A2 · مقدماتی فصل 23

The Instrumental Case: Means and Company

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Chapter in 30 Seconds

Unlock the power of the Instrumental case to describe how and with whom you act.

  • Identify the Instrumental case endings for nouns and adjectives.
  • Use prepositions like 's' and 'pod' to describe positions and relationships.
  • Express actions performed by means of specific tools or methods.
Master the 'how' and 'with whom' of Croatian.

چی یاد می‌گیری

Master the Instrumental case, used to express the means by which an action is performed or with whom it's done. You'll learn to say 'with' or 'by means of'.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: describe a typical day, including who you are with and what tools you use.

نکات و ترفندها (4)

💡

The 's' rule

Always remember 's' for company. If you are with someone, you need 's'!
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Instrumental Case for Means and Company (S kim? Čime?)
💡

The 'S' Rule

Always remember to add 's' when you are with a person. Without it, you are just naming them.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Instrumental Endings for Nouns (All Genders)
💡

Check the gender

Always identify the noun's gender first.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Instrumental Adjective Agreement
💡

The 'sa' rule

Always use 'sa' before words starting with s, š, z, ž.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Prepositions Governing Instrumental (s/sa, pod, nad, pred, za)

واژگان کلیدی (6)

s with olovka pencil prijatelj friend pod under put way/path nov new

Real-World Preview

coffee

Coffee with a Friend

Review Summary

  • Noun + Instrumental Ending
  • s + Instrumental Noun

اشتباهات رایج

You must use the Instrumental ending after the preposition 's'.

Wrong: S prijatelj
صحیح: S prijateljem

When expressing means (by means of), you don't need 's'. Just use the Instrumental form.

Wrong: Pišem s olovka
صحیح: Pišem olovkom

Adjectives must also match the case of the noun they modify.

Wrong: S dobrim prijatelj
صحیح: S dobrim prijateljem

Next Steps

You are doing fantastic! Keep practicing these cases and you'll be speaking Croatian fluently in no time.

Write 5 sentences about your hobbies using the Instrumental case.

Continue to: The Vocative Case: Calling Out Names

تمرین سریع (10)

Fill in the blank.

Avion leti ___ gradom.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: nad
Above = nad.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Prepositions Governing Instrumental (s/sa, pod, nad, pred, za)

Fill in the blank.

Idem ___ (park).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: parkom
Movement through a place requires Instrumental.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Instrumental for Time and Place (e.g., ljeti, putem)

Fill in the blank.

Idem s ___ (novi) prijateljem.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: novim
Masculine instrumental is -im.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Instrumental Adjective Agreement

Correct the sentence.

Find and fix the mistake:

Idem vlak.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Idem vlakom.
Instrumental is used for transport.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Instrumental Case for Means and Company (S kim? Čime?)

Fill in the blank.

Idem ___ prijateljem.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: s
Accompaniment uses 's'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Prepositions Governing Instrumental (s/sa, pod, nad, pred, za)

Choose the correct preposition.

Idem ___ ženom.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: sa
Use 'sa' before 'ž'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Expressing 'With' (S kim?)

Choose the correct form.

Pišem ___ (crna) olovkom.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: crnom
Feminine instrumental is -om.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Instrumental Adjective Agreement

Choose the correct sentence.

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Pijem kavu s mlijekom.
Requires Instrumental after 's'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Expressing 'By Means of' (Čime?)

Fill in the blank.

Prolazimo ___ (trg).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: trgom
Movement through a square.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Instrumental for Time and Place (e.g., ljeti, putem)

Fill in the blank.

Idem ___ prijateljem.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: s
Use 's' for accompaniment.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Expressing 'With' (S kim?)

Score: /10

سوالات رایج (6)

Use 'sa' before words starting with s, z, š, ž to make pronunciation easier.
No, only when indicating company. For means, you don't use a preposition.
Use 'sa' before words starting with s, š, z, ž to make pronunciation easier.
No, it's for tools, transport, and ingredients too.
It's for pronunciation. Use 'sa' before words starting with 's', 'z', 'š', 'ž' or clusters.
No, only for accompaniment. For instruments, you don't use 's'.
فصل قبلی
The Locative Case: Where Things Are
فصل بعدی
The Vocative Case: Calling Out Names
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