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A2 noun #2,500 am häufigsten 10 Min. Lesezeit

失败

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At the A1 level, '失败' (shībài) is introduced as a basic word for 'failure' or 'to fail'. Students learn it as the opposite of '成功' (success). It is mainly used in very simple sentences to describe failing a game or a simple task. At this stage, learners should focus on the basic 'Subject + 失败了' structure. It's important to know that it's a 'big' word, and often for small things like losing a game of rock-paper-scissors, people just say '我输了' (I lost). A1 learners should recognize '失败' in signs or simple stories. The focus is on recognition and the basic concept of not winning or not succeeding in a simple goal. You might see it in a simple classroom setting where a teacher says '不要怕失败' (Don't be afraid of failure) to encourage students. It's a foundational word for expressing negative outcomes.
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At the A2 level, learners begin to use '失败' in more varied contexts, such as school exams or sports. You'll learn that '失败' can be a noun (a failure) or a verb (to fail). A common structure at this level is '考试失败' (failing an exam) or '实验失败' (an experiment failing). Learners should start to distinguish between '失败' and '输' (to lose). You will also encounter the famous proverb '失败是成功之母' (Failure is the mother of success), which is a great way to remember the word. At A2, you should be able to describe why something failed using simple reasons like '因为我不努力' (because I didn't work hard). You might also hear it in simple news reports or stories about famous people who overcame failure. It's a key word for discussing personal experiences and challenges.
At the B1 level, '失败' is used to discuss more complex topics like business, social issues, and personal growth. Learners should be comfortable using '失败' as a noun with various modifiers, such as '彻底的失败' (a complete failure) or '暂时的失败' (a temporary failure). You will learn collocations like '面对失败' (to face failure), '接受失败' (to accept failure), and '导致失败' (to lead to failure). B1 learners should be able to explain the causes and consequences of a failure in a short paragraph or conversation. You'll also start to see '失败' in more formal writing, such as in reports or essays discussing the reasons for a project's lack of success. The word starts to take on a more abstract meaning, referring to the failure of ideas or systems, not just physical tasks or games.
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At the B2 level, '失败' is used in sophisticated discussions about philosophy, history, and complex social phenomena. You will learn to use it in structures like '失败在于...' (The failure lies in...) to analyze root causes. Learners should be able to distinguish '失败' from more nuanced synonyms like '挫败' (setback), '失利' (setback/loss), and '败北' (defeat). You'll encounter '失败' in literature and academic texts, often in the context of historical reforms or political movements. At this level, you should be able to debate the value of failure in innovation and personal development. You will also learn idioms related to failure, such as '功亏一篑' (to fail at the last hurdle). Your usage should reflect an understanding of the emotional and social weight the word carries in Chinese culture, including its relationship to 'face' (面子).
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At the C1 level, '失败' is integrated into high-level discourse on a wide range of topics. You will analyze the '失败' of entire civilizations, economic models, or complex scientific theories. The word is used with precision, often accompanied by sophisticated adverbs and adjectives. You'll explore the nuances between '失败' and '瓦解' (collapse) or '溃败' (rout). C1 learners should be able to use '失败' in formal speeches, academic papers, and professional negotiations. You will also understand the subtle use of '失败' in irony and sarcasm. The cultural and historical connotations of '失败' in Chinese literature—from ancient poems to modern novels—become a focus. You'll be expected to understand how failure is portrayed as a tragic or transformative element in storytelling and historical narrative.
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At the C2 level, mastery of '失败' involves a deep, intuitive understanding of its use in all registers, from classical Chinese allusions to modern slang. You can use the word to discuss the most abstract concepts, such as the 'failure of language' or 'existential failure'. You will be familiar with obscure idioms and historical anecdotes involving '失败' and can use them appropriately to add depth to your communication. At this level, you can appreciate the rhythmic and aesthetic role of the word in poetry and high-prose. You understand the profound philosophical implications of '失败' in Taoist or Buddhist contexts, where success and failure are seen as two sides of the same coin. Your use of '失败' is indistinguishable from that of a highly educated native speaker, characterized by precision, cultural depth, and rhetorical flair.
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失败 in 30 Sekunden

  • 失败 (shībài) is a versatile Chinese word meaning 'failure' or 'to fail,' used as both a noun and a verb in various contexts.
  • It is the direct antonym of 成功 (chénggōng - success) and is broader than the word 输 (shū), which specifically means losing a game.
  • Commonly used in phrases like '失败是成功之母' (Failure is the mother of success), it emphasizes the learning potential of negative outcomes.
  • Grammatically, it often appears with the aspect marker '了' or is modified by adverbs like '彻底' (completely) to show the extent of failure.

