반려하다 en 30 segundos
- Formally reject applications/documents.
- Used in official, administrative contexts.
- Implies criteria were not met.
- Passive form '반려되다' is common.
The Korean verb '반려하다' (ballyeohada) primarily means 'to reject' or 'to refuse,' specifically in the context of applications, documents, or formal requests. It carries a sense of official disapproval or dismissal. You'll most commonly encounter this word in administrative, legal, or bureaucratic settings where decisions are made about submitted materials. It implies that something has been reviewed but not accepted for a particular reason.
- Formal Rejection
- '반려하다' is used when an official body or authority declines a submitted item. This could be anything from a job application to a building permit request, or even a piece of writing submitted for publication.
- Reasoning Often Implied
- While the word itself means 'to reject,' it often suggests that a reason for the rejection will be provided, or that the rejection is based on specific criteria not being met. It's not a casual refusal but a formal one.
- Contrast with Casual Refusal
- It's important to distinguish '반려하다' from more general verbs for refusing, like '거절하다' (geojeolhada), which can be used in a wider range of situations, including social rejections. '반려하다' is almost exclusively used in formal contexts concerning submissions.
신청서가 서류 미비로 반려되었습니다.
제출하신 논문은 내용의 독창성이 부족하여 반려될 예정입니다.
- Administrative Context
- This word is very common in government offices, universities, and companies when reviewing applications for visas, admissions, grants, permits, or even for internal proposals.
- Legal and Official Documents
- In legal settings, a court might '반려하다' a motion or a filing if it doesn't meet procedural requirements. Similarly, official reviews of contracts or proposals can result in rejection using this term.
- Creative Submissions
- Editors of journals, magazines, or publishers might use '반려하다' when they reject a manuscript or a piece of creative work, often indicating that it wasn't suitable for their publication.
Mastering '반려하다' involves understanding its grammatical structure and the typical subjects and objects it interacts with. It's a transitive verb, meaning it takes a direct object – the thing being rejected. The most common tense is the past tense, indicating a rejection has already occurred.
- Subject-Object Structure
- The typical sentence structure is [Subject (the one rejecting)] + [Object (the thing rejected)] + '를/을' + '반려하다'. For example, '심사위원회는 지원서를 반려했다' (The review committee rejected the application).
- Passive Voice
- Often, you'll hear it in the passive voice, '반려되다' (ballyeodoe-da), meaning 'to be rejected'. This is very common when discussing the outcome of an application. For instance, '제 서류가 반려되었습니다' (My documents were rejected).
- Future/Potential Rejection
- To express a potential rejection, you can use the future tense or modal constructions. '이대로 제출하면 반려될 수 있습니다' (If you submit it as is, it might be rejected).
정부 기관은 그 프로젝트 제안서를 반려하기로 결정했습니다.
수많은 지원서가 형식적인 오류 때문에 반려되었습니다.
- Common Subjects
- Common subjects include '심사위원회' (review committee), '담당자' (person in charge), '기관' (agency), '회사' (company), '법원' (court), '편집부' (editorial department).
- Common Objects
- Common objects are '신청서' (application form), '서류' (documents), '제안서' (proposal), '논문' (paper/thesis), '계획서' (plan), '허가 신청' (permit application), '이력서' (resume).
- Adding Reasons
- Often, a reason for rejection is stated using phrases like '~ 때문에' (because of) or '~ 부족으로' (due to lack of). Example: '정보 부족으로 서류가 반려되었다.' (The documents were rejected due to insufficient information.)
'반려하다' is a word you'll primarily encounter in formal communication channels, especially in written correspondence or official announcements. It's not a term used in casual everyday conversation among friends, but rather in situations involving official processes and decision-making.
- Government and Public Offices
- When applying for visas, permits, licenses, or any form of government assistance, you might receive notifications stating that your application has been '반려되다' (rejected). This is common in immigration offices, city halls, and other administrative bodies.
- Educational Institutions
- Universities and colleges use '반려하다' when rejecting applications for admission, scholarships, or even academic papers submitted for review. You might see this in emails or official letters from admissions departments or academic committees.
- Corporate and Business Settings
- In business, this term appears when companies review proposals, project plans, or job applications. A hiring manager might inform a candidate that their resume was '반려되었다' (rejected), or a project proposal might be '반려' (rejected) by the management.
- Publishing and Media
- Editors of journals, magazines, and publishing houses frequently use '반려하다' when they decline to publish a submitted manuscript or article. This is often communicated through formal rejection letters.
- Legal and Financial Institutions
- Banks might '반려하다' a loan application if it doesn't meet their criteria. Lawyers or courts might '반려하다' legal documents that are improperly filed or lack necessary information.
이 서류는 규정에 맞지 않아 반려될 가능성이 높습니다.
편집장은 제 원고를 반려했지만, 이유를 설명해 주었습니다.
Learners of Korean sometimes misuse '반려하다' by applying it in situations where a more general verb for 'to refuse' or 'to decline' would be appropriate. The key is its specific connotation of official rejection of a submitted item.
