for 'at the core'.
वह अंदरूनी तौर पर बहुत धार्मिक व्यक्ति है।
He is an internally very religious person.
Describing character traits.
कंपनी ने मामले को अंदरूनी तौर पर सुलझाने की कोशिश की।
The company tried to resolve the matter internally.
Infinitive 'suljhane' (to resolve).
अंदरूनी तौर पर, मुझे पता था कि वह झूठ बोल रहा है।
Internally, I knew he was lying.
Intuition and internal knowledge.
अर्थव्यवस्था अंदरूनी तौर पर खोखली होती जा रही है।
The economy is becoming internally hollow.
Economic/Systemic context.
अंदरूनी तौर पर विभाजित समाज कभी प्रगति नहीं कर सकता।
An internally divided society can never progress.
Sociological analysis.
लेखक ने नायक के अंदरूनी तौर पर चल रहे द्वंद्व को बखूबी दर्शाया है।
The writer has beautifully depicted the conflict going on internally within the protagonist.
Literary criticism.
हमें अंदरूनी तौर पर अपनी क्षमताओं का विकास करना होगा।
We must develop our capabilities internally.
Self-development focus.
सरकार अंदरूनी तौर पर कई बदलावों पर विचार कर रही है।
The government is internally considering several changes.
Administrative context.
वह अंदरूनी तौर पर एक बहुत ही जटिल व्यक्तित्व का स्वामी है।
He possesses an internally very complex personality.
Advanced descriptive phrase.
टीम अंदरूनी तौर पर एकजुट नहीं दिख रही थी।
The team did not appear to be internally united.
Negative construction in past tense.
अंदरूनी तौर पर विकसित यह तकनीक बहुत प्रभावी है।
This internally developed technology is very effective.
Adverbial phrase modifying a participle.
अंदरूनी तौर पर, यह दर्शन मानवतावाद पर आधारित है।
Internally (In its essence), this philosophy is based on humanism.
Philosophical register.
सभ्यताएँ अक्सर अंदरूनी तौर पर होने वाले पतन के कारण नष्ट होती हैं।
Civilizations often perish due to internal decay.
Historical/Academic analysis.
अंदरूनी तौर पर महसूस की गई शांति ही वास्तविक सुख है।
Peace felt internally is the only real happiness.
Spiritual/Philosophical context.
परियोजना को अंदरूनी तौर पर वित्तपोषित किया गया था।
The project was internally funded.
Financial/Business register.
वह अंदरूनी तौर पर अपने अतीत के बोझ से दबा हुआ था।
He was internally crushed by the weight of his past.
Metaphorical/Psychological depth.
अंदरूनी तौर पर, यह कानून कई विरोधाभासों से भरा है।
Internally, this law is full of many contradictions.
Legal/Analytical context.
किसी भी राष्ट्र की शक्ति उसकी अंदरूनी तौर पर बनी एकता में निहित होती है।
The strength of any nation lies in its internally built unity.
Political theory.
वह अंदरूनी तौर पर एक क्रांतिकारी विचारधारा का समर्थक था।
He was internally a supporter of a revolutionary ideology.
Ideological description.
अंदरूनी तौर पर, कविता का सौंदर्य उसके प्रतीकों में छिपा है।
At its core, the beauty of the poem is hidden in its symbols.
Aesthetic/Literary analysis.
ब्रह्मांड अंदरूनी तौर पर गणितीय नियमों द्वारा संचालित होता है।
The universe is internally governed by mathematical laws.
Scientific/Philosophical register.
अंदरूनी तौर पर, मनुष्य की आत्मा अनंत संभावनाओं का केंद्र है।
Internally, the human soul is the center of infinite possibilities.
Metaphysical discourse.
संस्थागत ढाँचा अंदरूनी तौर पर इतना जर्जर था कि वह ढह गया।
The institutional framework was so internally dilapidated that it collapsed.
Complex systemic analysis.
अंदरूनी तौर पर, यह कलाकृति समय और स्थान की सीमाओं को चुनौती देती है।
Internally (In its essence), this artwork challenges the boundaries of time and space.
Art criticism.
वह अंदरूनी तौर पर एक ऐसी शून्यता का अनुभव कर रहा था जिसे शब्द व्यक्त नहीं कर सकते।
He was internally experiencing a void that words cannot express.
Existentialist register.
अंदरूनी तौर पर, लोकतंत्र की सफलता नागरिकों की जागरूकता पर निर्भर करती है।
Fundamentally, the success of democracy depends on the awareness of its citizens.
Political philosophy.
यह प्रक्रिया अंदरूनी तौर पर इतनी सूक्ष्म है कि इसे केवल विशेष उपकरणों से देखा जा सकता है।
This process is so internally subtle that it can only be seen with special instruments.
Scientific precision.
المرادفات
الأضداد
تلازمات شائعة
العبارات الشائعة
— Everything is fine on the inside (health or organization).
जाँच के बाद पता चला कि अंदरूनी तौर पर सब ठीक है।
— Empty from the inside (can be emotional).
सफलता के बाद भी वह अंदरूनी तौर पर खाली महसूस कर रहा था।
— To bring about internal change.
वह अपने जीवन में अंदरूनी तौर पर बदलाव लाना चाहता है।
تعبيرات اصطلاحية
— A hidden passion or anger burning inside.
