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A2 noun #1,900 más común 7 min de lectura

تقاضا

Top 1,900

Practícalo Ejemplos Notas y consejos تقاضا en 30 segundos

Explicación تقاضا in your Level:

At the A1 beginner level, learners are primarily focused on basic survival vocabulary and simple sentence structures. While the word تقاضا (taqāzā) might seem a bit formal for absolute beginners who are just learning to say 'I want' (من می‌خواهم), it is still a highly valuable word to recognize early on. Beginners will most likely encounter this word on official forms, such as visa applications or registration documents, where it appears as part of standard administrative language. At this stage, the goal is not necessarily to use the word actively in daily conversation, but rather to understand its meaning when reading signs or basic documents. For instance, seeing 'فرم تقاضا' (application form) is a common experience for anyone traveling to or living in a Persian-speaking country. Teachers might introduce this word as a passive vocabulary item, helping students build a foundation for more formal interactions later. Recognizing the shape of the word and its general association with 'asking for something' is sufficient for an A1 learner. It prepares them for the transition to more complex and polite registers of the language as they progress in their studies.

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At the A2 elementary level, learners begin to expand their vocabulary to include words that allow for more polite and structured interactions. This is the perfect stage to actively introduce and practice the word تقاضا. Learners at this level are taught how to make simple requests in a polite manner, moving beyond the directness of 'I want'. They learn to use the compound verb تقاضا کردن (to request) in straightforward sentences, such as 'من یک تقاضا دارم' (I have a request). This empowers them to interact more respectfully with teachers, shopkeepers, or officials. Furthermore, A2 learners are introduced to basic economic concepts in language learning, where the phrase 'عرضه و تقاضا' (supply and demand) might appear in simple reading texts. They also practice using the ezafe to link the word to an object, like 'تقاضای کار' (job application). By mastering this word at the A2 level, students significantly improve their ability to navigate everyday administrative tasks and formal social situations, building confidence in their conversational skills and cultural appropriateness.

At the B1 intermediate level, the usage of تقاضا becomes much more nuanced and frequent. Learners are now expected to understand and produce longer, more complex sentences. They use this word to express formal requests in written formats, such as drafting simple emails to a professor or an employer. The distinction between casual requests (خواهش) and formal requests (تقاضا) becomes a key learning point, ensuring that students apply the correct register based on the social context. In reading comprehension, B1 students will encounter this word in news articles, short stories, and opinion pieces, often related to social issues, economics, or politics. They learn to recognize passive constructions, such as 'تقاضا می‌شود' (it is requested), which is heavily used in formal announcements and signs. Vocabulary expansion at this stage includes learning various collocations, such as 'تقاضای بالا' (high demand) or 'پاسخ به تقاضا' (response to a request). Mastery of this word at B1 indicates a solid grasp of intermediate Persian syntax and an emerging awareness of cultural politeness norms.

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At the B2 upper-intermediate level, learners are expected to use تقاضا with a high degree of accuracy and fluency across a wide range of contexts. They should be comfortable engaging in debates and discussions where economic or social demands are the central topic. The phrase 'عرضه و تقاضا' is no longer just a vocabulary item but a concept they can discuss in detail in Persian. In writing, B2 students draft formal letters, petitions, and official complaints, using advanced structures like 'احتراماً تقاضا دارم...' (Respectfully, I request...). They are also adept at distinguishing this word from its close synonyms, such as درخواست (darkhāst) and مطالبه (motālabeh), understanding the subtle differences in tone and implication. Listening comprehension at this level involves understanding news broadcasts and formal speeches where the word is used rapidly and in complex sentences. The ability to seamlessly integrate this word into both spoken and written discourse demonstrates a strong command of the formal register of the Persian language, which is essential for professional and academic success.

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At the C1 advanced level, the word تقاضا is utilized with native-like precision. Learners at this stage can effortlessly navigate complex bureaucratic, legal, and academic texts where this word frequently appears. They understand the deep etymological roots of the word and its stylistic variations in classical versus modern Persian. In professional environments, C1 speakers use this word to negotiate, make formal proposals, and articulate complex demands diplomatically. They are highly sensitive to the sociolinguistic implications of choosing تقاضا over other synonyms, using it to establish authority, show deference, or maintain professional distance as needed. Writing at this level involves crafting sophisticated reports, academic papers, and official correspondence where the passive and impersonal forms of the word are used to create an objective tone. The learner's vocabulary includes highly specific collocations and idiomatic expressions related to market dynamics, legal petitions, and formal diplomacy, reflecting a comprehensive mastery of the language's formal capabilities.