The word 失败 (shībài) is a cornerstone of the Chinese lexicon, serving as both a noun and a verb to describe the absence of success or the act of being defeated. At its core, it represents a deviation from a desired outcome, whether in a competitive match, a business venture, or a personal endeavor. In the A2 level context, it is most frequently encountered in daily conversations regarding exams, sports, and simple tasks. Understanding 失败 requires looking beyond the literal 'loss' and seeing it as a state of being or a specific event. Unlike the English word 'lose' which can be 'shū' (输) in a game, 失败 is broader, encompassing systemic failure, moral defeat, or the collapse of a plan. It is the antonym of 成功 (chénggōng - success).

Grammatical Function
It can act as a verb (to fail) or a noun (failure). For example, '他失败了' (He failed) vs '这是一次巨大的失败' (This is a huge failure).
Semantic Range
Covers everything from a failed experiment to a failed marriage or a failed military campaign.
Emotional Nuance
While often negative, in Chinese culture, it is frequently paired with the idea of learning, as seen in the proverb '失败是成功之母'.

"这次考试我失败了，但我会继续努力。" (I failed this exam, but I will keep working hard.)

In a deeper sense, 失败 reflects the Chinese philosophical view of duality. You cannot have success without the possibility of failure. When used as a verb, it often takes the aspect marker '了' (le) to indicate the completion of the failing act. When used as a noun, it is often modified by adjectives like '惨重' (cǎnzhòng - heavy/disastrous) or '彻底' (chèdǐ - thorough). It is important to distinguish it from '输' (shū), which is specifically used for losing a competition or a game. You can '输' a game, which results in a '失败'.

"他的计划彻底失败了。" (His plan failed completely.)

Culturally, the concept of 'saving face' (丢脸) is often tied to 失败. Failing publicly can be seen as a loss of prestige, which is why the word carries significant weight in social contexts. However, modern Chinese discourse, especially in the tech and education sectors, has begun to embrace failure as a necessary step toward innovation. This shift makes 失败 a dynamic word that bridges traditional values with modern resilience.

"不要害怕失败。" (Don't be afraid of failure.)

Usage in Business
Used to describe bankruptcy (though 破产 is more specific) or a project that didn't meet KPIs.
Usage in Science
Used to describe an experiment that did not yield the expected results.

"这场比赛我们失败的原因是缺乏合作。" (The reason for our failure in this match was a lack of cooperation.)

"面对失败，他表现得很冷静。" (Facing failure, he acted very calmly.)

Using 失败 (shībài) correctly involves understanding its flexibility across different parts of speech. As a verb, it is intransitive, meaning it doesn't usually take a direct object. You don't 'fail an exam' by saying '失败考试'; instead, you say '考试失败了' (The exam failed/was a failure) or use the verb '及格' (jígé - to pass) in the negative: '没及格'. This is a common stumbling block for English speakers. In Chinese, the subject is the thing that failed, or the person who experienced the failure.

Pattern 1: Subject + 失败 + 了
Used to indicate a recent or completed failure. '实验失败了' (The experiment failed).
Pattern 2: ...的失败
Using it as a noun. '他的失败让大家很意外' (His failure surprised everyone).
Pattern 3: 失败 + 之后/后
Meaning 'after failing'. '失败之后，他没有放弃' (After failing, he didn't give up).

When you want to describe the degree of failure, you place the adverb before the word. Common adverbs include '彻底' (chèdǐ - completely), '惨遭' (cǎnzāo - to suffer a disastrous...), or '完全' (wánquán - totally). For example, '计划完全失败' (The plan totally failed). It's also important to note that 失败 can be used to describe people, but it's quite harsh. Calling someone a '失败者' (shībàizhě) is the direct equivalent of calling them a 'loser'.

"由于天气原因，这次活动失败了。" (Due to weather reasons, this activity failed.)

In academic contexts, 失败 is used to discuss the results of research. If a hypothesis is not proven, the experiment is '失败'. In social contexts, it can describe the breakdown of relationships, though '破裂' (pòliè) is more common for marriages. However, '教育的失败' (the failure of education) is a common phrase in social commentary. When writing, ensure you don't confuse 失败 with '失利' (shīlì), which is a more formal term often used in sports or military contexts to mean 'to lose an advantage' or 'to suffer a setback'.