- Confusing with '거절하다' (geojeolhada)
- The most frequent mistake is using '반려하다' for any kind of refusal. '거절하다' is a broader term for refusing something, like a request, an offer, or an invitation. For example, you would say '친구가 저녁 초대를 거절했어요' (My friend refused the dinner invitation), not '반려했어요'. '반려하다' is reserved for formal submissions.
- Using it for Personal Opinions
- '반려하다' implies an official decision-making process. It's incorrect to use it when someone simply disagrees with an idea or opinion. For instance, you wouldn't say '그는 제 의견을 반려했다' (He rejected my opinion). Instead, you might use '반대했다' (opposed) or '받아들이지 않았다' (did not accept).
- Overusing the Passive Form Incorrectly
- While '반려되다' (to be rejected) is common, it should only be used when an official body has indeed rejected something. Saying '내 제안이 반려되었다' (My proposal was rejected) is correct if it was formally rejected, but incorrect if it was merely discussed and not immediately approved.
- Applying it to Casual Interactions
- '반려하다' has a formal tone. Using it in casual conversations, like refusing a small favor from a friend, would sound unnatural and overly formal. For such instances, simpler verbs like '안 된다' (can't) or '못 한다' (cannot do) are more appropriate.
Mistake: 그는 내 부탁을 반려했다.
Correct: 그는 내 부탁을 거절했다.
While '반려하다' has a specific meaning, other Korean words can express rejection or refusal, each with its own nuances and usage contexts. Understanding these differences helps in choosing the most appropriate term.
- 거절하다 (geojeolhada)
- Meaning: To refuse, to reject (general). This is the most common and versatile word for refusal.
Usage: Used in a wide range of situations, from refusing an offer or invitation to denying a request. It's less formal than '반려하다'.
Example: '저는 그 제안을 거절했습니다.' (I refused that proposal.)
Comparison: '반려하다' is a specific type of '거절하다' that applies to formal submissions. - 기각하다 (gigakhada)
- Meaning: To dismiss, to deny (especially a legal petition or appeal).
Usage: Primarily used in legal contexts, such as a court dismissing a lawsuit or an appeal. It implies a formal, authoritative denial.
Example: '법원은 그의 항소를 기각했다.' (The court dismissed his appeal.)
Comparison: More specific to legal rulings than '반려하다'. A rejected application might be '반려되다', but a legal ruling is often '기각되다'. - 부결하다 (bugyeolhada)
- Meaning: To reject, to vote down (a proposal, bill, motion).
Usage: Used when a decision is made by voting, typically in legislative bodies, committees, or meetings.
Example: '그 법안은 위원회에서 부결되었습니다.' (That bill was voted down by the committee.)
Comparison: Implies a collective decision through voting, whereas '반려하다' is often an individual or committee decision based on merit or criteria. - 퇴짜 놓다 (toejja nota)
- Meaning: To reject outright, to turn down flat (colloquial).
Usage: Informal and somewhat strong term for rejection, often used in everyday situations, like a business proposal being rejected firmly or a date being turned down.
Example: '그는 내 아이디어를 단번에 퇴짜 놓았다.' (He turned down my idea flat.)
Comparison: Very informal and direct, unlike the formal and procedural '반려하다'. - 불허하다 (bulheohada)
- Meaning: To disallow, to not permit, to prohibit.
Usage: Used when permission or authorization is denied. Often seen in contexts related to permits, access, or official approvals.
Example: '그 지역은 출입이 불허됩니다.' (Entry to that area is disallowed.)
Comparison: Focuses on the denial of permission, which is a specific type of rejection. '반려하다' is about rejecting a submitted item.
심사 결과, 신청서가 반려되었습니다.
그는 여러 번의 시도에도 불구하고 제안을 거절했습니다.
How Formal Is It?
Dato curioso
It's fascinating how the same characters '반려' can mean 'companion' (伴侶) in one context and form a verb '반려하다' meaning 'to reject' in another. This highlights the semantic flexibility and evolution of language, often driven by context and usage within specific domains like administration and bureaucracy.
Guía de pronunciación
- Pronouncing '려' as a simple 'ryeo' without the nasal 'n' sound before it.
- Not aspirating the 'ㅎ' in '하다' (hada), making it sound like 'ada' instead of 'hada'.
- Incorrect stress placement, sometimes placing it on '려' or '하다'.
Nivel de dificultad
Recognizing '반려하다' in written texts is generally straightforward once the context of formal rejection is understood. The specific meaning is tied to administrative and official documents, making it less common in casual reading material.
Using '반려하다' correctly in writing requires careful attention to context. Learners need to ensure they are applying it to situations of formal rejection of submissions, rather than general refusals.
This word is less frequently used in spoken Korean unless discussing official matters. In casual conversation, other verbs like '거절하다' are preferred. Its spoken use is usually limited to specific professional or administrative contexts.