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At the C2 mastery level, the learner's understanding and application of تقاضا are indistinguishable from that of a highly educated native speaker. They possess a profound awareness of the word's historical evolution, its presence in Persian literature, and its precise legal and economic definitions. C2 speakers can manipulate the word for rhetorical effect in public speaking, persuasive writing, and high-level negotiations. They understand the subtle irony or emphasis that can be conveyed by using this formal word in an unexpected context. Their reading comprehension encompasses complex legal documents, advanced economic treatises, and classical texts where the root concepts of demand and decree are explored. At this pinnacle of language proficiency, the word is not merely a tool for communication but an instrument for sophisticated expression, allowing the speaker to articulate the most complex and nuanced requests, demands, and societal observations with absolute clarity, elegance, and cultural authority.

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Practícalo Ejemplos Notas y consejos

تقاضا en 30 segundos

Formal Request
Economic Demand
Official Application
Polite Petition

The Persian word تقاضا (taqāzā) is a fundamental noun used to express a formal request, demand, or petition. Originating from Arabic roots, it has seamlessly integrated into Persian, carrying significant weight in both everyday conversations and formal, legal, or economic contexts. Understanding this word is crucial for learners at the A2 level and beyond, as it bridges the gap between simple desires and structured, polite requests. In economic terms, it is the exact equivalent of 'demand' in the phrase 'supply and demand' (عرضه و تقاضا). When you use this word, you are elevating your speech from a basic 'I want' (من می‌خواهم) to a more sophisticated 'I have a request' (من تقاضا دارم). This nuance is essential for navigating bureaucratic processes, formal workplace environments, and polite societal interactions in Persian-speaking cultures. Let us explore the multifaceted dimensions of this essential vocabulary item.

Linguistic Root: Derived from the Arabic root ق-ض-ی, which relates to judging, decreeing, or demanding.

من از شما یک تقاضا دارم.

Economic Context: In business, it strictly means 'demand' as opposed to 'supply' (عرضه).

قانون عرضه و تقاضا در اقتصاد مهم است.

Formal Petitions: Often used in written documents to request action from an authority.

نامه تقاضا به مدیر ارسال شد.

ما تقاضای کمک داریم.

این یک تقاضای رسمی است.

The versatility of this word cannot be overstated. Whether you are a student asking a professor for an extension, a citizen applying for a passport, or a consumer driving market forces, this noun is your linguistic key. It is more formal than خواهش (khāhesh) and less demanding than دستور (dastur). By mastering its usage, learners unlock a higher register of Persian that commands respect and demonstrates cultural competence.

Using تقاضا correctly involves understanding its common collocations and the verbs it pairs with. The most frequent verb used with it is کردن (kardan - to do/make), forming the compound verb تقاضا کردن (to request). Another very common structure is داشتن (dāshtan - to have), as in تقاضا داشتن (to have a request). When you want to specify what you are requesting, you typically use the ezafe connector (the 'e' sound) followed by the object of the request, such as تقاضای کار (job application) or تقاضای وام (loan request). Let us break down these grammatical structures and see how they function in various sentence types, from simple statements to complex formal letters.

Compound Verb: تقاضا کردن (taqāzā kardan) - To formally request or demand something.

او از من تقاضا کرد که بمانم.

Noun Phrase with Ezafe: تقاضای + Noun (Request for X)

فرم تقاضای استخدام را پر کنید.

Passive Voice: تقاضا شدن (taqāzā shodan) - To be requested.

از او تقاضا شد که سخنرانی کند.

میزان تقاضا بالا رفته است.

لطفاً تقاضای خود را بنویسید.

Furthermore, in formal correspondence, you might start a letter with 'احتراماً تقاضا می‌شود...' (Respectfully, it is requested that...). This sets a highly professional tone. Understanding these patterns allows you to navigate Iranian administrative systems, apply for jobs, or simply make polite requests in formal social settings without sounding overly demanding or inappropriately casual.