"他总结了自己失败的教训。" (He summarized the lessons from his failure.)

Collocation: 面对失败
To face failure. '我们要勇敢面对失败。'
Collocation: 导致失败
To lead to failure. '粗心大意导致了失败。'

Finally, consider the use of 失败 in the structure '失败在于...' (The failure lies in...). This is a sophisticated way to analyze the cause of a problem. For instance, '这次失败在于准备不足' (This failure lies in insufficient preparation). This structure is very common in B1 and B2 level writing and speaking exams.

You will encounter 失败 (shībài) in a wide variety of settings, ranging from the mundane to the highly formal. In daily life, parents might use it when talking about a child's performance, though they often use softer terms. In the news, it's a staple for reporting on political negotiations, space missions, or economic policies. For example, '谈判失败' (tánpàn shībài - negotiations failed) is a very common headline. In the world of sports, commentators use it to describe a team's unsuccessful season or a failed attempt at a goal.

"昨晚的火箭发射失败了。" (Last night's rocket launch failed.)

In the workplace, you'll hear it during post-mortem meetings or project reviews. Managers might say, '我们必须分析这次项目失败的原因' (We must analyze the reasons for this project's failure). It is also prevalent in motivational speeches and self-help literature. The phrase '从失败中学习' (learning from failure) is a ubiquitous theme in Chinese education and corporate training. You'll see it on posters in schools and offices, encouraging resilience.

In Movies/TV
Often used when a villain's plan is thwarted: '你的计划失败了！' (Your plan has failed!)
In Gaming
When you lose a level, the screen might simply display '失败' (Defeat/Failed).

In academic settings, professors use 失败 to describe unsuccessful theories or historical movements. For example, discussing the '失败的改革' (failed reforms) of a particular dynasty. It is also used in psychological contexts to discuss the 'fear of failure' (畏惧失败). Understanding these contexts helps you realize that 失败 isn't just a word for 'not winning'; it's a word for any outcome that falls short of a goal.

"这次手术失败的可能性很小。" (The possibility of this surgery failing is very small.)

"由于缺乏资金，这个创业项目最终失败了。" (Due to a lack of funds, this startup project eventually failed.)

Social media also uses the term, often in a self-deprecating way. Young people might post about a '失败的厨艺展示' (a failed cooking demonstration) when they burn their dinner. This informal usage shows how the word has permeated every level of modern Chinese communication, from the most serious to the most lighthearted.

One of the most frequent errors for learners is the confusion between 失败 (shībài) and 输 (shū). While both relate to not winning, they are used differently. '输' is a verb specifically for losing a competition, game, or bet. You '输了比赛' (lost the match). '失败' is broader and can be a noun. You wouldn't say '我的输' to mean 'my loss'; you would say '我的失败'. Another mistake is using 失败 as a transitive verb with an object like an exam. In English, we say 'I failed the test,' but in Chinese, you say '我考试失败了' or '我没考好'.

Incorrect: 我失败了考试。
Correct: 我考试失败了。 (The exam was a failure for me.)
Incorrect: 这是一场输。
Correct: 这是一次失败。 (This is a failure.)

"很多人把失败看作是终点。" (Many people see failure as the end.)

Another nuance is the difference between 失败 and '失误' (shīwù). '失误' refers to a mistake or a slip-up, often in a sports context (like a turnover in basketball). A '失误' might lead to a '失败', but they are not the same. If you make a small mistake, it's a 失误; if the whole project crashes, it's a 失败. Learners also often forget to use the measure word '次' (cì) with 失败 when using it as a noun. Instead of saying '一个失败', it's more natural to say '一次失败'.

"虽然经历了一次失败，但他并没有灰心。" (Although he experienced a failure, he did not lose heart.)

Lastly, be careful with the word '败' (bài) on its own. While it's the second character of 失败, it's often used in more classical or formal compounds like '击败' (jībài - to defeat someone) or '败北' (bàiběi - to be defeated). As a beginner or intermediate learner, sticking to the full word 失败 is safer and more common in modern spoken Mandarin. Avoid using 失败 to mean 'broken' (like a machine); for that, use '坏了' (huài le).

Confusion with '不成功'
'不成功' is a softer way to say 'not successful'. 失败 is more definitive and often carries more weight.