Understanding '반려하다' when heard is important for comprehending official announcements or communications. It's a key term in formal spoken interactions related to applications and procedures.
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Gramática que debes saber
Passive Voice (되다/아지다)
신청서가 반려되다 (The application is rejected).
Conditional Clauses (-면/-으면)
만약 신청서가 반려되면, 다시 제출해야 합니다. (If the application is rejected, you must resubmit it.)
Cause and Effect (-서/-아/어서)
서류가 미비해서 반려되었습니다. (It was rejected because the documents were incomplete.)
Intent/Decision (-기로 하다)
그들은 그 제안을 반려하기로 결정했습니다. (They decided to reject that proposal.)
Reported Speech (indirect quotation)
그는 신청서가 반려되었다고 말했다. (He said the application was rejected.)
Ejemplos por nivel
제 신청서가 서류 부족으로 반려되었습니다.
My application was rejected due to insufficient documents.
Uses the passive form '반려되다' (to be rejected).
이력서에 오타가 있어서 반려될 것 같아요.
There's a typo in my resume, so I think it will be rejected.
Expresses a prediction of rejection using '반려될 것 같아요'.
그들은 우리의 제안을 반려했습니다.
They rejected our proposal.
Active voice, subject '그들' (they) and object '제안' (proposal).
이 서류는 반려 사유가 명확합니다.
The reason for rejecting this document is clear.
Uses '반려 사유' (reason for rejection).
신청서가 반려되면 다시 제출해야 합니다.
If the application is rejected, I have to resubmit it.
Conditional sentence structure with '반려되면' (if rejected).
담당자가 서류를 반려할 수도 있습니다.
The person in charge might reject the documents.
Expresses possibility using '반려할 수도 있습니다'.
지원서가 반려된 것을 알고 실망했습니다.
I was disappointed to learn that my application was rejected.
Combines a clause about rejection with an emotion '실망했습니다'.
그 회사는 우리의 사업 계획을 반려했습니다.
That company rejected our business plan.
Simple past tense, common business context.
심사위원회는 기술적인 문제로 인해 제안서를 반려하기로 결정했습니다.
The review committee decided to reject the proposal due to technical issues.
Uses '결정했습니다' (decided) with '반려하기로' (to reject).
규정에 맞지 않는 서류는 반려될 수밖에 없습니다.
Documents that do not comply with regulations cannot help but be rejected.
Expresses inevitability with '반려될 수밖에 없습니다'.
편집부는 원고의 내용이 부족하다는 이유로 반려했습니다.
The editorial department rejected the manuscript because of insufficient content.
Specifies the reason for rejection using '이유로'.
정부 지원금 신청이 반려되어 매우 곤란한 상황입니다.
It is a very difficult situation because the government subsidy application was rejected.
Connects the rejection to a difficult situation using '되어'.
그는 제출한 서류가 반려된 것에 대해 이의를 제기했습니다.
He raised an objection regarding the rejection of the submitted documents.
Uses '이의를 제기하다' (to raise an objection) in relation to the rejection.
프로젝트 계획서가 반려되었으므로, 처음부터 다시 시작해야 합니다.
Since the project plan was rejected, we have to start over from the beginning.
Uses '되었으므로' (since it was) to indicate a cause for further action.
이민국은 비자 신청을 반려할 권한을 가지고 있습니다.
The immigration office has the authority to reject visa applications.
Highlights authority with '권한을 가지고 있습니다'.
제출 기한을 넘겨서 서류가 반려되는 경우가 많습니다.
There are many cases where documents are rejected because the submission deadline was missed.
Describes a common scenario for rejection using '경우가 많습니다'.
여러 차례의 검토 끝에, 해당 연구 제안은 학술적 기준 미달로 반려되었습니다.
After several reviews, the research proposal was rejected due to falling short of academic standards.
Sophisticated phrasing '학술적 기준 미달로' (due to falling short of academic standards).
그는 제출한 모든 서류가 반려되는 불운을 겪었으며, 이는 그의 경력에 큰 타격을 주었습니다.
He experienced the misfortune of all submitted documents being rejected, which dealt a significant blow to his career.
Uses '불운을 겪었으며' (experienced the misfortune) and '큰 타격을 주었습니다' (dealt a significant blow).
법원은 제출된 증거의 신빙성이 부족하다는 이유로 해당 신청을 반려하는 판결을 내렸습니다.
The court issued a ruling rejecting the application, citing insufficient credibility of the submitted evidence.
Legal context with '판결을 내렸습니다' (issued a ruling) and '신빙성이 부족하다는 이유로' (citing insufficient credibility).
만약 귀하의 제안이 반려될 경우, 어떤 대안을 고려할 수 있는지 알려주시기 바랍니다.
If your proposal is rejected, please inform us what alternative measures can be considered.
Formal request for alternatives in case of rejection using '어떤 대안을 고려할 수 있는지'.
편집진은 독자층과의 괴리가 크다는 점을 들어 투고된 원고를 반려하는 것이 불가피하다고 판단했습니다.
