B1 Verb Forms 1 min read Mittel

Participle (-mış/-miş) for Past Attribute

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

The `-mış` suffix turns verbs into adjectives describing a completed state or an action that happened in the past.

  • Add `-mış, -miş, -muş, -müş` to verb stems based on vowel harmony: `bişmiş ət` (cooked meat).
  • Use `-mamış / -məmiş` for negative attributes: `yuyulmamış meyvə` (unwashed fruit).
  • It functions as an adjective, so it always comes before the noun it describes.
Verb Stem + (-mış/-miş/-muş/-müş) + Noun ➔ 🍎

Vowel Harmony for -mış Participle

Verb Stem Ending Suffix Example Verb Participle Form English
a / ı
-mış
yazmaq (to write)
yazmış
written
e / ə / i
-miş
getmək (to go)
getmiş
gone
o / u
-muş
oxumaq (to read)
oxumuş
read / educated
ö / ü
-müş
görmək (to see)
görmüş
seen / experienced
Negative (a/ı/o/u)
-mamış
almaq (to buy)
almamış
unbought / not taken
Negative (e/ə/i/ö/ü)
-məmiş
vermək (to give)
verməmiş
ungiven / not given

Common Adjectival Uses (Lexicalized)

Participle Literal Meaning Common Adjective Meaning
keçmiş
having passed
the past / former
dolmuş
having filled
minibus / shared taxi
tanınmış
having been known
famous / well-known
oxumuş
having read
educated / literate

Meanings

A verbal form that functions as an adjective, indicating that the action of the verb has already been completed and the resulting state is now a quality of the noun.

1

Resultative State

Describes a noun that is currently in a state resulting from a past action.

“Sınmış pəncərə (Broken window)”

“Yorulmuş uşaq (Tired child)”

2

Completed Action Attribute

Identifies a person or thing by an action they have performed previously.

“Gəlmiş qonaqlar (The guests who have arrived)”

“Oxunmuş kitablar (Books that have been read)”

3

Passive-like Description

Used with passive verb stems to describe something that has undergone an action.

“Yazılmış məktub (A written letter)”

“Tikilmiş bina (A constructed building)”

Reference Table

Reference table for Participle (-mış/-miş) for Past Attribute
Form Structure Example Translation
Affirmative
Stem + mış4
Yorulmuş adam
The tired man
Negative
Stem + ma2 + mış2
Yuyulmamış qablar
Unwashed dishes
Passive Participle
Passive Stem + mış4
Tikilmiş bina
The built building
Causative Participle
Causative Stem + mış4
Güldürülmüş uşaq
The child who was made to laugh
Compound
Noun + olunmuş
Təmir olunmuş
Renovated / Repaired
Reflexive
Reflexive Stem + mış4
Geyinmiş qız
The dressed girl (the girl who dressed herself)

Formalitätsspektrum

Formell
Təşrif buyurmuş qonaqlar

Təşrif buyurmuş qonaqlar (Event hosting)

Neutral
Gəlmiş qonaqlar

Gəlmiş qonaqlar (Event hosting)

Informell
Gələn qonaqlar

Gələn qonaqlar (Event hosting)

Umgangssprache
Gəlib çıxanlar

Gəlib çıxanlar (Event hosting)

The World of -mış Participles

-mış Participle

Physical State

  • Sınmış Broken
  • Yanmış Burnt

Human State

  • Yorulmuş Tired
  • Gecikmiş Late

Food

  • Bişmiş Cooked
  • Qızardılmış Fried

-an (Doing) vs -mış (Done)

-an (Present)
Ağlayan uşaq The crying child (now)
-mış (Past)
Ağlamış uşaq The child who has cried (finished)

Choosing the Right Vowel

1

Last vowel is a or ı?

YES
-mış
NO
Next step...
2

Last vowel is e, ə, or i?

YES
-miş
NO
Next step...
3

Last vowel is o or u?

YES
-muş
NO
-müş

Common Negative Participles

🧼

Hygiene

  • Yuyulmamış (unwashed)
  • Təmizlənməmiş (uncleaned)
💼

Work

  • Bitməmiş (unfinished)
  • Yazılmamış (unwritten)
🍎

Food

  • Bişməmiş (raw)
  • Soyulmamış (unpeeled)

Beispiele nach Niveau

1

Sınmış stəkan.

The broken glass.

2

Yorulmuşam.

I am tired (I have become tired).

3

Bişmiş ət.

Cooked meat.

4

Gəlmiş qonaq.

