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B1 preposition #2,500 am häufigsten 5 Min. Lesezeit

به موجب

be moojeb
At the A1 level, you don't need to use 'به موجب'. It is too formal. Instead, you use 'برای' (for) or 'چون' (because). Think of 'به موجب' as a very fancy way of saying 'because the rule says so'. You might see it on a sign in a park, but you don't need to speak it yet. Just know it means 'because of a rule'.
At A2, you start to see more formal signs and basic news. 'به موجب' might appear in a sentence like 'به موجب قانون، سیگار کشیدن ممنوع است' (According to the law, smoking is forbidden). You should recognize that it connects a rule to a result. It's more formal than 'به خاطر' (because of).
At B1, you are expected to understand and occasionally use formal connectors. 'به موجب' is essential for reading news or basic official letters. You should know that it means 'by virtue of' and is used with laws, contracts, and official decisions. It helps you sound more professional in written Persian.
At B2, you should be comfortable using 'به موجب' in formal essays or presentations. You understand the nuance that it implies a legal or official mandate. You can distinguish it from 'بر اساس' (based on) and use it correctly in a sentence about government policy or business regulations.
At C1, 'به موجب' is a standard part of your vocabulary for academic and professional writing. You use it to cite specific legal articles or administrative codes. You understand its etymology and can use it in complex sentences involving multiple clauses and formal terminology without hesitation.
At C2, you have a mastery of the legalistic and bureaucratic nuances of 'به موجب'. You can use it in legal drafting, high-level political analysis, or classical literary critique. You understand how it functions in the 'Administrative Register' of Persian and can contrast it with archaic or highly specialized legal terms.
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  • A formal preposition meaning 'by virtue of' or 'according to', primarily used in legal and official Persian contexts to cite authority.
  • It requires the Ezafe (-e) to connect to the following noun, such as 'به موجبِ قانون' (by virtue of the law).
  • Essential for B1+ learners to understand news, contracts, and formal letters, though rarely used in casual spoken conversation.
  • Distinct from 'بر اساس' (based on) by its authoritative and legal nuance, implying a mandate rather than just a general basis.

The Persian preposition به موجب (be moujeb) is a cornerstone of formal, legal, and administrative discourse. At its core, it translates to 'by virtue of,' 'according to,' or 'pursuant to.' It originates from the Arabic root 'w-j-b' (وجب), which relates to necessity, obligation, or cause. In a sentence, it establishes a direct causal or legal link between a rule, a law, or a condition and the resulting action or state. Unlike the more common 'بر اساس' (based on), به موجب carries a weight of authority, implying that the action is not just based on something, but mandated or enabled by it. This distinction is crucial for learners aiming for B1 level and above, as it marks the transition from everyday conversational Persian to professional and academic proficiency. When you encounter this phrase, you are looking at the 'why' behind a formal decision or a legal reality.

Legal Context
Used to cite specific articles of law or regulations that authorize an action.
Administrative Use
Common in official letters to justify a directive or a change in status.
Causal Link
Indicates that 'A' happened specifically because 'B' provided the legal or formal grounds for it.

«به موجب این حکم، شما به عنوان مدیر جدید منصوب می‌شوید.»

— Translation: By virtue of this decree, you are appointed as the new manager.

«حقوق شهروندی به موجب قانون اساسی تضمین شده است.»

— Translation: Civil rights are guaranteed by virtue of the constitution.

«به موجب ماده ۵، قرارداد فسخ می‌گردد.»

— Translation: According to Article 5, the contract is terminated.

«او به موجب وصیت‌نامه، وارث اصلی است.»

— Translation: By virtue of the will, he is the primary heir.

«تغییرات به موجب درخواست کتبی اعمال شد.»

— Translation: Changes were applied pursuant to a written request.
Formal Register
It is almost never used in casual spoken Persian (Tehrani dialect).
Synonymity
Often interchangeable with 'بر طبق' in formal writing, but 'به موجب' is more 'legalistic'.

Using به موجب requires an understanding of formal sentence structure. It functions as a complex preposition. You place it before the noun or noun phrase that serves as the authority or cause. Because it is a formal term, the surrounding vocabulary should also lean towards the formal register. For example, instead of saying 'به موجب حرف‌های او' (by virtue of his words), which sounds mismatched, one would say 'به موجب اظهارات ایشان' (by virtue of his statements).