To truly master 失败 (shībài), you must understand its synonyms and related terms. A very close word is 挫败 (cuòbài). While 失败 is general, 挫败 often implies a setback or being thwarted by an external force. It's frequently used in political or military contexts. Another related word is 失利 (shīlì), which literally means 'to lose the advantage'. It is a more formal, slightly softer way to describe a failure, often used in sports news: '中国队首战失利' (The Chinese team lost their first match).

挫折 (cuòzhé)
Frustration or setback. This refers more to the obstacles encountered rather than the final result of failure.
输 (shū)
To lose. Used specifically for games, competitions, and gambling.
落选 (luòxuǎn)
To fail to be elected or selected. A specific type of failure in a selection process.

"人生难免会遇到挫折。" (It's inevitable to encounter setbacks in life.)

Then there is 倒闭 (dǎobì), which is the specific word for a business failing and closing down. You wouldn't say a company '失败了' if it went bankrupt; you would say it '倒闭了'. Similarly, 落榜 (luòbǎng) is a specific term for failing an important entrance exam, like the Gaokao. Using these specific terms instead of the general 失败 will make your Chinese sound much more natural and advanced.

"由于经营不善，那家工厂倒闭了。" (Due to poor management, that factory went bankrupt.)

In terms of antonyms, 成功 (chénggōng) is the primary one. However, 胜利 (shènglì - victory) is also used, especially when the context is a struggle or a competition. Understanding the spectrum from '失误' (mistake) to '挫折' (setback) to '失败' (failure) to '惨败' (disastrous defeat) allows you to express the severity of a situation accurately. For instance, a '惨败' is much more humiliating than a simple '失败'.

名落孙山 (míng luò Sūn Shān)
An idiom meaning to fail an exam (literally: to fall behind Sun Shan on the list).

How Formal Is It?

Schwierigkeitsgrad

Wichtige Grammatik

Use of '了' for completed actions

Resultative complements

Cause and effect (因为...所以...)

Adverbial modifiers

Noun phrases with '的'

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Beispiele nach Niveau

1

我失败了。

I failed.

Subject + verb + 了 (le) indicating completed action.

2

他不怕失败。

He is not afraid of failure.

Negative '不' (bù) before '怕' (pà - fear).

3

失败不可怕。

Failure is not scary.

'不可怕' (bù kěpà) means 'not scary/frightening'.

4

这是一个失败。

This is a failure.

Using '失败' as a noun after '是' (shì).

5

比赛失败了。

The match was a failure.

'比赛' (bǐsài) is the subject.

6

我们失败了。

We failed.

Plural subject '我们' (wǒmen).

7

你失败了吗？

Did you fail?

Question particle '吗' (ma) at the end.

8

再试一次，不要怕失败。

Try again, don't fear failure.

'再' (zài) means 'again'; '不要' (búyào) means 'don't'.

1

这次考试我失败了。

I failed this exam.

'这次' (zhè cì) specifies 'this time'.

2

失败是成功之母。

Failure is the mother of success.

A famous Chinese proverb (chéngyǔ-like).

3

由于他不努力，所以失败了。

Because he didn't work hard, he failed.

Using '由于...所以...' (yóuyú...suǒyǐ...) for cause and effect.

4

他的实验失败了很多次。

His experiment failed many times.

'很多次' (hěn duō cì) indicates frequency.

5

面对失败，我们要坚强。

Facing failure, we must be strong.

'面对' (miànduì) means 'to face'.

6

这个计划失败的原因是什么？

What is the reason for this plan's failure?

'...的原因' (de yuányīn) means 'the reason of...'.

7

他虽然失败了，但学到了很多。

Although he failed, he learned a lot.

'虽然...但...' (suīrán...dàn...) means 'although...but...'.

8

我不认为这是一次失败。

I don't think this is a failure.

'认为' (rènwéi) means 'to think/consider'.

1

这次商业合作彻底失败了。

This business cooperation failed completely.

'彻底' (chèdǐ) is an adverb meaning 'thoroughly/completely'.

2

我们要分析失败的教训。

We need to analyze the lessons of failure.

'教训' (jiàoxùn) means 'lesson learned from a mistake'.

3

失败并不可怕，可怕的是放弃。

Failure isn't scary; what's scary is giving up.

'并' (bìng) adds emphasis to the negative.

4

他的失败主要是因为缺乏经验。

His failure was mainly due to a lack of experience.