You will encounter the word تقاضا in a wide variety of contexts, ranging from daily news broadcasts to formal office environments. It is a staple of journalistic Persian, especially in economic reports discussing market trends, where the phrase 'عرضه و تقاضا' (supply and demand) is ubiquitous. You will also hear it frequently in administrative settings, such as banks, government offices, and universities, where forms and applications are processed. In everyday life, while people might use simpler words like 'خواهش' (khāhesh) with friends, they will switch to 'تقاضا' when speaking to someone in a position of authority or when they want to emphasize the importance of their request.

News and Economics: Frequently used to describe market forces and consumer behavior.

کاهش تقاضا باعث افت قیمت شد.

Administrative Offices: Used when submitting forms, petitions, or official requests.

باید فرم تقاضا را امضا کنید.

Formal Social Interactions: Employed to show deference and respect when asking for a favor.

استاد، من یک تقاضا از شما دارم.

تقاضای مردم برای مسکن زیاد است.

پاسخ به این تقاضا زمان می‌برد.

Whether you are reading a formal contract, listening to a debate on inflation, or simply asking a manager for a day off, recognizing and utilizing this word correctly will significantly enhance your comprehension and fluency in Persian. It acts as a bridge between the colloquial language of the streets and the formal language of institutions.

Learners of Persian often make a few predictable mistakes when using the word تقاضا. The most common error is confusing its register. Because it translates to 'request', beginners might use it in overly casual situations, such as asking a friend to pass the salt, which sounds unnaturally formal and stiff. Another frequent mistake is related to spelling and pronunciation. Since the word contains the letters 'ق' (qaf) and 'ض' (zad), which have specific sounds and spellings derived from Arabic, learners might misspell it as تغازا or تگازا. Furthermore, grammatical errors often occur when learners forget to use the ezafe (the linking 'e' sound) when connecting تقاضا to its object. Let us review these pitfalls to ensure accurate and natural usage.

Register Confusion: Using it in casual settings instead of خواهش (khāhesh) or درخواست (darkhāst).

Incorrect: علی، یک تقاضا دارم، آب بده. (Too formal for a friend)

Spelling Errors: Writing it with incorrect letters like غ or ز.

Correct spelling: تقاضا

Missing Ezafe: Forgetting the 'ye' sound when saying 'request for...'.

Correct: تقاضای کار (taqāzā-ye kār)

Incorrect: تقاضا کار (taqāzā kār)

همیشه تقاضای خود را مودبانه مطرح کنید.

By paying attention to the context, practicing the correct spelling, and mastering the ezafe connection, you can avoid these common traps. Remember that Persian relies heavily on context and register, so choosing the right word for the right situation is just as important as knowing its literal translation.

The Persian language is rich in vocabulary related to asking, requesting, and demanding. While تقاضا is highly versatile, it is part of a broader spectrum of synonyms that carry slightly different nuances. Understanding these distinctions will greatly enhance your expressive capabilities. Words like درخواست (darkhāst) are very close in meaning but slightly more native Persian and widely used in digital interfaces (like 'friend request'). خواهش (khāhesh) is softer, translating more to 'plea' or polite 'request', often used in daily conversation. On the other end of the spectrum, مطالبه (motālabeh) is much stronger, implying a rightful claim or a firm demand, often used in legal or political contexts. Let us compare these similar words to clarify their specific use cases.

درخواست (Darkhāst): Very similar to taqāzā, but often preferred in modern administrative and digital contexts.

من یک درخواست / تقاضا دارم.

خواهش (Khāhesh): A softer, more personal request. Used when asking a favor from someone you know.

از شما خواهش می‌کنم، نه تقاضا.

مطالبه (Motālabeh): A strong demand for rights or dues, often legal or political.

این یک مطالبه است، نه یک تقاضای ساده.

تفاوت بین نیاز و تقاضا در اقتصاد مهم است.

استدعا (ested'ā) is an even more formal and humble form of تقاضا.

Navigating these synonyms allows you to fine-tune your communication. Whether you are begging for a favor, formally applying for a position, or demanding your legal rights, choosing the exact right word from this family of terms demonstrates a high level of fluency and cultural awareness in Persian.

How Formal Is It?

Nivel de dificultad

Gramática que debes saber

Ezafe construction (تقاضای + noun)

Compound verbs with کردن

Passive voice (تقاضا می‌شود)

Formal imperative forms

Prepositions of source (از ... تقاضا کردن)

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Ejemplos por nivel

من یک تقاضا دارم.