The editorial board deemed it unavoidable to reject the submitted manuscript, citing a significant disconnect with the readership.
Complex reasoning '독자층과의 괴리가 크다는 점을 들어' (citing a significant disconnect with the readership) and '불가피하다고 판단했습니다' (deemed it unavoidable).
그는 여러 번의 반려 경험에도 불구하고 포기하지 않고 꾸준히 자신의 작품을 개선해 나갔습니다.
Despite numerous rejection experiences, he did not give up and steadily improved his work.
Emphasizes resilience despite repeated rejections using '여러 번의 반려 경험에도 불구하고'.
이러한 방식으로 서류를 제출하면, 절차상의 오류로 인해 반려될 확률이 매우 높습니다.
If you submit documents in this manner, the probability of them being rejected due to procedural errors is very high.
Focuses on probability and specific cause '절차상의 오류로 인해 반려될 확률이 매우 높습니다'.
기관의 내부 규정상, 일정 기준을 충족하지 못하는 지원서는 예외 없이 반려됩니다.
According to the institution's internal regulations, applications that do not meet certain criteria are rejected without exception.
Formal regulation context '예외 없이 반려됩니다' (rejected without exception).
만장일치로 결정된 사안이 아니었기에, 일부 위원들은 해당 안건을 반려할 것을 주장했습니다.
As it was not a matter decided unanimously, some committee members argued for the rejection of the agenda item.
Complex phrasing '만장일치로 결정된 사안이 아니었기에' (As it was not a matter decided unanimously) and '주장했습니다' (argued).
그의 작품은 기존의 예술적 패러다임에 대한 도전으로 간주되어, 보수적인 비평가들에 의해 반려되는 수모를 겪었습니다.
His work was considered a challenge to the existing artistic paradigm and suffered the indignity of being rejected by conservative critics.
Elevated vocabulary '기존의 예술적 패러다임' (existing artistic paradigm), '수모를 겪었습니다' (suffered the indignity).
감사 결과, 재정 보고서의 투명성 부족을 이유로 해당 예산안은 최종적으로 반려되었습니다.
As a result of the audit, the budget proposal was ultimately rejected due to a lack of transparency in the financial report.
Formal audit context, '최종적으로 반려되었습니다' (ultimately rejected).
정부의 승인을 받기 위해서는 해당 사업 계획이 반려되지 않도록 철저한 준비가 요구됩니다.
Thorough preparation is required to ensure the business plan is not rejected, in order to obtain government approval.
Emphasis on prevention '반려되지 않도록 철저한 준비가 요구됩니다'.
그는 자신의 아이디어가 시대착오적이라는 이유로 반려되었을 때, 깊은 좌절감을 느꼈지만, 곧바로 새로운 접근법을 모색하기 시작했습니다.
When his idea was rejected for being anachronistic, he felt deep frustration, but immediately began seeking a new approach.
Complex emotional response and subsequent action '시대착오적이라는 이유로 반려되었을 때', '깊은 좌절감을 느꼈지만', '새로운 접근법을 모색하기 시작했습니다'.
법률 해석상의 이견으로 인해 해당 헌법 소원이 반려될 가능성이 농후합니다.
Due to differences in legal interpretation, there is a strong possibility that the constitutional petition will be rejected.
Legal and abstract reasoning '법률 해석상의 이견으로 인해', '가능성이 농후합니다' (there is a strong possibility).
편집장의 직권으로 원고가 반려되었을 경우, 작가는 그 결정에 대해 이의를 제기할 수 있는 절차적 권리가 제한적입니다.
If the manuscript is rejected by the editor-in-chief's authority, the author's procedural right to object to that decision is limited.
Focuses on authority and limited rights '직권으로 반려되었을 경우', '절차적 권리가 제한적입니다'.
그는 자신의 진솔한 경험이 상업적 가치가 부족하다는 이유로 출판사로부터 반려당하는 것을 견딜 수 없었습니다.
He could not bear to have his sincere experiences rejected by the publisher on the grounds of lacking commercial value.
Emotional and value-laden language '진솔한 경험', '상업적 가치 부족', '견딜 수 없었습니다'.
역사적 맥락을 고려할 때, 당시의 사회적 통념상 해당 제안은 반려될 수밖에 없었던 필연적인 귀결이었다고 볼 수 있습니다.
Considering the historical context, it can be seen as an inevitable outcome, given the social norms of the time, that the proposal had to be rejected.
Highly analytical and philosophical '역사적 맥락', '사회적 통념상', '필연적인 귀결'.
그의 비범한 재능에도 불구하고, 기존 질서에 대한 근본적인 도전으로 인식된 그의 예술 작품은 주류 미술계로부터 집요하게 반려되는 시련을 겪었습니다.
Despite his extraordinary talent, his artwork, perceived as a fundamental challenge to the existing order, endured persistent rejection from the mainstream art world.
Abstract concepts '기존 질서에 대한 근본적인 도전', '주류 미술계', '집요하게 반려되는 시련'.