'主要是因为' (zhǔyào shì yīnwèi) means 'mainly because'.

5

这次任务的失败让他很沮丧。

The failure of this mission made him very depressed.

'沮丧' (jǔsàng) means 'depressed/dejected'.

6

没有人能随随便便成功，失败是常有的事。

No one can succeed easily; failure is a common occurrence.

'常有的事' (chángyǒu de shì) means 'a common thing'.

7

如果这次再失败，我们就没钱了。

If we fail again this time, we will have no money.

'如果...就...' (rúguǒ...jiù...) conditional structure.

8

他总结了失败的原因，准备重新开始。

He summarized the reasons for failure and prepared to start again.

'重新' (chóngxīn) means 'anew/again'.

1

这次改革的失败导致了严重的社会问题。

The failure of this reform led to serious social problems.

'导致' (dǎozhì) means 'to lead to/result in'.

2

他把失败归咎于运气不好。

He blamed the failure on bad luck.

'归咎于' (guījiù yú) means 'to attribute the blame to'.

3

在科学探索中，失败是通往真理的必经之路。

In scientific exploration, failure is the necessary path to truth.

'必经之路' (bìjīng zhī lù) means 'the road one must follow'.

4

这场战争以敌人的彻底失败而告终。

The war ended with the enemy's complete defeat.

'以...而告终' (yǐ...ér gàozhōng) means 'to end with...'.

5

由于指挥失误，这次行动遭到了惨重的失败。

Due to a command error, this operation suffered a disastrous failure.

'惨重' (cǎnzhòng) means 'heavy/disastrous'.

6

他无法接受自己是一个失败者的事实。

He could not accept the fact that he was a loser.

'失败者' (shībàizhě) means 'loser'.

7

这次失败让他意识到团队合作的重要性。

This failure made him realize the importance of teamwork.

'意识到' (yìshí dào) means 'to realize'.

8

即使面临失败，他也保持着乐观的态度。

Even in the face of failure, he maintained an optimistic attitude.

'即使...也...' (jíshǐ...yě...) means 'even if...still...'.

1

这项政策的失败揭示了深层次的体制矛盾。

The failure of this policy revealed deep-seated institutional contradictions.

'揭示' (jiēshì) means 'to reveal/unveil'.

2

历史证明，违背民意的统治注定会失败。

History proves that rule against the will of the people is destined to fail.

'注定' (zhùdìng) means 'destined/doomed'.

3

他不仅不反思失败，反而怨天尤人。

Instead of reflecting on his failure, he blamed everyone but himself.

'不仅不...反而...' (bùjǐn bù... fǎn'ér...) means 'not only not... but on the contrary...'.

4

这次谈判的失败意味着双方将陷入长期的僵局。

The failure of these negotiations means both sides will fall into a long-term stalemate.

'意味着' (yìwèizhe) means 'to signify/imply'.

5

这种陈旧的观念在现代社会中注定是失败的。

This outdated concept is destined to fail in modern society.

Using '失败' as an adjective meaning 'unsuccessful/failed'.

6

他将这次失败视为人生中一次宝贵的磨砺。

He regarded this failure as a valuable trial in his life.

'视为' (shìwéi) means 'to regard as'.

7

项目的失败给公司带来了不可估量的损失。

The failure of the project brought immeasurable losses to the company.

'不可估量' (bùkě gūliàng) means 'inestimable'.

8

面对接二连三的失败，他依然没有动摇信念。

In the face of one failure after another, he still did not waver in his conviction.

'接二连三' (jiē'èr-liánsān) is an idiom meaning 'one after another'.

1

他的文学尝试虽然在商业上失败了，但在艺术上却获得了极高的评价。

Although his literary attempt failed commercially, it received extremely high praise artistically.

Contrast between '商业上' (shāngyè shàng) and '艺术上' (yìshù shàng).

2

那种试图通过武力征服世界的野心终将归于失败。

That ambition to conquer the world through force will ultimately end in failure.

'归于' (guīyú) means 'to result in/end in'.

3

失败并非生命的终点，而是灵魂蜕变的契机。

Failure is not the end of life, but an opportunity for the soul's transformation.

'并非...而是...' (bìngfēi... érshì...) means 'is not... but rather...'.

4

他在晚年常感叹自己政治生涯的失败与落寞。

In his later years, he often lamented the failure and loneliness of his political career.

'感叹' (gǎntàn) means 'to sigh with emotion/lament'.

