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The Vowel System (Swar Varna)

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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Nepali vowels are the building blocks of every word; learn the 13 basic sounds to start reading Devanagari script.

  • Vowels are written as independent letters at the start of words (e.g., 'अ' in 'अमर').
  • Vowels change into 'matras' (diacritics) when attached to consonants (e.g., 'क' + 'ा' = 'का').
  • The vowel 'अ' is inherent in every consonant unless a diacritic or halanta is used.
Vowel (Independent) + Consonant + Matra (Diacritic) = Syllable

Vowel to Matra Conversion

Vowel Matra With 'क' (ka)
अ
None
क
आ
ा
का
इ
ि
कि
ई
ी
की
उ
ु
कु
ऊ
ू
कू
ऋ
ृ
कृ
ए
े
के
ऐ
ै
कै
ओ
ो
को

Meanings

The vowel system (Swar Varna) consists of 13 characters that represent the core vocalic sounds of the Nepali language.

1

Independent Vowels

Vowels appearing at the beginning of a word or syllable.

“अमर (Amar)”

“आमा (Aama)”

2

Dependent Vowels (Matras)

Vowels modified into symbols attached to consonants.

“काम (Kaam)”

“दिन (Din)”

Reference Table

Reference table for The Vowel System (Swar Varna)
Form Structure Example
Independent
Vowel at start
अमर
Dependent
Vowel as matra
काम
Inherent
No symbol
कल
Suppressed
Halanta
क्
Nasalized
Anusvara
अं
Aspirated
Visarga
अः

طيف الرسمية

رسمي
म खाना खाँदै छु।

म खाना खाँदै छु। (Daily life)

محايد
म खाना खाँदै छु।

म खाना खाँदै छु। (Daily life)

غير رسمي
म खाना खाँदै छु।

म खाना खाँदै छु। (Daily life)

عامية
म खाँदै छु।

म खाँदै छु। (Daily life)

Vowel Classification

Swar Varna

Short

  • अ a
  • इ i

Long

  • आ aa
  • ई ee

Matra Placement

Before
ि i
After
ा aa

Vowel Usage Logic

1

Is it the start of a word?

YES
Use full vowel
NO
Use matra

Vowel Groups

📝

Basic

  • • अ
  • • आ
  • • इ
✨

Special

  • • ऋ
  • • अं
  • • अः
سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل

أمثلة حسب المستوى

1

अमर

Amar (Name)

2

आमा

Mother

3

इच्छा

Wish

4

उठ

Wake up

1

काम

Work

2

दिन

Day

3

फूल

Flower

4

केटा

Boy

1

पैसा

Money

2

ओठ

Lip

3

औषधि

Medicine

4

ऋषि

Sage

1

अन्त्य

End

2

ईश्वर

God

3

ऊर्जा

Energy

4

ऐतिहासिक

Historical

1

अंश

Part

2

अतः

Therefore

3

ऋण

Debt

4

औचित्य

Relevance

1

अंक

Number

2

आकाश

Sky

3

इतिहास

History

4

उत्साह

Enthusiasm

سهل الخلط

The Vowel System (Swar Varna) مقابل इ vs ई

Learners often use them interchangeably.

أخطاء شائعة

✗

कअ

✓

क

The 'अ' is inherent in the consonant.
✗

ि क

✓

कि

Matras must be attached to the consonant.
✗

इ

✓

ई

Confusing short and long vowels.
✗

क ा

✓

का

Space between consonant and matra is incorrect.
✗

कु

✓

कू

Confusing short 'u' and long 'oo'.
✗

के

✓

कै

Confusing 'e' and 'ai' matras.
✗

को

✓

कौ

Confusing 'o' and 'au' matras.
✗

ऋषि

✓

ऋषि

Incorrect use of 'ऋ' as 'रि'.
✗

अः

✓

अं

Confusing visarga and anusvara.
✗

कॆ

✓

के

Using non-standard matras.
✗

अन्त्य

✓

अन्त्य

Incorrect nasalization placement.
✗

आकाश

✓

आकाश

Misplacing matra in complex words.
✗

औचित्य

✓

औचित्य

Incorrect vowel length in formal words.

أنماط الجُمل

म ___ खान्छु।

Real World Usage

Texting constant

के छ?

سجّل مجاناً لرؤية جميع الأمثلة
💡

Practice daily

Write the vowels every day.

Smart Tips

Always check matra placement.

क ि → कि

النطق

i vs ee

Vowel Length

Short vowels are quick; long vowels are held for twice the time.

Rising

Question?

Used for asking questions.

احفظها

وسيلة تذكّر

Always Imagine Every Underdog Eats Apples On An Island: A, Aa, I, Ee, U, Oo, Ri, E, Ai, O, Au.

ربط بصري

Imagine the vowel 'अ' as a small bird. When it meets a consonant, it transforms into a hat or a shoe (the matra) to sit on or under the consonant.

Rhyme

A, Aa, I, Ee, U, Oo, Ri, E, Ai, O, Au, An, Ah, now you know the Nepali vowels too!

Story

A little bird named 'A' flew to a village. It met a 'K' consonant. 'A' decided to become a hat (matra) to sit on 'K's head, turning it into 'Ka'. They became best friends and traveled the whole alphabet.

Word Web

अक्षरआमाइच्छाईश्वरउज्यालोऋषि

تحدٍّ

Write your name in Nepali using the correct matras for each vowel sound.

ملاحظات ثقافية

Vowels are sacred in Sanskrit-derived scripts.

Derived from the ancient Brahmi script via Devanagari.

بدايات محادثة

“

तपाईंको नाम के हो?

مواضيع للكتابة اليومية

Write about your day.

أخطاء شائعة

Incorrect

صحيح

Incorrect

صحيح

Incorrect

صحيح

Incorrect

صحيح

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Test Yourself

Fill the missing vowel.

क_म (Work)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ा
The word is 'kaam'.

Score: /1

تمارين تطبيقية

1 exercises
Fill the missing vowel.

क_म (Work)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ा
The word is 'kaam'.

Score: /1

الأسئلة الشائعة (1)

13.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

سجّل مجاناً للتدريب

In Other Languages

Spanish high

Vocales

Spanish uses separate letters; Nepali uses diacritics.

French moderate

Voyelles

French vowel sounds change based on context.

German moderate

Vokale

German uses separate letters.

Japanese high

Boin

Japanese uses kana; Nepali uses Devanagari.

Arabic partial

Harakaat

Arabic is an abjad; Nepali is an abugida.

Chinese low

Yuan yin

Chinese uses logograms.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Next
Basic Consonants (Vyanjan Varna)

Related Grammar Rules

A0

Basic Consonants (Vyanjan Varna)
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