감사원의 엄격한 감사 결과, 회계 처리의 중대한 오류가 발견되어 해당 사업 계획은 더 이상 진행할 수 없도록 반려 조치되었습니다.
As a result of the Board of Audit and Inspection's stringent audit, significant errors in accounting treatment were discovered, leading to the business plan being rejected and thus unable to proceed further.
Formal audit language '감사원의 엄격한 감사 결과', '중대한 오류', '반려 조치되었습니다'.
정부의 정책적 우선순위 변화와 예산상의 제약 요인이 복합적으로 작용한 결과, 해당 연구 과제는 잠정적으로 반려되었으며, 향후 재검토 여부는 불투명합니다.
As a result of the complex interplay of shifts in government policy priorities and budgetary constraints, the research project was provisionally rejected, and its future reconsideration remains uncertain.
Complex causal chains and uncertainty '정책적 우선순위 변화', '예산상의 제약 요인', '복합적으로 작용한 결과', '잠정적으로 반려되었으며', '향후 재검토 여부는 불투명합니다'.
그는 자신의 독창적인 방법론이 학계의 기존 통념과 상충된다는 이유로 반복적으로 반려되는 경험을 통해, 오히려 기존의 틀을 깨는 새로운 학문적 지평을 열고자 하는 의지를 더욱 공고히 했습니다.
Through the experience of his unique methodology being repeatedly rejected on the grounds that it conflicted with established academic dogma, he further solidified his resolve to open new academic horizons by breaking existing frameworks.
Philosophical and motivational '기존의 틀을 깨는 새로운 학문적 지평을 열고자 하는 의지를 더욱 공고히 했습니다'.
법률 해석상의 미묘한 차이와 선례의 부재로 인해, 해당 사안에 대한 대법원의 판결은 신청인의 주장을 반려하는 방향으로 귀결될 가능성이 매우 높다고 법조계는 분석하고 있습니다.
Due to subtle differences in legal interpretation and the absence of precedent, the legal community analyzes that the Supreme Court's ruling on the matter is highly likely to conclude by rejecting the petitioner's claim.
Highly technical legal analysis '법률 해석상의 미묘한 차이', '선례의 부재', '귀결될 가능성이 매우 높다고 법조계는 분석하고 있습니다'.
그의 예술 작품이 상업적 성공과는 거리가 멀다는 이유로 갤러리로부터 반려당하는 것을 숙명으로 받아들이면서도, 그는 자신의 예술적 신념을 굽히지 않고 묵묵히 작품 활동을 이어갔습니다.
While accepting the fate of his artwork being rejected by galleries on the grounds that it was far from commercial success, he continued his artistic endeavors silently without compromising his artistic beliefs.
Existential and artistic struggle '상업적 성공과는 거리가 멀다는 이유로', '숙명으로 받아들이면서도', '예술적 신념을 굽히지 않고'.
시대정신과의 부합 여부를 떠나, 그의 투박하고 실험적인 접근 방식은 기존의 심미적 기준을 충족시키지 못한다는 이유로 수차례 반려되었으나, 이는 오히려 그의 작품에 독창적인 가치를 부여하는 역설적인 결과를 낳기도 했습니다.
Regardless of its alignment with the zeitgeist, his raw and experimental approach was rejected numerous times for not meeting existing aesthetic standards, yet this paradoxically bestowed unique value upon his work.
Paradoxical outcomes and complex reasoning '시대정신과의 부합 여부를 떠나', '기존의 심미적 기준', '역설적인 결과를 낳기도 했습니다'.
Colocaciones comunes
Frases Comunes
— The application was rejected.
안타깝게도, 귀하의 신청서가 반려되었습니다.
— It was rejected due to incomplete documents.
제출하신 서류가 미비하여 반려되었습니다.
— Please tell me the reason for rejection.
신청서가 반려되었는데, 반려 사유를 알려주세요.
— The proposal might be rejected.
이대로 제출하면 제안서가 반려될 수도 있습니다.
— Be careful not to get it rejected.
서류를 꼼꼼히 확인하여 반려되지 않도록 주의하세요.
— A decision to reject has been made.
심사 끝에 반려 결정이 내려졌습니다.
— There is a high possibility of rejection.
규정을 위반했기 때문에 반려될 가능성이 높습니다.
— I resubmitted the rejected documents.
반려된 서류를 보완하여 다시 제출했습니다.
— It has been processed as rejected.
접수된 서류는 반려 처리되었습니다.
— It is unavoidable to reject it.
현 상황에서는 반려하는 것이 불가피하다.
Se confunde a menudo con
While both mean 'to reject', '거절하다' is more general and can be used in social or casual situations. '반려하다' is specifically for formal submissions like applications or documents.
This is the direct antonym of '반려하다', meaning 'to accept' or 'to approve'. It's used in similar formal contexts but signifies the opposite outcome.