I have a request.

Basic Subject + Object + Verb structure.

این فرم تقاضا است.

This is the application form.

Using the word as a noun modifier.

تقاضای شما چیست؟

What is your request?

Possessive pronoun attached to the noun.

او تقاضا کرد.

He/She requested.

Simple past tense of the compound verb.

ما تقاضا داریم.

We have a request.

First person plural subject.

تقاضای کار کجاست؟

Where is the job application?

Ezafe linking two nouns.

من تقاضا نمی‌کنم.

I do not request.

Negative present tense.

آنها تقاضا دادند.

They submitted a request.

Using 'dadan' (to give) with the noun.

لطفاً فرم تقاضا را پر کنید.

Please fill out the application form.

Imperative mood with 'lotfan'.

من برای این کار تقاضا دادم.

I applied for this job.

Using 'baraye' (for) to show purpose.

تقاضای مردم برای آب زیاد است.

People's demand for water is high.

Multiple ezafe connections.

آیا شما تقاضای وام دارید؟

Do you have a loan request?

Yes/No question structure.

او از مدیر تقاضای مرخصی کرد.

He requested leave from the manager.

Using 'az' (from) for the source of the request.

تقاضای شما در حال بررسی است.

Your request is under review.

Present continuous state.

من هیچ تقاضایی ندارم.

I have no request.

Using 'hich' for absolute negation with indefinite 'i'.

قانون عرضه و تقاضا مهم است.

The law of supply and demand is important.

Common fixed phrase.

به دلیل تقاضای زیاد، قیمت‌ها افزایش یافت.

Due to high demand, prices increased.

Cause and effect structure.

شرکت به تقاضای مشتریان پاسخ داد.

The company responded to the customers' request.

Using 'be' (to) for the recipient of the response.

تقاضا می‌شود از کشیدن سیگار خودداری کنید.

It is requested that you refrain from smoking.

Passive voice for formal instructions.

ارسال تقاضانامه برای همه الزامی است.

Sending the application letter is mandatory for everyone.

Using the compound noun 'taqazanameh'.

دولت باید تقاضای بازار را کنترل کند.

The government must control the market demand.

Modal verb 'bayad' (must).

من تقاضای تجدید نظر در نمره خود را دارم.

I have a request for a review of my grade.

Complex noun phrase with multiple modifiers.

تولید باید با تقاضا هماهنگ باشد.

Production must be coordinated with demand.

Using 'ba' (with) for coordination.

آنها تقاضای خود را کتباً اعلام کردند.

They announced their request in writing.

Using the Arabic adverbial form 'katban'.

عدم تعادل بین عرضه و تقاضا موجب تورم می‌شود.

The imbalance between supply and demand causes inflation.

Abstract nouns and complex causality.

احتراماً تقاضا دارم نسبت به حل این مشکل اقدام فرمایید.

Respectfully, I request that you take action to solve this problem.

Highly formal epistolary style.

تقاضای فزاینده برای انرژی‌های تجدیدپذیر کاملاً مشهود است.

The growing demand for renewable energies is quite evident.

Using present participle adjective 'fazayandeh'.

دادگاه تقاضای وکیل مدافع را رد کرد.

The court rejected the defense attorney's request.

Legal terminology context.

برای پاسخگویی به این حجم از تقاضا، نیازمند زیرساخت هستیم.

To respond to this volume of demand, we need infrastructure.

Infinitive phrase used for purpose.

تقاضای القایی یکی از مفاهیم پیچیده در اقتصاد خرد است.

Induced demand is one of the complex concepts in microeconomics.

Academic and specialized vocabulary.

وی با کمال میل تقاضای استعفای خود را تقدیم کرد.

He willingly submitted his resignation request.

Adverbial phrase 'ba kamal-e meyl'.

کاهش قدرت خرید مستقیماً بر میزان تقاضا تأثیر می‌گذارد.

The decrease in purchasing power directly affects the level of demand.

Adverb modifying a verb in a complex sentence.

سیاست‌های انقباضی دولت با هدف مهار تقاضای کاذب اتخاذ شده‌اند.

The government's contractionary policies have been adopted with the aim of curbing false demand.

Passive perfect tense in a political context.

