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B1 particle #2,000 am häufigsten 7 Min. Lesezeit

～に応じて

ni oujite
At the A1 level, you don't need to use '～に応じて' yourself, but you might see it in very simple instructions. Think of it as a way to say 'depending on'. For example, if you see 'Level に応じて', it means 'Depending on your level'. It's like a rule that says: 'If A is small, do small B. If A is big, do big B.' It helps you understand that Japanese sentences can link two things together where one follows the other's lead. Just remember the 'ni' and 'oujite' sounds together. You can imagine it like a person following a leader. The leader (the noun) moves, and the follower (the action) moves in the same way. It's a very polite way to talk about choices.
At the A2 level, you can start to recognize '～に応じて' in daily life, especially in shops or at school. It's a step up from '～によって'. While '～によって' is very general, '～に応じて' is used when someone is being helpful or flexible. For example, '予算に応じて (yosan ni oujite)' means 'according to your budget'. If you have 1000 yen, the shop gives you a 1000 yen service. If you have 5000 yen, they give you a 5000 yen service. It shows that the service 'responds' to your money. You will mostly see this with nouns like 'weather', 'time', or 'money'. It's a useful phrase to look for when you are reading signs in Japan.
At the B1 level, you should begin using '～に応じて' in your own speaking and writing, especially in formal situations like a job interview or a class presentation. It allows you to express complex ideas about flexibility. Instead of saying 'If the weather is bad, we change the plan; if the weather is good, we don't', you can elegantly say '天候に応じて、予定を変更します'. This makes you sound much more professional. You should also learn the adjectival form '～に応じた'. For example, 'レベルに応じたクラス' (a class suited to the level). This is a very common way to describe services or products that are tailored to specific needs. Pay attention to how it connects to nouns versus verbs.
At the B2 level, you are expected to use '～に応じて' with a wide variety of abstract nouns. You should understand its nuance of 'proportionality'. It's not just that B happens because of A, but that the *degree* or *type* of B is specifically calculated to match A. You will use it in business contexts to discuss 'market needs' (ニーズに応じて), 'ability' (能力に応じて), or 'performance' (業績に応じて). You should also be able to distinguish it from similar patterns like '～にともなって' or '～にしたがって'. In B2 level writing, using '～に応じて' helps create a logical flow that shows you understand the relationship between variables in a system.
At the C1 level, you should master the formal variations and the subtle stylistic choices involving '～に応じて'. This includes using the stem form '～に応じ' in formal reports or academic papers to maintain a high register. You should be able to use it in complex sentences that involve multiple variables. For example, '社会情勢の変化に応じ、法制度を柔軟に整備していく必要がある' (It is necessary to flexibly develop the legal system in response to changes in social conditions). At this level, you understand that 'に応じて' implies a systematic response. You also recognize when it is used ironically or in legal jargon to define specific obligations that scale with certain criteria.
At the C2 level, '～に応じて' is a tool for precision in high-level discourse. You use it to describe intricate feedback loops in economics, science, or philosophy. You can distinguish the finest nuances between 'に応じて', 'に即して', and 'に相応して'. You might use it to discuss how a literary style adapts to the psychological state of a character, or how a constitutional interpretation shifts in response to evolving societal values. Your usage is indistinguishable from a highly educated native speaker, utilizing the phrase to create nuanced, balanced, and authoritative statements. You also understand its historical roots and how it contributes to the overall 'logic of harmony' in Japanese communication.
Jetzt üben Beispiele Notizen & Tipps

～に応じて in 30 Sekunden

  • ～に応じて means 'according to' or 'in response to', showing how an action adapts to match a specific standard or changing condition.
  • It is commonly used in professional settings to describe flexible systems, like adjusting a budget, schedule, or service to meet specific needs.
  • Grammatically, it follows a noun and can modify a verb (に応じて) or another noun (に応じた), emphasizing proportionality and suitability.
  • Unlike 'ni yotte', which is general, 'ni oujite' specifically highlights that the response is tailored to the scale or variety of the input.

The Japanese particle construction ～に応じて (ni oujite) is a sophisticated functional expression used to describe a relationship where one action or state changes, adapts, or is determined in direct response to another variable. At its core, it signifies proportionality and situational adaptation. When you use this phrase, you are indicating that 'A' is the standard or the changing condition, and 'B' is the action taken to match that condition perfectly. It is derived from the verb 応おうずる (to respond/to satisfy), implying a harmonious alignment between a need and a response.