'기각하다' is primarily used in legal contexts for dismissing petitions or lawsuits, whereas '반려하다' is broader and covers administrative rejections.
Fácil de confundir
Both verbs indicate a negative response or denial.
'반려하다' is specifically used for rejecting formal applications, documents, or proposals, implying that criteria were not met or there were procedural issues. '거절하다' is a more general term for refusing any kind of request, offer, invitation, or suggestion, and can be used in both formal and informal contexts.
나는 그의 데이트 신청을 거절했다. (I rejected his date request.) vs. 당신의 신청서는 서류 미비로 반려되었습니다. (Your application was rejected due to incomplete documents.)
Both '반려하다' and '기각하다' are used in formal settings and imply a definitive denial.
'반려하다' is typically used for administrative rejections of applications, manuscripts, or proposals based on specific requirements. '기각하다' is almost exclusively used in legal contexts, referring to a court's dismissal of a lawsuit, motion, or appeal. It carries a stronger, more authoritative legal connotation.
법원은 그의 항소를 기각했다. (The court dismissed his appeal.)
It's the antonym and relates to the same process of application review.
'반려하다' means to reject or refuse, while '수락하다' means to accept or approve. They represent opposite outcomes in the process of reviewing applications, documents, or proposals.
그들의 제안이 수락되었다. (Their proposal was accepted.)
Both involve denial or non-permission.
'반려하다' is about rejecting a submitted item based on its content or form. '불허하다' means to disallow or not permit something, often referring to granting permission or authorization. For instance, a permit might be '불허되다' (disallowed), while an application for that permit might be '반려되다' (rejected).
이 지역은 출입이 불허됩니다. (Entry to this area is disallowed.)
Both mean to reject.
'반려하다' is formal and used for official documents and applications. '퇴짜 놓다' is informal and colloquial, used for more casual rejections of ideas, proposals, or even people in a less official capacity. It's a strong, direct rejection.
그는 내 아이디어를 퇴짜 놓았다. (He flatly rejected my idea.)
Patrones de oraciones
[Object] + 를/을 + 반려하다.
그는 지원서를 반려했다.
[Object] + 가/이 + 반려되다.
신청서가 반려되었다.
[Object] + 가/이 + [Reason] + 으로/때문에 + 반려되다.
서류 미비로 신청서가 반려되었습니다.
[Object] + 를/을 + 반려할 수 있다.
이 서류는 반려될 수 있습니다.
[Subject] + 는 + [Object] + 를/을 + 반려하기로 + 결정하다.
심사위원회는 제안서를 반려하기로 결정했습니다.
[Object] + 가/이 + 반려될 + 가능성이 + 있다.
제출물이 반려될 가능성이 높습니다.
[Object] + 가/이 + [Reason] + 라는 + 이유로 + 반려되다.
내용 부족이라는 이유로 원고가 반려되었습니다.
[Object] + 가/이 + 반려되는 + 것을 + [Experience/Feeling].
그는 제안서가 반려되는 것을 경험했다.
Familia de palabras
Sustantivos
Verbos
Relacionado
Cómo usarlo
High in specific formal contexts, low in general conversation.
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Using '반려하다' for casual refusals.
→
Using '거절하다' or simpler phrases.
'반려하다' is formal and specific to applications/documents. For refusing a friend's request, '거절하다' or '안 돼' is appropriate.
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Confusing '반려하다' with '수락하다'.
→
Understanding they are antonyms.
'반려하다' means to reject, while '수락하다' means to accept. They represent opposite outcomes in a review process.
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Not using the passive form '반려되다' when appropriate.
→
Using '반려되다' when the subject is the rejected item.
Often, the focus is on the application or document being rejected, making the passive voice more natural. E.g., '신청서가 반려되었습니다' (The application was rejected) is more common than someone saying 'I rejected the application'.
-
Applying '반려하다' to personal opinions or ideas.
→
Using verbs like '반대하다' or '받아들이지 않다'.
'반려하다' requires a formal submission. Rejecting an opinion is not a formal submission process.
-
Confusing '반려하다' with legal terms like '기각하다'.
→
Differentiating between administrative and legal rejections.
'반려하다' is for administrative/official submissions. '기각하다' is for legal dismissals like lawsuits or appeals.
Consejos
Focus on Formal Contexts
Remember that '반려하다' is almost exclusively used in formal, official, or administrative settings. Think of government offices, universities, legal proceedings, or publishing houses. Avoid using it for casual refusals.
Master the Passive Voice
The passive form '반려되다' (to be rejected) is extremely common. You'll often hear or read about applications or documents being '반려되었습니다' (were rejected). Practicing this passive construction will greatly improve your comprehension.
Distinguish from '거절하다'
While both mean 'to reject,' '거절하다' is more versatile. Use '반려하다' for formal submissions and '거절하다' for general refusals (like invitations or requests). This distinction is key to sounding natural.
Identify the Object of Rejection
Pay attention to what is being rejected. Common objects include '신청서' (application), '서류' (documents), '원고' (manuscript), and '제안서' (proposal). Knowing these nouns will help you understand the scope of '반려하다'.