The guest who arrived.

1

Yuyulmamış meyvələri yemə.

Don't eat unwashed fruits.

2

Açılmış pəncərədən külək əsir.

Wind is blowing from the opened window.

3

Gecikmiş avtobus gəldi.

The delayed bus arrived.

4

Tanınmış yazıçı.

A well-known (recognized) writer.

1

Təmir olunmuş mənzil çox bahadır.

The renovated apartment is very expensive.

2

İşdən çıxmış işçilər etiraz edirlər.

The workers who left the job are protesting.

3

Unudulmuş xatirələr yenidən oyandı.

Forgotten memories woke up again.

4

Həll edilmiş məsələlər siyahısı.

The list of resolved issues.

1

Müqavilədə qeyd olunmuş şərtlər dəyişməzdir.

The conditions specified in the contract are unchangeable.

2

Yüksək ixtisaslaşmış kadrlar axtarırıq.

We are looking for highly specialized personnel.

3

Dərc edilmiş məqalə böyük maraq doğurdu.

The published article sparked great interest.

4

Müasir dövrdə formalaşmış ənənələr.

Traditions formed in the modern era.

1

Zamanın süzgəcindən keçmiş həqiqətlər.

Truths that have passed through the sieve of time.

2

İllərlə yığılıb qalmış problemlər partlayışa səbəb oldu.

Problems that had accumulated for years caused an explosion.

3

Müəllif tərəfindən nəzərdə tutulmuş altməna.

The subtext intended by the author.

4

Təbiətin qoynunda gizlənmiş kənd.

A village hidden in the bosom of nature.

1

Arxaikləşmiş sözlərin lüğəti tərtib edildi.

A dictionary of archaized words was compiled.

2

Siyasi konyunkturaya uyğunlaşdırılmış bəyanatlar.

Statements adapted to the political conjuncture.

3

Xalqın yaddaşına həkk olunmuş qəhrəmanlıq dastanı.

The epic of heroism engraved in the memory of the people.

4

Öz təsdiqini tapmış elmi fərziyyələr.

Scientific hypotheses that have found their confirmation.

Leicht verwechselbar

Participle (-mış/-miş) for Past Attribute vs. Reported Past Tense (-mış)

It looks exactly like the participle but functions as the main verb of the sentence.

Participle (-mış/-miş) for Past Attribute vs. Present Participle (-an)

Learners use -an for everything because it's easier.

Participle (-mış/-miş) for Past Attribute vs. Relative Clause (-dıq)

In English, both are 'that/which' clauses.

Häufige Fehler

Yazmiş məktub

Yazılmış məktub

Incorrect vowel harmony and missing passive voice suffix.

Sınmaq stəkan

Sınmış stəkan

Using the infinitive instead of the participle.

Bişmişəm ət

Bişmiş ət

Adding personal endings to an adjective.

Yorulmaq adam

Yorulmuş adam

Failing to conjugate the verb into a participle.

Yuyulmamış meyvə yemək

Yuyulmamış meyvəni yemə

Confusion with imperative and object markers.

Gələn qonaqlar (for past)

Gəlmiş qonaqlar

Using present participle for a past event.

Oxumuşam kitab

Oxunmuş kitab

Using active voice instead of passive for 'read book'.

Mən görmüş adam

Mənim gördüyüm adam

Using -mış for a specific relative clause instead of -dıq.

Bitmiş işi mən etdim

Qurtarmış işi mən etdim

Lexical choice: 'bitmiş' is okay, but 'qurtarmış' might be more natural in some contexts.

O, gəlmiş adamdır (for 'he is the man who came')

O, gələn adamdır

In Azerbaijani, -an is often preferred for identifying people even for past actions if the state is ongoing.

Arxaikləşmiş söz

Arxaikləşən söz

Subtle difference: 'Arxaikləşmiş' means it's already archaic; 'Arxaikləşən' means it's becoming archaic.

Nəzərdə tutulmuşdu plan

Nəzərdə tutulmuş plan

Confusing the pluperfect tense with the participle.

Satzmuster

___-mış ___ çox maraqlıdır.

Mən ___ olunmuş ___ aldım.

___-mamış ___ yemək olmaz.

Bu, ___ tərəfindən ___ -miş bir əsərdir.