  • Step 1: Identify the Authority. Is it a law (قانون), a contract (قرارداد), a decree (حکم), or a regulation (مقررات)?
  • Step 2: Connect with Ezafe. Ensure you pronounce the 'e' at the end: be moujeb-e.
  • Step 3: State the Result. What happens because of this authority? (e.g., 'the road is closed', 'the tax is increased').

In legal writing, it often appears at the very beginning of a sentence to set the legal framework before the main clause. However, it can also appear in the middle to justify a specific part of the statement. For instance: 'این ملک به موجب سند رسمی به نام وی ثبت شده است' (This property has been registered in his name by virtue of an official deed).

You will primarily encounter به موجب in three specific environments. First, in News Broadcasts: when the news anchor discusses new government policies or judicial rulings, this phrase is ubiquitous. 'به موجب مصوبه جدید دولت...' (According to the new government enactment...). Second, in Legal and Business Documents: if you are reading a lease agreement, an employment contract, or a terms-of-service page in Persian, you will see it frequently used to define rights and obligations. Third, in Academic Literature: particularly in political science, law, and history, where authors cite the basis for historical events or institutional powers.

It is rarely heard in a grocery store or at a family dinner. If someone used it in a casual setting, it would sound intentionally stiff, perhaps even sarcastic, as if they were pretending to be a judge or a high-ranking official. Understanding this word is less about speaking it in daily life and more about 'decoding' the formal world of Iran and Persian-speaking bureaucracy.

The most common mistake is Register Mismatch. Learners often use 'به موجب' in casual conversation where 'چون' (because) or 'به خاطر' (because of) would be appropriate. Saying 'به موجب اینکه گرسنه بودم، غذا خوردم' (By virtue of being hungry, I ate food) sounds absurdly formal and incorrect in context.

Another error is Omitting the Ezafe. Since 'موجب' ends in a consonant, the 'e' sound must be clearly articulated or understood to link it to the next word. Without it, the phrase loses its grammatical function as a preposition.

Finally, learners sometimes confuse it with 'باعث' (ba'es). While both relate to cause, 'باعث' is a general 'cause/reason' (e.g., the rain caused the flood), whereas 'به موجب' implies a 'legal or formal basis' (e.g., the law caused the change). You wouldn't say 'the rain به موجب the flood'; you would say 'the flood happened به موجب the natural disaster regulations' if you were writing a formal report.

To master به موجب, one must understand its synonyms and how they differ in nuance:

  • بر اساس (Bar Asās): 'Based on'. This is the most versatile and common. It can be used for data, opinions, or laws. It is less 'forceful' than 'به موجب'.
  • بر طبق (Bar Tabq): 'According to'. Very similar to 'به موجب' but slightly more general. It is often used for schedules, plans, or standards.
  • مطابقِ (Motābeq-e): 'In accordance with'. Used when something matches a pattern or a rule. 'مطابقِ میلِ من' (according to my wish).
  • حسبِ (Hasb-e): 'As per'. Extremely formal, often used in phrases like 'حسبِ دستور' (as per instructions).
  • به استنادِ (Be Estenād-e): 'Citing' or 'Based on the evidence of'. Used specifically when referring to documents or evidence in a legal or academic argument.

Choosing 'به موجب' over these others signals that you are specifically referring to the legal authority or formal cause that makes something valid or mandatory.

How Formal Is It?

Formell

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Informell

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Schwierigkeitsgrad

Lesen 3/5
Schreiben 3/5
Sprechen 3/5

Wichtige Grammatik

Beispiele nach Niveau

1

به موجب قانون، اینجا پارک نکنید.

According to the law, don't park here.

Simple use with a noun.

2

او به موجب حکم، برنده شد.

He won by virtue of the ruling.

Shows the result of a decision.

3

به موجب این نامه، شما بروید.

According to this letter, you go.

Formal instruction.

4

به موجب قرارداد، پول بدهید.

According to the contract, give the money.

Simple business context.

5

به موجب دستور، در را ببندید.

According to the order, close the door.

Using 'order' as authority.

6

به موجب بلیت، وارد شوید.

According to the ticket, enter.

Ticket as the 'authority'.

7

به موجب وقت، نوبت شماست.

According to the time, it's your turn.

Time as the basis.

8

به موجب نقشه، اینجا شهر است.

According to the map, here is the city.

Map as the authority.

1

به موجب ماده یک، همه برابر هستند.

According to Article One, all are equal.

Citing a specific article.

2

او به موجب مدرک، دکتر است.

By virtue of the degree, he is a doctor.

Using a document as proof.

3

به موجب این سند، خانه مال شماست.