Emphasize the First Syllable
The stress in '반려하다' usually falls on the first syllable, '반 (ban)'. Practice saying 'BAN-nyuh-ha-da' to get the rhythm right.
Visual Association
Imagine a large, red stamp with the Korean word '반려' on it, being applied to a formal document. This visual can help you remember the meaning and context of the word.
Understand Official Communication
In Korean culture, formal communication is important. '반려하다' reflects this formality. Understanding its use is crucial for navigating official procedures and communications effectively.
Sentence Building
Try creating your own sentences using '반려하다' and '반려되다' in different formal contexts. For example, 'My visa application was rejected' or 'The committee decided to reject the proposal'.
Compare with Legal Terms
Contrast '반려하다' with legal terms like '기각하다' (to dismiss). While both mean rejection, '기각하다' is specific to legal rulings, whereas '반려하다' is broader for administrative matters.
Look for it in News
Read Korean news articles or official announcements online. You'll frequently encounter '반려하다' and '반려되다' in contexts related to government policies, legal decisions, and academic reviews.
Memorízalo
Mnemotecnia
Imagine a 'companion' (반려) you bring to an interview, but the interviewer says 'No, you can't come in' (반려하다). The companion is rejected. Or, think of returning (반 -返) something after consideration (려 -慮); you're giving it back because it's rejected.
Asociación visual
Picture a formal document with a large, red stamp that says 'REJECTED' in Korean ('반려'). Imagine an official stamping it down firmly.
Word Web
Desafío
Try to explain the meaning of '반려하다' to someone who has never heard it, using only simple English words and relating it to a situation they might understand, like a school application being rejected.
Origen de la palabra
The word '반려하다' is derived from Sino-Korean characters. '반려(伴侶)' originally means 'companion' or 'partner'. However, in the context of the verb '반려하다', the character '반(伴)' seems to have taken on a different nuance, possibly related to '반대하다 (to oppose)' or '반납하다 (to return)', in conjunction with '려(慮)' which can relate to consideration or thought, leading to a meaning of 'considering and then rejecting'. Another interpretation is that it comes from '반(返)' meaning 'return' and '려(慮)' meaning 'consider', thus 'considering and returning' or rejecting.
Significado original: While the Hanja for '반려' as 'companion' is 伴侶, the verb '반려하다' is often understood to stem from a combination of characters that imply 'returning' or 'opposing' after consideration, rather than 'companion'. The exact etymological trace is debated, but the functional meaning is clear.
Sino-Korean (derived from Chinese characters)Contexto cultural
While '반려하다' is a standard term, receiving a rejection can be emotionally difficult. The formal nature of the word aims for clarity and procedural correctness rather than expressing personal disapproval. However, the impact on the recipient can still be significant.
In English-speaking contexts, we might use 'rejected,' 'denied,' 'turned down,' or 'dismissed,' depending on the formality and type of submission. 'Rejected' is the closest general equivalent for applications and documents.
Practica en la vida real
Contextos reales
Applying for a visa or permit.
- 비자 신청서가 반려되었습니다.
- 서류가 미비하여 반려될 수 있습니다.
- 반려 사유를 확인해야 합니다.
Submitting a manuscript to a publisher.
- 원고가 반려되었다는 통보를 받았습니다.
- 편집장이 제 원고를 반려했습니다.
- 반려되지 않도록 더 노력해야 합니다.
Applying for a job or university.
- 지원서가 반려되어 실망했습니다.
- 내 이력서가 반려될까 봐 걱정입니다.
- 반려되지 않는 것이 중요합니다.
Legal or administrative procedures.
- 그 신청은 반려될 것입니다.
- 반려 결정에 이의를 제기할 수 있나요?
- 모든 서류가 반려 처리되었습니다.
Presenting a business proposal.
- 제안서가 반려될 경우 대안을 준비해야 합니다.
- 이번 제안서는 반려될 가능성이 낮습니다.
- 그들의 제안서를 반려했습니다.
Inicios de conversación
"Have you ever had an application rejected in Korea?"
"What do you think is the most common reason for applications to be rejected?"
"How do you feel when you hear that something has been rejected?"
"What's the difference between rejecting a proposal and rejecting a friend's invitation?"
"When is it appropriate to use the word '반려하다'?"
Temas para diario
Describe a time you had to reject something formally. What was the situation and how did you communicate the rejection?
Imagine you are an official reviewing applications. What are the most important criteria for accepting or rejecting them?
Write a short story about a character whose dreams are repeatedly rejected. How do they cope with this?
Reflect on the importance of clear communication when rejecting something. What makes a rejection message effective?
Compare and contrast the feeling of rejecting something versus being rejected. What are the emotional implications?