Real World Usage

Food Delivery Apps constant

Hazırlanmış sifariş (Prepared order)

Job Interviews very common

İxtisaslaşmış kadr (Specialized personnel)

Social Media common

Paylaşılmış şəkil (Shared photo)

News Headlines very common

Təsdiqlənmiş xəbər (Confirmed news)

Texting very common

Gecikmişəm (I'm late - tense use)

Online Shopping constant

Satılmış məhsul (Sold product)

💡

The 'Result' Test

If you can see the result of the action right now (like a crack in a glass), use -mış.
⚠️

Passive vs Active

For objects, you usually need the passive stem (e.g., 'yazılmış' not 'yazmış') unless the object did the action itself.
🎯

Vowel Harmony Shortcut

If the verb has 'o' or 'u', it's always '-muş'. This is the easiest one to remember!
💬

Politeness

Using 'yorulmuş' to describe someone shows you recognize their hard work.

Smart Tips

Use the -mış suffix. It's the most natural way to say 'broken', 'closed', or 'finished'.

Bağlı qapı (Closed door - pure adjective) Bağlanmış qapı (The door that was closed - emphasizes the action)

Always use -mış for cooking methods: qızardılmış (fried), haşlanmış (boiled), bişmiş (cooked).

Qızartma kartof Qızardılmış kartof

Remember it usually means 'apparently' or 'I heard that...'.

O gəldi (He came - I saw it) O gəlmiş (He came - someone told me)

Try the negative participle -mamış/-məmiş first. It works for 90% of cases.

Təmiz olmayan (Not clean) Təmizlənməmiş (Uncleaned)

Aussprache

yorul-MUŞ

Stress

In the participle form, the stress usually falls on the last syllable of the suffix.

mish (wrong) vs mış (correct)

Vowel Harmony

The 'ı' in -mış is a back, unrounded vowel. Keep your tongue back.

Attributive Intonation

Sınmış ↘ stəkan

The pitch drops slightly on the noun after the participle.

Einprägen

Eselsbrücke

Remember 'MISH' is like 'FINISHED'. If the mission is finished, use -mış!

Visuelle Assoziation

Imagine a stamp that says 'COMPLETED' being pressed onto a verb. That stamp is the -mış suffix. Once stamped, the verb becomes a label for the object.

Rhyme

A, I gets -mış, E, İ gets -miş, O, U gets -muş, Ö, Ü gets -müş!

Story

A chef is in a kitchen. He takes a raw (bişməmiş) potato, fries it, and now it is a fried (qızardılmış) potato. He gives it to a tired (yorulmuş) customer who has arrived (gəlmiş) late.

Word Web

keçmişbitmişsınmışbişmişyorulmuştanınmışgecikmiş

Herausforderung

Look around your room. Find 5 things and describe them using a -mış participle (e.g., 'opened book', 'turned-off light', 'worn shirt').

Kulturelle Hinweise

The word 'dolmuş' (literally 'filled') refers to the shared minibuses that are a staple of public transport in Baku.

Classical poetry often uses -mış to create a sense of timelessness or destiny.

When visiting someone, saying 'yorulmayasınız' (may you not get tired) is a common greeting, using the negative potential participle logic.

Derived from the Old Turkic suffix '-miş', which was used to indicate both the perfective aspect and reported evidence.

Gesprächseinstiege

Sizcə, ən çox tanınmış azərbaycanlı kimdir?

Heç sınmış bir şeyi təmir etmisiniz?

Oxuduğunuz və bəyəndiyiniz bir bitmiş layihə varmı?

Gecikmiş bir reysə görə planlarınız dəyişibmi?

Tagebuch-Impulse

Keçmişdə baş vermiş maraqlı bir hadisə haqqında yazın.
Sevdiyiniz bir yeməyin hazırlanma qaydasını yazın (bişmiş, qızardılmış sözlərindən istifadə edin).
Gələcəkdə tanınmış bir mütəxəssis olmaq üçün nələr etməlisiniz?
Şəhərinizdəki köhnə və ya təmir olunmuş binalar haqqında təsvir yazın.

Häufige Fehler

Incorrect

Richtig


Incorrect

Richtig


Incorrect

Richtig


Incorrect

Richtig

Test Yourself

Fill in the correct form of the verb 'sınmaq' (to break).