By virtue of this deed, the house is yours.

Ownership context.

4

به موجب گزارش، هوا بارانی است.

According to the report, the weather is rainy.

Information source.

5

به موجب دعوت‌نامه، ما مهمان هستیم.

By virtue of the invitation, we are guests.

Social authority.

6

به موجب قانون، مالیات بدهید.

According to the law, pay taxes.

Legal obligation.

7

به موجب توافق، کار تمام شد.

According to the agreement, the work is finished.

Agreement as the basis.

8

به موجب مقررات، ورود ممنوع است.

According to regulations, entry is forbidden.

Regulatory context.

1

به موجب مصوبه هیئت وزیران، قیمت‌ها تغییر کرد.

Pursuant to the cabinet's enactment, prices changed.

Complex noun phrase after preposition.

2

او به موجب شایستگی، ترفیع گرفت.

He was promoted by virtue of his merit.

Abstract noun as authority.

3

به موجب این قرارداد، طرفین متعهد می‌شوند.

By virtue of this contract, the parties commit.

Formal legal language.

4

به موجب وصیت‌نامه، اموال تقسیم شد.

According to the will, the assets were divided.

Inheritance context.

5

به موجب آیین‌نامه، آزمون برگزار می‌شود.

According to the regulations, the exam is held.

Institutional rules.

6

به موجب حکم دادگاه، او تبرئه شد.

By virtue of the court's verdict, he was acquitted.

Judicial authority.

7

به موجب ابلاغیه جدید، ساعت کار کاهش یافت.

Pursuant to the new notice, working hours decreased.

Administrative notice.

8

به موجب تفاهم‌نامه، همکاری آغاز شد.

According to the MOU, cooperation began.

Diplomatic/Business context.

1

به موجب بند ج ماده ۵، مستاجر حق انتقال ندارد.

Pursuant to Clause C of Article 5, the tenant has no right to transfer.

Specific legal citation.

2

او به موجب سوابق درخشانش، به این پست برگزیده شد.

By virtue of his brilliant record, he was chosen for this post.

Using a person's history as authority.

3

به موجب اختیارات قانونی، شهردار دستور تخریب داد.

By virtue of legal powers, the mayor ordered the demolition.

Citing 'powers' (اختیارات).

4

به موجب این گواهی، سلامت وی تایید می‌گردد.

By virtue of this certificate, his health is confirmed.

Formal verification.

5

به موجب سیاست‌های کلی، سرمایه‌گذاری افزایش یافت.

Pursuant to general policies, investment increased.

Macroeconomic context.

6

به موجب رای اکثریت، طرح تصویب شد.

By virtue of the majority vote, the plan was approved.

Democratic process.

7

به موجب شواهد موجود، متهم گناهکار شناخته شد.

Based on the available evidence, the accused was found guilty.

Evidence as the basis.

8

به موجب بخشنامه، استفاده از ماسک الزامی است.

According to the circular, wearing a mask is mandatory.

Official directive.

1

به موجب دکترین حقوقی، این عمل جرم محسوب نمی‌شود.

According to legal doctrine, this act is not considered a crime.

High-level academic citation.

2

به موجب مفاد پیمان‌نامه، صلح برقرار گردید.

Pursuant to the provisions of the treaty, peace was established.

International law context.

3

او به موجب نبوغ ذاتی‌اش، مسائل پیچیده را حل می‌کرد.

By virtue of his innate genius, he solved complex problems.

Literary/Abstract usage.

4

به موجب تئوری‌های نوین، ساختار اقتصادی باید تغییر کند.

According to modern theories, the economic structure must change.

Theoretical basis.

5

به موجب استانداردهای بین‌المللی، کیفیت کالا تضمین شده است.

By virtue of international standards, product quality is guaranteed.

Global standards context.

6

به موجب اصل تفکیک قوا، پارلمان مستقل است.

By virtue of the principle of separation of powers, parliament is independent.

Political science terminology.

7

به موجب فرآیندهای دموکراتیک، قدرت انتقال یافت.

Pursuant to democratic processes, power was transferred.

Political transition.

8

به موجب یافته‌های علمی، این دارو موثر است.

According to scientific findings, this drug is effective.

Scientific authority.

1

به موجب موازین شرعی و عرفی، این قرارداد باطل است.

By virtue of Sharia and customary standards, this contract is void.

Combining religious and customary law.

2

به موجب صراحت نص قانون، هیچ استثنایی پذیرفته نیست.

By virtue of the explicit text of the law, no exceptions are accepted.