Preguntas frecuentes
10 preguntas'반려하다' is specifically used for the formal rejection of submitted items like applications, documents, or proposals, often due to not meeting certain criteria or regulations. '거절하다' is a more general term for refusing anything, such as an offer, invitation, or request, and can be used in both formal and informal situations. Think of '반려하다' as an official 'return' or 'rejection' of a submission, while '거절하다' is a broader refusal.
'반려하다' is commonly used in administrative, bureaucratic, and official contexts. This includes rejecting applications for visas, permits, university admissions, jobs, or grants. It's also used by publishers when rejecting manuscripts, or by courts when dismissing legal filings that don't meet procedural requirements.
No, '반려하다' is not typically used for rejecting personal opinions or ideas in a casual manner. It implies a formal review process and decision-making by an authority. For rejecting opinions, words like '반대하다' (to oppose) or '받아들이지 않다' (not to accept) would be more appropriate.
'반려되다' means 'to be rejected' or 'to be refused'. It's the passive form of '반려하다' and is very commonly used when stating the outcome of an application or submission. For example, '제 신청서가 반려되었습니다' means 'My application was rejected'.
The verb itself is formal. The politeness often comes from the surrounding sentence structure and the explanation provided. Using the passive form '반려되었습니다' is generally considered more polite than the active '반려했습니다' when communicating the rejection to the applicant. Adding a clear reason for the rejection also contributes to politeness.
Common reasons include incomplete documentation, missing required information, failure to meet specific criteria (e.g., academic scores, experience), procedural errors (like incorrect formatting or missed deadlines), or the content not aligning with the purpose of the submission (e.g., a manuscript not fitting the publication's scope).
No, '반려하다' is not used for rejecting a person in a social sense. It's strictly for rejecting items like documents or applications. You would use other verbs like '거절하다' or '차단하다' (to block) if you were rejecting a person's company or request.
The most common antonyms are '수락하다' (to accept) and '승인하다' (to approve). These words signify that an application or document has been accepted or approved after review.
Yes, '반려하다' inherently implies a negative outcome for the submission. It means the item was not accepted. While the reason might be a minor procedural issue or a significant substantive flaw, the result is always rejection.
No, '반려하다' is generally not used in everyday casual conversation. It's reserved for formal contexts. In casual settings, people would use simpler verbs like '거절하다' (to refuse) or just state they 'can't do something'.
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Summary
The verb '반려하다' specifically refers to the formal rejection of submitted applications, documents, or proposals, often due to non-compliance or incompleteness, and is prevalent in administrative and bureaucratic settings.
- Formally reject applications/documents.
- Used in official, administrative contexts.
- Implies criteria were not met.
- Passive form '반려되다' is common.
Focus on Formal Contexts
Remember that '반려하다' is almost exclusively used in formal, official, or administrative settings. Think of government offices, universities, legal proceedings, or publishing houses. Avoid using it for casual refusals.
Master the Passive Voice
The passive form '반려되다' (to be rejected) is extremely common. You'll often hear or read about applications or documents being '반려되었습니다' (were rejected). Practicing this passive construction will greatly improve your comprehension.
Distinguish from '거절하다'
While both mean 'to reject,' '거절하다' is more versatile. Use '반려하다' for formal submissions and '거절하다' for general refusals (like invitations or requests). This distinction is key to sounding natural.
Identify the Object of Rejection
Pay attention to what is being rejected. Common objects include '신청서' (application), '서류' (documents), '원고' (manuscript), and '제안서' (proposal). Knowing these nouns will help you understand the scope of '반려하다'.
Contenido relacionado
Esta palabra en otros idiomas
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주 5일제
A2El «ju o-il je» es el sistema de trabajo estándar en Corea, donde las personas trabajan cinco días a la semana, típicamente de lunes a viernes, y tienen el sábado y el domingo como días libres.
결근
A2Ausencia del trabajo; no estar presente en el trabajo. La palabra '결근' significa ausencia del trabajo. Se utiliza cuando un empleado no se presenta a su puesto de trabajo.
결근하다
A2Faltar al trabajo. Por ejemplo: 'Faltó al trabajo hoy por motivos de salud.'
추상적이다
A2Ser abstracto. Se refiere a conceptos que no tienen una forma física o concreta.
출입증
A2Carné de identidad, tarjeta de acceso. Una tarjeta de identificación o tarjeta de acceso que permite la entrada a un lugar específico. Es una tarjeta especial, como un carné de identidad, que debes mostrar para entrar o salir de un edificio o área.
회계
B1La contabilidad es el registro sistemático de las transacciones financieras de una entidad.
경리
A2La gestión y el registro de la información financiera de una empresa, como ingresos y gastos. El término se refiere a la contabilidad o la teneduría de libros.
업적
B1Un logro o hazaña notable, generalmente reservado para contribuciones significativas en la historia, la ciencia o el trabajo. Se asocia con el legado de una persona.
적극적이다
A2Ser activo o proactivo. Significa tomar la iniciativa y participar con entusiasmo.
적극적으로
B1De manera activa, proactiva o entusiasta. Por ejemplo: 'Él participa activamente en el proyecto.'