Mən ___ stəkanı zibil qutusuna atdım.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: sınmış
The last vowel of 'sın' is 'ı', so we use '-mış'.
Which phrase means 'unwashed hands'? Multiple Choice

Hansı düzgündür?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Yuyulmamış əllər
'-ma' is the negative suffix, followed by '-mış'.
Find the error in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Bişmişəm əti süfrəyə qoydum.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Bişmişəm -> Bişmiş
Participles used as adjectives do not take personal endings like '-əm'.
Put the words in the correct order. Sentence Building

1. qonaqlar 2. gəlmiş 3. getdilər 4. artıq

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 2-1-4-3
'Gəlmiş qonaqlar artıq getdilər' (The arrived guests already left).
Match the verb with its participle meaning. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-Read, 2-Finished, 3-Tired
Oxumuş (read), Bitmiş (finished), Yorulmuş (tired).
Choose the correct participle for 'the book written by me'. Multiple Choice

Mənim tərəfimdən ___ kitab.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: yazılmış
We need the passive form 'yazıl' + 'mış'.
Fill in the negative form of 'bişmək' (to cook).

Bu tərəvəzlər hələ ___ -dir.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: bişməmiş
Bişməmiş means uncooked/raw.
Identify the participle in this sentence: 'Gecikmiş sərnişinlər tələsirdilər.' Multiple Choice

Feli sifət hansıdır?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Gecikmiş
Gecikmiş is the participle modifying 'sərnişinlər'.

Score: /8

Ubungsaufgaben

8 exercises
Fill in the correct form of the verb 'sınmaq' (to break).

Mən ___ stəkanı zibil qutusuna atdım.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: sınmış
The last vowel of 'sın' is 'ı', so we use '-mış'.
Which phrase means 'unwashed hands'? Multiple Choice

Hansı düzgündür?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Yuyulmamış əllər
'-ma' is the negative suffix, followed by '-mış'.
Find the error in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Bişmişəm əti süfrəyə qoydum.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Bişmişəm -> Bişmiş
Participles used as adjectives do not take personal endings like '-əm'.
Put the words in the correct order. Sentence Building

1. qonaqlar 2. gəlmiş 3. getdilər 4. artıq

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 2-1-4-3
'Gəlmiş qonaqlar artıq getdilər' (The arrived guests already left).
Match the verb with its participle meaning. Match Pairs

1. Oxumaq, 2. Bitmək, 3. Yorulmaq

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-Read, 2-Finished, 3-Tired
Oxumuş (read), Bitmiş (finished), Yorulmuş (tired).
Choose the correct participle for 'the book written by me'. Multiple Choice

Mənim tərəfimdən ___ kitab.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: yazılmış
We need the passive form 'yazıl' + 'mış'.
Fill in the negative form of 'bişmək' (to cook).

Bu tərəvəzlər hələ ___ -dir.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: bişməmiş
Bişməmiş means uncooked/raw.
Identify the participle in this sentence: 'Gecikmiş sərnişinlər tələsirdilər.' Multiple Choice

Feli sifət hansıdır?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Gecikmiş
Gecikmiş is the participle modifying 'sərnişinlər'.

Score: /8

FAQ (8)

No. While it implies a past action, as a participle it functions as an adjective describing a current state.

'Sınmış' is a participle (from the verb), while 'sınıq' is a pure adjective. They are often interchangeable, but 'sınmış' emphasizes the action of breaking.

Yes! 'Yorulmuş adam' (tired man) or 'gecikmiş tələbə' (late student) are very common.

Add -ma or -mə before the -mış suffix. For example: 'görməmiş' (one who hasn't seen).

No. As an adjective, it stays the same: 'sınmış stəkan' (broken glass), 'sınmış stəkanlar' (broken glasses).

That is because of vowel harmony. If the verb stem has 'o' or 'u', the suffix becomes '-muş'.

Yes, but then it becomes a tense (Reported Past), not an adjective. 'O gəlmiş' means 'He has apparently come'.

It is neutral and used in all registers, from slang to legal documents.

Scaffolded Practice

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2

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Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

English high

Past Participle (-ed / -en)

Azerbaijani uses vowel harmony, whereas English has many irregular forms.

Spanish high

Participio (-ado / -ido)

Spanish participles must agree in gender and number with the noun, Azerbaijani ones do not.

French high

Participe Passé

French often requires auxiliary verbs for these to function in sentences, while Azerbaijani can use them standalone as adjectives.

German moderate

Partizip II

German word order for participles in clauses is much stricter than in Azerbaijani.

Japanese high

Past Plain Form (Ta-form)

Japanese doesn't distinguish between 'tense' and 'participle' in this position; it's the same form.

Arabic partial

Ism al-maf'ul

Arabic forms are based on root patterns (M-F-L), while Azerbaijani is purely suffix-based.

Chinese moderate

Verb + 过 (guò) / 了 (le) + 的 (de)

Chinese has no conjugation; it relies entirely on helper particles.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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