Emphasizing the 'explicit text'.

3

به موجب سیر تطور تاریخی، این نهاد قدرت گرفت.

By virtue of the course of historical evolution, this institution gained power.

Historical analysis.

4

به موجب اقتضائات زمانه، قوانین باید بازنگری شوند.

Pursuant to the exigencies of the times, laws must be revised.

Philosophical/Legal reasoning.

5

به موجب تفویض اختیار، وی مسئول نهایی است.

By virtue of the delegation of authority, he is the final responsible party.

Specific administrative term 'تفویض اختیار'.

6

به موجب اجماع نخبگان، راهبرد جدید تدوین شد.

Pursuant to the consensus of elites, the new strategy was formulated.

Sociopolitical context.

7

به موجب تلازم منطقی، این نتیجه حاصل می‌شود.

By virtue of logical necessity, this result is obtained.

Philosophical/Logical context.

8

به موجب منشور ملل متحد، مداخله نظامی محکوم است.

Pursuant to the UN Charter, military intervention is condemned.

Global governance context.

Häufige Kollokationen

به موجب قانون
به موجب حکم
به موجب قرارداد
به موجب ماده
به موجب تبصره
به موجب مصوبه
به موجب ابلاغیه
به موجب وصیت‌نامه
به موجب سند
به موجب آیین‌نامه

Häufige Phrasen

به موجب این حکم

به موجب مقررات جاری

به موجب توافق طرفین

به موجب اختیارات حاصله

به موجب شواهد و مدارک

به موجب قانون اساسی

به موجب تصمیم نهایی

به موجب مفاد قرارداد

به موجب درخواست کتبی

به موجب شرایط موجود

Wird oft verwechselt mit

به موجب vs به خاطر

'Be khatere' is 'because of' (general/emotional), 'Be moujeb' is 'by virtue of' (legal/formal).

به موجب vs باعث

'Ba'es' is the physical cause, 'Be moujeb' is the legal justification.

به موجب vs برای

'Baraye' is 'for/to', lacking the authoritative link of 'Be moujeb'.

Redewendungen & Ausdrücke

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Leicht verwechselbar

به موجب vs

به موجب vs

به موجب vs

به موجب vs

به موجب vs

Satzmuster

So verwendest du es

Tone

Authoritative, serious, and precise.

Frequency

Very high in written formal Persian; very low in spoken Persian.

Häufige Fehler
  • Using it in casual conversation with friends.
  • Forgetting the Ezafe (-e) between 'موجب' and the noun.
  • Confusing it with 'باعث' (physical cause).
  • Using it with informal verbs like 'شدن' instead of 'گردیدن'.
  • Mispronouncing 'موجب' as 'moo-jeb'.

Tipps

Formal Writing

Always use 'به موجب' when writing a formal request to a university or office. It shows you know the correct register. It makes your writing sound professional. It is a 'power word' in Persian bureaucracy.

The Ezafe Connection

Don't forget the 'e' sound at the end of 'موجب'. It is 'be moujeb-e'. This links it to the law or rule. It is a common mistake for beginners. Practice saying it as one word: 'bemoujebe'.

Legal Reading

When reading a Persian contract, highlight every 'به موجب'. These are the most important parts of the document. They tell you why something is happening. They are the 'legal anchors' of the text. Understanding them is 50% of legal Persian.

Avoid in Daily Life

Do not use this word with your friends or family. It sounds like you are reading a law book to them. It can make you sound cold or distant. Use 'به خاطر' or 'چون' for everyday reasons. Save 'به موجب' for the office.

News Cues

When you hear 'به موجب' on the news, get ready for an important announcement. It usually precedes a new law or a government decision. It is a signal for 'important information follows'. Listen for the word that comes immediately after it.

Professionalism

In a job interview, if you discuss your achievements, you can say 'به موجب تجربیاتم' (by virtue of my experiences). It sounds very confident and professional. It shows you view your experience as a valid authority. It is better than saying 'because of my jobs'.

Arabic Roots

Remember the root 'W-J-B' (necessity). This helps you remember that 'به موجب' is about something that *must* be. It is not a suggestion; it is a necessity. This root also gives us 'Wajib' (mandatory). Connect these in your mind.

English Equivalents

The best English translation is 'By virtue of'. It captures both the 'because' and the 'authority'. 'According to' is also good but a bit weaker. 'Pursuant to' is the best for legal contexts. Choose the translation that fits your specific sentence.