تقاضای مستمر جامعه مدنی برای شفافیت، سرانجام به ثمر نشست.

The continuous demand of civil society for transparency finally bore fruit.

Complex subject phrase with abstract nouns.

در بازار رقابت کامل، قیمت تلاقی‌گاه منحنی‌های عرضه و تقاضاست.

In a perfectly competitive market, price is the intersection of supply and demand curves.

Technical economic definition.

متن تقاضانامه باید عاری از هرگونه ابهام و ایهام باشد.

The text of the petition must be free from any ambiguity and equivocation.

Advanced vocabulary 'ari az' (free from).

نوسانات ارزی به شدت تقاضای سفته‌بازانه را تحریک کرده است.

Currency fluctuations have severely stimulated speculative demand.

Present perfect tense with specialized adjectives.

تقاضای استیناف وی در دیوان عالی کشور تحت بررسی مجدد قرار گرفت.

His appeal request was placed under review again in the Supreme Court.

Highly formal legal phrasing.

کشش تقاضا نسبت به قیمت در این کالا بسیار پایین ارزیابی می‌شود.

The price elasticity of demand for this good is evaluated to be very low.

Advanced economic terminology (elasticity).

مدیریت تقاضا در ساعات اوج مصرف، چالشی اساسی برای وزارت نیرو است.

Demand management during peak consumption hours is a fundamental challenge for the Ministry of Energy.

Professional administrative discourse.

پارادایم حاکم بر اقتصاد کلان، همواره در پی ایجاد تعادل پویا میان تکانه‌های عرضه و تقاضای کل است.

The prevailing paradigm in macroeconomics always seeks to create a dynamic equilibrium between aggregate supply and demand shocks.

Highly academic and theoretical structure.

لحن ملتمسانه مستتر در این تقاضا، حاکی از استیصال عمیق نویسنده آن است.

The pleading tone hidden in this request indicates the profound desperation of its author.

Literary and analytical phrasing.

تقاضای موکد مقامات عالی‌رتبه مبنی بر تسریع روند دادرسی، بازتاب گسترده‌ای داشت.

The emphatic demand of high-ranking officials regarding the acceleration of the judicial process had widespread reflection.

Complex prepositional phrase 'mabni bar'.

در تحلیل نهایی، تقاضای موثر است که چرخ‌دنده‌های رکودزده صنعت را به حرکت درمی‌آورد.

In the final analysis, it is effective demand that sets the stagnant gears of industry in motion.

Rhetorical emphasis structure.

فارغ از هیاهوی رسانه‌ای، تقاضای بنیادین معترضان ریشه در نابرابری‌های ساختاری دارد.

Regardless of the media uproar, the fundamental demand of the protesters is rooted in structural inequalities.

Sociological and analytical discourse.

تقاضای انباشته در بازار مسکن، به مثابه آتش‌فشانی خاموش، هر لحظه مستعد فوران است.

The pent-up demand in the housing market, like a dormant volcano, is prone to eruption at any moment.

Use of simile 'be masabeh' in formal writing.

دیوان عدالت اداری، تقاضای ابطال بخشنامه مذکور را به دلیل مغایرت با قانون اساسی وارد دانست.

The Court of Administrative Justice deemed the request for the annulment of the aforementioned directive valid due to its contradiction with the constitution.

Complex legal judgment phrasing.

مفهوم تقاضا در فلسفه سیاسی مدرن، از یک نیاز صرف به یک حق شهروندی غیرقابل سلب تطور یافته است.

The concept of demand in modern political philosophy has evolved from a mere need to an inalienable civic right.

Philosophical and historical analysis.

Colocaciones comunes

تقاضای کار

عرضه و تقاضا

فرم تقاضا

تقاضا کردن

تقاضا داشتن

تقاضای وام

تقاضای بازار

تقاضای بالا

نامه تقاضا

رد تقاضا

Frases Comunes

من یک تقاضا دارم

بنا به تقاضای شما

قانون عرضه و تقاضا

تقاضا می‌شود که

پاسخ به تقاضا

فرم تقاضا را پر کنید

تقاضای خود را بنویسید

میزان تقاضا

تقاضای روزافزون

تقاضای رسمی

Se confunde a menudo con

تقاضا vs درخواست (Darkhast - more native Persian, used in tech)

تقاضا vs خواهش (Khahesh - softer, used for personal favors)