Grammatical Function
It acts as a compound prepositional phrase, linking a noun to a following verb or clause to show dependency.
Semantic Range
Covers everything from 'according to budget' to 'in response to climate change'.
Formal Nuance
While common in daily life, it carries a level of precision suitable for business, technical manuals, and formal announcements.

予算に応じて、メニューを選びましょう。
(Let's choose the menu according to the budget.)

In this example, the budget is the 'standard'. As the budget fluctuates (higher or lower), the choice of menu items must shift to remain in alignment. This sense of 'shifting alongside' is what distinguishes it from simpler particles. It suggests a dynamic relationship rather than a static one. Unlike '～によって' which can mean 'by means of' or 'due to', '～に応じて' specifically highlights the suitability of the response to the level, scale, or variety of the preceding noun.

能力に応じて、仕事を割り振ります。
(We will assign work according to [each person's] ability.)

This expression is indispensable in professional Japanese. It allows speakers to describe systems that are flexible and fair. For instance, in a society that values meritocracy, rewards are given ni oujite to performance. In a flexible manufacturing system, production levels are adjusted ni oujite to demand. It reflects a worldview where actions are not absolute but are contingent upon the environment.

天候に応じて、旅行の予定を変更する可能性があります。
(There is a possibility we will change the travel plans depending on the weather.)

Visualizing the Concept
Imagine a slider: as you move the 'Standard' slider (Noun), the 'Action' slider (Verb) moves automatically to match it.

年齢に応じて、必要な栄養素は異なります。
(Required nutrients differ according to age.)

Using ～に応じて correctly requires understanding its grammatical placement and the types of nouns it pairs with. The most basic structure is [Noun] + に応じて. It is primarily used to modify a verb or an entire clause. If you need to modify a noun, the form changes to [Noun A] + に応じた + [Noun B].

1. The Grammatical Formula

  • Adverbial use: [Noun] + に応じて + [Verb/Clause]
    Example: 状況に応じて判断する (Judge according to the situation).
  • Adjectival use: [Noun] + に応じた + [Noun]
    Example: レベルに応じた教材 (Teaching materials suited to the level).

2. Selecting the Right Noun

The noun preceding に応じて must be something that can vary in degree, scale, or type. Common categories include:

Quantities
収入 (income), 予算 (budget), 人数 (number of people), 距離 (distance).
Qualities/Levels
能力 (ability), 経験 (experience), 学力 (academic level), 年齢 (age).
Situations
状況 (situation), 場合 (case), 要望 (request), 変化 (change).

3. Dynamic vs. Static

It is important to note that に応じて implies a dynamic response. If the noun changes, the action changes. This is why it is frequently used with verbs of change like 変わる (change), 異なる (differ), or verbs of action like 変える (to change something), 調整する (to adjust), or 決める (to decide).

季節に応じて、服を着替えます。
(We change clothes according to the season.)

4. Formal Variations

In academic or legal texts, you may encounter ～に応じ. This is the 'ren'youkei' (stem form) and functions exactly like the 'te' form but sounds more clipped and formal. It is often used to list multiple conditions in a single sentence.

成績に応じ、奨学金を給付する。
(Scholarships will be provided according to grades.)

You will encounter ～に応じて in a variety of professional and public settings. It is a hallmark of 'Teinei' (polite) and 'Sonkeigo' (honorific) environments where clarity and fairness are paramount.

1. Business and Workplace

In the office, this phrase is used to discuss resources, assignments, and strategies. Managers use it to explain how tasks are distributed, and HR uses it to explain salary structures.

Example Scenario
A project manager says: '進捗状況に応じて、人員を増やします' (We will increase staff according to the progress status).

2. Customer Service and Retail

Businesses use this to show flexibility to their customers. You'll see it on signs, in brochures, and hear it from staff explaining services.

お客様のニーズに応じて、プランをカスタマイズできます。
(We can customize the plan according to the customer's needs.)

3. News and Documentaries

Newscasters use に応じて when reporting on government policies, economic shifts, or environmental changes. It helps them describe complex correlations objectively.

4. Manuals and Instructions

Technical writing relies heavily on this particle to explain how a machine or software reacts to user input or environmental data.

室温に応じて、エアコンの温度が自動で変わります。
(The air conditioner temperature changes automatically according to the room temperature.)