Bureaucratic Respect

Using this word in Iran shows respect for the system. It shows you are playing by the formal rules of language. It can actually help you get things done in offices. It is part of the 'language of power' in Iran. Use it wisely.

Visual Association

Visualize a judge's gavel hitting a table when you say 'به موجب'. This links the sound to the idea of a final, authoritative decision. The visual of the gavel helps cement the formal meaning. Every 'به موجب' is like a gavel strike.

Einprägen

Wortherkunft

Arabic-Persian hybrid

Kultureller Kontext

Persian legal language is heavily influenced by Arabic, and 'به موجب' is a prime example of this heritage.

Using this word correctly can increase the chances of a formal request being taken seriously.

The phrase is a staple of the 'Nezam-e Edari' (Administrative System) in Iran.

Im Alltag üben

Kontexte aus dem Alltag

Gesprächseinstiege

"آیا می‌دانید به موجب قانون جدید، چه تغییراتی ایجاد شده؟"

"به موجب چه حکمی این تصمیم گرفته شد؟"

"آیا به موجب قرارداد، ما حق اعتراض داریم؟"

"به موجب کدام ماده قانونی این کار انجام می‌شود؟"

"به موجب تجربیات شما، بهترین راه چیست؟"

Tagebuch-Impulse

Write about a rule in your country that exists 'به موجب قانون'.

Describe a personal decision you made 'به موجب ضرورت'.

Imagine you are a judge; write a sentence starting with 'به موجب این حکم'.

Reflect on a right you have 'به موجب قانون اساسی'.

Write a formal letter using 'به موجب' at least twice.

Häufig gestellte Fragen

10 Fragen

It is not recommended. It would sound very strange and overly formal, like you are writing a legal contract to your friend. Use 'چون' or 'به خاطر' instead. Persian speakers value register consistency. Using it with friends might be seen as a joke. Stick to formal emails or letters.

While both mean 'according to', 'به موجب' implies a legal mandate or authority. 'بر اساس' is more general and can be used for opinions or data. For example, 'Based on my opinion' is 'بر اساس نظر من', but 'By virtue of the law' is 'به موجب قانون'. 'به موجب' is stronger. It suggests that the authority *makes* the result happen.

Yes, in standard Persian, it functions as a prepositional phrase that requires the Ezafe (-e) to connect to the following noun. You say 'be moujeb-e ghanoon'. Without the Ezafe, the sentence is grammatically incomplete. It is like saying 'by virtue law' instead of 'by virtue of law'. Always include that short 'e' sound.

Rarely. Persian poetry tends to use more evocative or classical words. 'به موجب' is quite 'dry' and bureaucratic. However, in modern social or political poetry, it might be used to critique the law or government. It is a word of the 'courtroom', not the 'rose garden'. It carries a very specific, non-poetic weight.

It is pronounced 'mou-jeb'. The 'ou' is like the 'o' in 'go' but slightly more closed, a common diphthong in Persian. The 'j' is like 'j' in 'judge', and 'eb' is short. Be careful not to say 'moo-jeb' with a long 'u' sound. The 'ou' sound is distinct in formal Persian pronunciation.

No, it is a preposition and must be followed by a noun or noun phrase. It cannot stand alone. It always introduces the reason or authority. If you want to say 'because of that' at the end, you would say 'به این موجب' (archaic) or more commonly 'به این دلیل'. But 'به موجب' itself always needs an object.

Yes, 'به موجب' is also used in formal Dari (Afghanistan). In Tajik, which uses the Cyrillic alphabet, it is written as 'ба муҷиби' and serves the same formal function. It is a pan-Persian administrative term. Its Arabic roots make it recognizable across the Persian-speaking world. It is a very stable term.

There isn't a single word that is a direct opposite, but 'برخلافِ' (bar khalafe), meaning 'contrary to', is often used in the same contexts to show the opposite relationship. For example, 'Contrary to the law' is 'برخلاف قانون'. This is the most common way to express a violation of the authority cited by 'به موجب'.

No, it is a phrase made of the preposition 'به' (to/by) and the noun 'موجب' (cause). However, in the minds of learners and speakers, it functions as a single unit of meaning. In Persian grammar, it is called a 'حرف اضافه مرکب' (compound preposition). You should learn it as one piece of vocabulary.

Yes, you can say 'به موجب یافته‌های علمی' (by virtue of scientific findings). It gives the findings a sense of absolute authority. It is common in academic papers to justify a conclusion. It sounds much more authoritative than just saying 'because the data shows'. It implies the data *proves* it.

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