تقاضا vs نیاز (Niyaz - means need, not the act of requesting)

Modismos y expresiones

"دست رد به سینه تقاضا زدن"

"تقاضای محال کردن"

"عرضه کم و تقاضا زیاد"

"تقاضای نامشروع"

"تقاضای عاجزانه"

"پاسخگوی تقاضا بودن"

"تقاضای بازار را سنجیدن"

"تقاضای بیجا"

"تقاضای مکرر"

"تقاضای کتبی دادن"

Fácil de confundir

تقاضا vs

Patrones de oraciones

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Cómo usarlo

nuance

Implies a structured, official, or highly respectful request, unlike a casual favor.

context

Best used in formal writing, business, economics, and respectful speech.

Errores comunes

Using it to ask a friend for a small favor (too formal).
Spelling it as تغازا or تقازا.
Saying تقاضا کار instead of تقاضای کار (missing the ezafe).
Confusing it with عرضه (supply) in economic contexts.
Using it as a standalone verb without کردن or داشتن.

Consejos

Watch the Zad

Always spell it with ض. A common native typo is using ز. Memorize the shape of the word.

Don't Forget Ezafe

When saying 'request for X', you must add the 'ye' sound: تقاضای (taqaza-ye).

Learn the Pair

Always learn عرضه (supply) alongside تقاضا (demand). They go hand in hand.

Register Check

Before using this word, ask yourself: 'Am I in a formal setting?' If yes, use it.

Formal Letters

Start your formal letters with 'احتراماً تقاضا دارم' to sound like a native professional.

The Qaf Sound

Practice the 'q' sound deep in your throat to pronounce it correctly.

Learn the Family

Learn the word متقاضی (applicant) at the same time, as they are used in the same contexts.

News Broadcasts

Tune into Persian economic news. You will hear this word multiple times a day.

Use with Kardan

The most common verb to pair it with is کردن (kardan). تقاضا کردن = to request.

Showing Respect

Using this word with elders is a great way to show you understand Iranian cultural respect (Ta'arof).

Memorízalo

Mnemotecnia

Imagine you are at the TAJ mahal (Ta-qa-za) making a formal REQUEST to enter.

Origen de la palabra

Arabic

Contexto cultural

High. Used in official, academic, and respectful contexts.

Understood uniformly across Iran, Afghanistan (Dari), and Tajikistan (Tajik, though written in Cyrillic as тақозо).

Practica en la vida real

Contextos reales

Inicios de conversación

"آیا تا به حال برای وام تقاضا داده‌اید؟"

"به نظر شما تقاضا برای خرید مسکن چگونه است؟"

"چگونه یک نامه تقاضای کار بنویسیم؟"

"تفاوت بین خواهش و تقاضا چیست؟"

"آیا در محل کار تقاضای افزایش حقوق کرده‌اید؟"

Temas para diario

Write a formal request (تقاضا) to your imaginary boss for a vacation.

Describe the supply and demand (عرضه و تقاضا) of your favorite product.

Write about a time you had to submit an application form (فرم تقاضا).

Explain why using polite words like تقاضا is important in your culture.

Draft a short petition (تقاضانامه) for a community improvement.

Preguntas frecuentes

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It is generally too formal for friends. Use خواهش (khahesh) instead for casual requests.

They are very similar. تقاضا is of Arabic origin and often used in economics and formal letters. درخواست is Persian and heavily used in modern contexts like software (e.g., friend request).

The exact phrase is عرضه و تقاضا (arzeh va taqaza). It is a very common economic term in Persian.

It is a noun. To make it a verb, you must add an auxiliary verb like کردن (to do), making it تقاضا کردن (to request).

It is spelled with the letter ض (zad), not ز (ze). This is because of its Arabic root.

متقاضی (motaqazi) is the active participle derived from the same root, meaning 'the applicant' or 'the person making the request'.

Yes, the plural is تقاضاها (taqazaha) meaning 'requests' or 'demands'.

You write تقاضای کار (taqaza-ye kar). Notice the added 'ye' sound to link the words.

Yes, it is a very polite and formal way to say 'I have a request', especially when speaking to a superior.

The opposite is عرضه (arzeh), which means supply.

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writing

Write a sentence saying 'I have a request.' in Persian.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Simple subject + object + verb.