5. Public Announcements

Train stations and airports use it to explain changes in service due to weather or congestion. '混雑状況に応じて、入場制限を行います' (We will limit entry according to the level of congestion).

While ～に応じて is versatile, learners often confuse it with other 'depending on' or 'in response to' expressions. Understanding these subtle differences is key to reaching B2/C1 fluency.

1. Confusing with ～にこたえて (ni kotaete)

Both can be translated as 'in response to', but they are used differently. ～にこたえて is used when responding to a request, expectation, or hope (e.g., answering a fan's request). ～に応じて is for matching a standard or condition.

Incorrect
期待に応じて、頑張ります。(Matches expectations like a scale? No.)
Correct
期待にこたえて、頑張ります。(Meeting/answering expectations.)

2. Confusing with ～によって (ni yotte)

～によって is much broader. It can mean 'by', 'because of', or 'depending on'. While sometimes interchangeable, ～に応じて emphasizes the suitability and proportionality of the response. If you just want to say 'it depends', ～によって is safer. If you want to say 'we adjust to match', use ～に応じて.

3. Confusing with ～にしたがって (ni shitagatte)

～にしたがって implies that as A changes, B naturally follows or obeys. It often describes a natural progression (e.g., as the mountain gets higher, the air gets thinner). ～に応じて implies a more intentional or calculated adjustment.

4. Using with Static Nouns

You cannot use に応じて with a noun that doesn't imply a range or variety. For example, 'According to the book' is '本によると', not '本に応じて'.

✕ 先生の言葉に応じて、宿題をしました。
○ 先生の指示に従って、宿題をしました。
(You follow instructions; you don't 'proportionally adjust' to them.)

To master ～に応じて, you should compare it with its 'cousins' in the Japanese grammar world. Each has a specific flavor of 'correlation'.

1. ～にともなって (ni tomonatte)

Means 'along with' or 'accompanying'. It is used when two things happen together, usually on a large scale. Unlike に応じて, it doesn't necessarily imply that the second thing is 'adjusted' to match the first; they just happen in tandem.

2. ～に即して (ni sokushite)

Means 'in line with' or 'based on'. It is used when following rules, facts, or experiences strictly. While に応じて allows for flexibility, に即して implies sticking closely to the standard.

Example
事実に即して話す (Speak based on the facts).

3. ～次第で (shidai de)

Means 'depending on'. It is often used to show that a result is completely determined by one factor. It is more decisive than に応じて.

努力次第で、結果は変わる。
(The result changes depending on [the level of] effort.)

4. ～に合わせて (ni awasete)

This is the more casual version of に応じて. It literally means 'to match'. You use it for physical matching (matching clothes) or timing (clapping to the music).

5. ～に対応して (ni taiou shite)

Very similar, but focus on 'handling' or 'dealing with' a specific problem or input. It is often used in computer science or customer support for specific 'mappings'.

How Formal Is It?

Formell

""

Schwierigkeitsgrad

Wichtige Grammatik

Beispiele nach Niveau

1

天気に応じて、傘を持って行きます。

I will take an umbrella depending on the weather.

天気 (weather) + に応じて

2

人数に応じて、椅子を準備します。

I will prepare chairs according to the number of people.

人数 (number of people) + に応じて

3

気分に応じて、音楽を聴きます。

I listen to music according to my mood.

気分 (mood) + に応じて

4

時間に応じて、メニューが変わります。

The menu changes according to the time.

時間 (time) + に応じて

5

レベルに応じて、本を選びます。

I choose books according to the level.

レベル (level) + に応じて

6

場所に応じて、靴を履き替えます。

I change shoes according to the place.

場所 (place) + に応じて

7

大きさに応じて、値段が違います。

The price is different according to the size.

大きさ (size) + に応じて

8

好みに応じて、砂糖を入れます。

I add sugar according to my preference.

好み (preference) + に応じて

1

予算に応じて、ホテルを予約しましょう。

Let's book a hotel according to our budget.

予算 (budget) + に応じて

2

状況に応じて、予定を変更してください。

Please change the schedule according to the situation.

状況 (situation) + に応じて

3

年齢に応じて、チケットの値段が安くなります。

The ticket price gets cheaper according to age.

年齢 (age) + に応じて

4

季節に応じて、いろいろな花が咲きます。

Various flowers bloom according to the season.

季節 (season) + に応じて

5

テストの点数に応じて、クラスが決まります。

Classes are decided according to test scores.