उसके अंदरूनी तौर पर एक आग जल रही थी।
Poetic— To be consumed by something (like worry) internally.
चिंता उसे अंदरूनी तौर पर खाए जा रही है।
Informal— An emotional wound that doesn't show.
अंदरूनी तौर पर लगे घाव जल्दी नहीं भरते।
Emotional— Deep internal roots/foundations.
इस समस्या की जड़ें अंदरूनी तौर पर बहुत गहरी हैं।
Analytical— Inner strength.
मुश्किल समय में अंदरूनी तौर पर मिली ताक़त ही काम आती है।
Motivational— Internal complexities/tricks.
इस योजना के अंदरूनी तौर पर कई पेंच हैं।
Informal/Professional— A hidden internal path or way.
अंदरूनी तौर पर एक रास्ता अभी भी खुला है।
Metaphorical— Internal noise (mental chaos).
बाहर शांति थी, पर उसके अंदरूनी तौर पर बहुत शोर था।
Psychologicalعائلة الكلمة
الأسماء
الصفات
مرتبط
احفظها
وسيلة تذكّر
Think of 'Under' + 'Roomy'. An 'Andaroonee' room is the 'Under-room' (internal room). Then add 'Taur Par' (as a manner). So, 'Under-roomy manner' = Internally.
ربط بصري
Imagine a person wearing a bright red coat (external) but having a blue heart glowing inside (internal). The blue heart represents being 'अंदरूनी तौर पर' something else.
Word Web
تحدٍّ
Write three sentences: one about your health, one about a secret feeling, and one about a broken machine using 'अंदरूनी तौर पर'.
أصل الكلمة
Derived from the Persian word 'Andaroon' (interior/inside) combined with the Arabic-derived 'Taur' (manner/way).
المعنى الأصلي: In an internal manner.
Indo-Aryan (Hindi) with Perso-Arabic influence (Hindustani).السياق الثقافي
Generally a neutral and safe term to use in all contexts.
Similar to how English speakers use 'deep down' or 'at the end of the day' to describe internal feelings.
تدرّب في الحياة الواقعية
سياقات واقعية
Medical
- अंदरूनी चोट
- अंदरूनी रक्तस्राव
- अंदरूनी अंग
- अंदरूनी दर्द
Psychological
- अंदरूनी शांति
- अंदरूनी संघर्ष
- अंदरूनी खुशी
- अंदरूनी डर
Organizational
- अंदरूनी मामला
- अंदरूनी राजनीति
- अंदरूनी जाँच
- अंदरूनी कलह
Technical
- अंदरूनी बनावट
- अंदरूनी पुर्जे
- अंदरूनी गड़बड़ी
- अंदरूनी तंत्र
Socia
Summary
Use 'अंदरूनी तौर पर' when you want to describe a state or action that happens deep inside a system or person, especially when contrasting it with outward appearances. Example: 'वह बाहर से कठोर है, पर अंदरूनी तौर पर बहुत दयालु है' (He is harsh on the outside, but internally very kind).
- Means 'internally' or 'inwardly'.
- Used for medical, psychological, and organizational contexts.
- More formal than the simple word 'andar'.
- Does not change based on gender or number.
محتوى ذو صلة
مزيد من كلمات health
आंबुलेंस
C1مركبة مجهزة طبياً لنقل المرضى أو المصابين إلى المستشفى بسرعة وأمان. تُعد جزءاً أساسياً من خدمات الطوارئ.
आहार संबंधी
C1متعلق بالنظام الغذائي أو التغذية.
आहार विशेषज्ञ
B1هو مختص مؤهل علمياً في مجال التغذية، يقوم بتصميم خطط غذائية صحية تناسب الاحتياجات الفردية لكل شخص.
आहार योजना
B1خطة غذائية هي برنامج منظم يحدد نوعية وكمية الطعام الذي يتناوله الشخص لتحقيق أهداف صحية أو بدنية معينة. تساعد هذه الخطة في تنظيم نمط الحياة وضمان الحصول على التغذية المتوازنة.
आईसीयू
B1وحدة العناية المركزة هي قسم متخصص في المستشفى مجهز بأحدث التقنيات لمراقبة وعلاج المرضى في الحالات الحرجة.
आकस्मिक
B1صفة تُستخدم لوصف الأحداث التي تقع بشكل غير متوقع أو فجائي دون سابق إنذار.
आँखों का डॉक्टर
A2طبيب عيون؛ أخصائي في طب العيون.
आनुवंशिक इंजीनियरिंग
C1الهندسة الوراثية هي تقنية علمية تهدف إلى تعديل الخصائص الجينية للكائنات الحية عبر التلاعب المباشر بحمضها النووي (DNA). تتيح هذه العملية للعلماء إضافة أو حذف أو تغيير جينات محددة لتحسين صفات الكائن أو معالجة مشكلات معينة.
आनुवंशिक परामर्श
C1عملية توجيهية متخصصة تهدف إلى مساعدة الأفراد والعائلات على فهم المخاطر الوراثية المرتبطة بأمراض معينة واتخاذ قرارات طبية مستنيرة.
आनुवंशिक उत्परिवर्तन
C1هو تغير دائم ومستقر في تسلسل الحمض النووي (DNA) الذي يشكل الجين. هذا التغير قد يكون بسيطاً أو معقداً ويؤثر على كيفية عمل الخلية.