5

这次技术革新的失败，根源在于对市场需求的误判。

The root cause of this technological innovation's failure lies in a misjudgment of market demand.

'根源在于' (gēnyuán zàiyú) means 'the root cause lies in'.

6

在宏大的历史叙事中，个人的失败往往显得微不足道。

In grand historical narratives, individual failures often seem insignificant.

'微不足道' (wēi bùzú dào) is an idiom meaning 'insignificant'.

7

他那充满悲剧色彩的失败，赢得了后人的无限同情。

His tragic failure won the infinite sympathy of later generations.

'悲剧色彩' (bēijù sècǎi) means 'tragic quality/color'.

8

当理想主义在现实面前碰壁，失败便成了一种必然。

When idealism hits a wall in the face of reality, failure becomes an inevitability.

'必然' (bìrán) means 'inevitability/necessity'.

Häufige Kollokationen

彻底失败
面临失败
导致失败
分析失败
害怕失败
总结失败
避免失败
惨重失败
注定失败
接受失败

Häufige Phrasen

失败者
失败的原因
失败的教训
失败的经验
失败的计划
失败的婚姻
失败的实验
失败的改革
失败的尝试
失败的风险

Wird oft verwechselt mit

失败 vs 输

失败 vs 失误

失败 vs 挫折

Redewendungen & Ausdrücke

"失败是成功之母"
"功亏一篑"
"一败涂地"
"名落孙山"
"兵败如山倒"
"成王败寇"
"不计成败"
"屡战屡败"
"一蹶不振"
"半途而废"

Leicht verwechselbar

失败 vs

失败 vs

失败 vs

失败 vs

失败 vs

Satzmuster

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So verwendest du es

shibai vs shu

Shibai is general; Shu is for games/competitions.

shibai vs shiwu

Shibai is the result; Shiwu is the mistake that caused it.

Häufige Fehler
  • Using 失败 as a transitive verb (e.g., 失败考试).
  • Confusing 失败 with 输 in sports contexts.
  • Using 失败 to mean 'broken' for physical objects.
  • Forgetting the measure word '次' when using it as a noun.
  • Using 失败 for 'losing' an item (like keys).

Tipps

Verb Usage

Remember that 失败 is intransitive. It describes the state of the subject.

Face

Be careful when pointing out someone's 失败; it can be very offensive.

Antonyms

Always learn 失败 alongside 成功 to build your vocabulary faster.

Adverbs

Use '彻底' (thoroughly) to emphasize a complete failure in your essays.

Encouragement

Use '别灰心' (don't lose heart) after someone experiences a 失败.

Context

If you hear '失败' in a game, it usually means 'Game Over'.

Proverbs

Memorizing '失败是成功之母' will help you sound more like a native speaker.

Common Error

Don't use 失败 for losing your wallet; use '丢了'.

Formal Use

In business, use '项目失败' to describe a project that didn't meet its goals.

Degree

Distinguish between a small '失误' and a large '失败'.

Einprägen

Wortherkunft

Kultureller Kontext

Many famous Chinese historical figures are remembered for how they handled failure (e.g., Xiang Yu).

Failing the Gaokao is seen as a major life failure.

Failing can lead to 'losing face' (丢脸).

Im Alltag üben

Kontexte aus dem Alltag

Gesprächseinstiege

"你觉得失败重要吗？"

"你最近有遇到什么失败吗？"

"失败的时候你会做什么？"

"你同意'失败是成功之母'吗？"

"你最害怕什么样的失败？"

Tagebuch-Impulse

描写一次你经历过的失败。

如果你失败了，你会怎么安慰自己？

分析一次失败带给你的教训。

谈谈你对'成功'和'失败'的看法。

写一封信给失败后的自己。

Häufig gestellte Fragen

10 Fragen

No, that is incorrect. You should say '我考试失败了' or '我没考好'.

输 is specifically for losing a game or match. 失败 is a broader term for any failure.

It can be both. '他失败了' (verb) and '这是一次失败' (noun).

It is '失败是成功之母' (shībài shì chénggōng zhī mǔ).

No, use '坏了' (huài le) for broken objects.

A common term is '失败者' (shībàizhě), though it is quite formal.

It can be used in both, but it sounds slightly more serious than '没做成'.

Yes, '他感到很失败' means 'He feels like a failure'.

The most common measure word is '次' (cì), as in '一次失败'.

Usually, yes, but it can be used for minor things in a self-deprecating way.

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