点数 (score) + に応じて

6

体力に応じて、運動をしましょう。

Let's exercise according to our physical strength.

体力 (physical strength) + に応じて

7

必要に応じて、連絡してください。

Please contact me as necessary (according to necessity).

必要 (necessity) + に応じて

8

素材に応じて、洗い方が異なります。

The washing method differs according to the material.

素材 (material) + に応じて

1

お客様の要望に応じて、商品を改良しました。

We improved the product in response to customer requests.

要望 (request) + に応じて

2

経験に応じて、給料が決まります。

Salary is determined according to experience.

経験 (experience) + に応じて

3

用途に応じて、使い分けてください。

Please use them differently according to the application.

用途 (use/application) + に応じて

4

学力に応じた指導を行っています。

We provide instruction suited to academic ability.

学力 (academic ability) + に応じた (modifying Noun)

5

成長に応じて、服のサイズを上げます。

We increase clothing sizes according to growth.

成長 (growth) + に応じて

6

光の強さに応じて、レンズの色が変わります。

The lens color changes according to the intensity of light.

強さ (intensity) + に応じて

7

地域の特性に応じて、防災計画を立てる。

Create a disaster prevention plan according to regional characteristics.

特性 (characteristics) + に応じて

8

進捗状況に応じて、締め切りを調整しましょう。

Let's adjust the deadline according to the progress status.

進捗状況 (progress status) + に応じて

1

景気の変動に応じて、金利が調整される。

Interest rates are adjusted according to economic fluctuations.

変動 (fluctuation) + に応じて

2

個人の能力に応じた役割分担が重要だ。

Division of roles suited to individual ability is important.

能力 (ability) + に応じた (modifying Noun)

3

法律の改正に応じて、社内規定を見直す。

Review internal regulations in response to legal amendments.

改正 (amendment) + に応じて

4

需要の増加に応じて、生産ラインを拡大する。

Expand production lines in response to increased demand.

増加 (increase) + に応じて

5

肌の質に応じて、化粧水を選んでください。

Please choose a lotion according to your skin type.

質 (quality/type) + に応じて

6

時代の要請に応じて、新しいサービスを開発する。

Develop new services in response to the demands of the times.

要請 (demand/request) + に応じて

7

難易度に応じて、報酬が加算されます。

Rewards are added according to the level of difficulty.

難易度 (difficulty level) + に応じて

8

相手の反応に応じて、話し方を変える。

Change the way of speaking according to the other person's reaction.

反応 (reaction) + に応じて

1

多様化するライフスタイルに応じた住宅設計が求められている。

Housing designs suited to diversifying lifestyles are in demand.

ライフスタイル (lifestyle) + に応じた

2

市場の動向に応じ、投資戦略を柔軟に変更する。

Flexibly change investment strategies in response to market trends.

動向 (trend) + に応じ (stem form)

3

各国の経済状況に応じて、援助の規模を決定する。

Determine the scale of aid according to each country's economic situation.

状況 (situation) + に応じて

4

身体機能の低下に応じた介護サービスを提供する。

Provide nursing care services suited to the decline in physical function.

低下 (decline) + に応じた

5

環境負荷の程度に応じて、課税額を算出する。

Calculate the tax amount according to the degree of environmental impact.

程度 (degree) + に応じて

6

個々の事案の性質に応じ、適切な法的措置を講じる。

Take appropriate legal measures according to the nature of each individual case.

性質 (nature) + に応じ

7

情報公開の必要性に応じ、機密レベルを設定する。

Set confidentiality levels according to the necessity of information disclosure.

必要性 (necessity) + に応じ

8

顧客の購買履歴に応じたパーソナライズ広告を表示する。

Display personalized advertisements suited to the customer's purchase history.

履歴 (history) + に応じた

1

グローバル化の進展に応じ、教育カリキュラムの抜本的な改革が急務である。

Drastic reform of the educational curriculum in response to the progress of globalization is an urgent matter.

進展 (progress) + に応じ

2

生命倫理の観点から、科学技術の発展に応じた法整備が不可欠だ。

From the perspective of bioethics, legal development suited to the development of science and technology is essential.

発展 (development) + に応じた

3

都市の規模や人口密度に応じたインフラ整備が、持続可能な発展の鍵となる。

Infrastructure development suited to city scale and population density is the key to sustainable development.

密度 (density) + に応じた

4

言語の変遷に応じ、辞書の定義も常に更新されなければならない。

In response to the transition of language, dictionary definitions must also be constantly updated.

変遷 (transition) + に応じ

5

リスクの許容度に応じ、資産ポートフォリオを最適化する。

Optimize the asset portfolio according to the risk tolerance level.

許容度 (tolerance level) + に応じ

6

気候変動の深刻化に応じ、国際的な協力体制を再構築する必要がある。

It is necessary to reconstruct the international cooperation system in response to the worsening of climate change.

深刻化 (worsening) + に応じ

7

各社員のライフステージに応じた柔軟な働き方を支援する制度を導入する。

Introduce a system to support flexible working styles suited to each employee's life stage.

ライフステージ (life stage) + に応じた

8

情報の真偽や重要度に応じ、メディアリテラシーを駆使して情報を取捨選択する。

Select and discard information using media literacy according to the truth and importance of the information.

重要度 (importance level) + に応じ

Häufige Kollokationen

状況に応じて (depending on the situation)
予算に応じて (according to the budget)
能力に応じて (according to ability)
ニーズに応じて (in response to needs)
必要に応じて (as necessary)
要望に応じて (according to requests)
経験に応じて (according to experience)
季節に応じて (according to the season)
レベルに応じて (according to the level)
変化に応じて (in response to changes)

Häufige Phrasen

状況に応じて判断する (Judge according to the situation)

必要に応じて連絡する (Contact as necessary)

予算に応じて選ぶ (Choose according to the budget)

能力に応じて配属する (Assign according to ability)

季節に応じて衣替えする (Change clothes according to the season)

リクエストに応じて演奏する (Perform according to requests)

年齢に応じて対応を変える (Change response according to age)

テストの結果に応じてクラスを分ける (Divide classes according to test results)

体調に応じて無理をしない (Don't overdo it, according to your health)

場所に応じてマナーを守る (Observe manners according to the place)

Wird oft verwechselt mit

～に応じて vs ～にこたえて

Used for requests/hopes, not variables.

～に応じて vs ～によって

Much broader; doesn't always imply 'matching'.

～に応じて vs ～にしたがって

Implies a natural, automatic progression.

Redewendungen & Ausdrücke

""

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""

""

""

""

""

""

""

Leicht verwechselbar

～に応じて vs

～に応じて vs

～に応じて vs

～に応じて vs

～に応じて vs

Satzmuster

So verwendest du es

Formal

Avoid in very casual slang; use 'ni awasete' instead.

Intentionality

Usually implies a human or system making a choice.

Proportionality

It implies that as the noun increases/decreases, the action does too.

Häufige Fehler
  • Using it with a fixed date (e.g., ✕ 明日に応じて).
  • Confusing it with '～にこたえて' for requests.
  • Forgetting to use 'に応じた' when modifying a noun.
  • Using it for a simple cause-and-effect without a scale.
  • Misspelling the kanji 応 (often confused with 因).

Tipps

Noun Check

Always ensure the word before 'に応じて' is a noun. If you have a verb, add 'こと' or 'の' to make it a noun. This is the most common grammatical error. Double-check your sentence structure.

Scale Matters

Use this phrase when there is a scale or variety involved. It's about 'how much' or 'what kind'. If it's a simple yes/no situation, this might not be the best choice. Think of it as a sliding scale.

Business Essential

In Japanese business culture, showing flexibility is key. '状況に応じて' is a magic phrase that shows you are adaptable. Use it in meetings to sound cooperative. It's a very safe and polite expression.

Formal Stem

When writing a formal report, try using 'に応じ' instead of 'に応じて'. It saves space and sounds more academic. This is a small change that significantly raises your writing level. It shows you know high-level register.

Pair with 'Henka'

It often appears with the word '変化' (change). '変化に応じて' means 'responding to change'. This is a very common collocation in news and business. It's a great phrase to memorize as a block.

Avoid Overuse

While useful, don't use it in every sentence. If you are talking about simple things, use '～によって'. Save 'に応じて' for when you want to emphasize the 'matching' aspect. Variety in your particles makes you sound more natural.

Announcement Pattern

Listen for this in train stations: '混雑状況に応じて...' (Depending on the congestion...). It's a classic example of the phrase in the wild. It helps you prepare for what the staff will do next. Usually, it's about delays or limits.

Versus 'Shidai'

Remember that '～次第で' is more about the result being determined. 'に応じて' is more about the process being adjusted. 'Shidai' is 'A determines B'. 'Oujite' is 'B adjusts to A'. Subtle but important.

Context Clues

In reading passages, if you see 'に応じて', look for a verb of change or decision nearby. This will help you understand the logic of the sentence quickly. It acts as a signpost for a proportional relationship. It's a logical connector.

The Mirror Rule

Think of 'に応じて' as a mirror. The action reflects the situation. If the situation changes, the reflection (action) changes too. This visual can help you remember the 'matching' nuance. It's a responsive relationship.

Einprägen

Wortherkunft

Derived from the verb 応ずる (ou-zuru), which comes from Middle Japanese. The kanji 応 (ou) depicts a heart under a roof with a bird, suggesting a 'natural response' or 'agreement'.

Kultureller Kontext

Used to show flexibility in contracts and service levels.

Language choice is adjusted 'ni oujite' the social hierarchy.

The value of a return gift is decided 'ni oujite' the original gift's value (Okaeshi).

Im Alltag üben

Kontexte aus dem Alltag

Gesprächseinstiege

"予算に応じて、どのお店に行きたいですか？"

"状況に応じて、プランを変えるのはどう思いますか？"

"能力に応じて仕事を選ぶのは大切だと思いますか？"

"季節に応じて、どんなスポーツをしますか？"

"気分に応じて、聴く音楽を変えますか？"

Tagebuch-Impulse

今日の天気に応じて、何をして過ごしましたか？

自分のレベルに応じた目標を立ててみましょう。

最近、状況に応じて判断を変えた経験はありますか？

将来、収入に応じてどんな生活をしたいですか？

相手の反応に応じて、自分の話し方を変えたことがありますか？

Häufig gestellte Fragen

10 Fragen

Yes, but usually with a quality of the person like 'ability' or 'rank', not the person themselves. You wouldn't say 'Tanaka-san ni oujite', but 'Tanaka-san no iken ni oujite' (according to Tanaka-san's opinion) is fine. It focuses on the variable provided by the person. In professional settings, this is very common. It helps maintain a polite distance. Always pair it with a noun representing a trait.

'に合わせて' is more casual and literal, like matching colors or timing. 'に応じて' is more formal and implies a systematic adjustment based on a scale. You use 'に合わせて' for physical things. You use 'に応じて' for abstract systems. In a business report, 'に応じて' is much better. In a conversation about fashion, 'に合わせて' is natural.

They have the same meaning, but 'に応じ' is the stem form. It is used in formal writing and literature. It makes the sentence sound more concise. You will often see it in legal documents. In spoken Japanese, 'に応じて' is almost always used. The 'te' makes it sound more natural in speech.

Not exactly. While a change happens because of the noun, 'に応じて' specifically means the change was made to *match* the noun. If you just want to say 'because of', use 'によって' or 'ので'. 'に応じて' is about alignment. It's about the 'how much' or 'which type'. It's not just a simple cause-and-effect.

It might sound a bit stiff. In casual talk, people usually say '～によって' or '～に合わせて'. However, using it correctly can make you sound very intelligent. It's great for discussing plans or serious topics. Just don't use it for very trivial things. Like 'I'll eat according to my hunger' might sound a bit too formal.

Yes, 'に応じて' must follow a noun or a noun phrase. You cannot attach it directly to a verb. If you want to use a verb, you must nominalize it first. For example, '食べる量に応じて' (according to the amount you eat). This is a standard rule for compound particles. Always check for the noun.

The 'Big Three' are 状況 (situation), 予算 (budget), and 能力 (ability). If you learn these three, you can use the phrase in 50% of common situations. Other common ones include 経験 (experience) and 要望 (request). These nouns all represent things that can vary. They provide the 'scale' for the response.

No, it is a linking phrase. It must have a noun before it. However, you can say 'それに応じて...' (In response to that...) at the start of a sentence. This is a common way to link two sentences. It refers back to the situation described in the previous sentence. It's very useful for flow.

Yes, it is a frequent item on the JLPT N3 and N2 levels. It often appears in the grammar section and reading comprehension. Understanding the 'proportionality' nuance is key to answering correctly. It is considered a core B1-B2 level grammar point. You should definitely master it for the exam.

It is usually translated as 'suited to', 'tailored to', or 'appropriate for'. For example, 'ニーズに応じたサービス' is 'a service tailored to needs'. It functions like an adjective. It describes the following noun as being a perfect match. This is a very useful pattern for marketing. It sounds very professional.

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