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A2 verb 11 دقیقه مطالعه

penalizar

مثال‌ها penalizar در ۳۰ ثانیه
توضیح penalizar in your Level:
At the A1 level, you can think of penalizar as a word for when something 'bad' happens because of a rule. Imagine you are playing a game and you lose points. That is penalizar. It is like saying 'to punish' but usually for games or simple rules. You might hear a teacher say this if you don't do your homework. It is a long word, but it is easy to remember because it looks like 'penalize' in English. You can use it in simple sentences like 'O professor vai penalizar o aluno' (The teacher will penalize the student). Even at this early stage, knowing this word helps you understand basic instructions and rules in Portuguese. It is a regular verb, so it follows the same pattern as falar or comer (well, the -ar part). For example: Eu penalizo, tu penalizas, ele penaliza. It is a very useful word for talking about consequences in a simple way.
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At the A2 level, you should start using penalizar to describe more than just games. It is very common when talking about work, school, and sports. You can use it to explain why someone lost a privilege or had to pay a small fine. At this level, you should also learn the preposition por. For example, 'Ele foi penalizado por chegar tarde' (He was penalized for arriving late). This allows you to give reasons for the penalty. You will often see this word in the news or on signs. It is a formal way to say that someone broke a rule and there is a consequence. You should also recognize the past participle penalizado, which acts like an adjective. 'O carro foi penalizado' (The car was penalized—maybe with a ticket). It is a key verb for navigating daily life where rules are involved, such as public transport or parking.
By B1, you can use penalizar in more abstract and metaphorical contexts. It’s no longer just about a referee blowing a whistle. You can talk about how high prices penalizam the economy or how a lack of sleep penaliza your performance at work. You should be comfortable using it in various tenses, including the imperfect and the future. For example: 'Se continuarmos assim, a empresa será penalizada'. You will also start to see the difference between penalizar and punir. While punir feels more like a moral judgment, penalizar feels more like a logical consequence of a system. This distinction is important for sounding more like a native speaker. You might also use it reflexively to describe someone putting themselves at a disadvantage: 'Ele penalizou-se ao não estudar para o exame'.
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At the B2 level, penalizar becomes a tool for sophisticated debate and analysis. You can use it to discuss social justice, economic policies, and complex legal issues. For example, you might argue that 'O sistema fiscal atual penaliza desproporcionalmente as famílias numerosas' (The current tax system disproportionately penalizes large families). You should also be familiar with the noun penalização and how it differs from pena or castigo. At this level, you can handle complex sentence structures involving the subjunctive mood: 'É injusto que o governo penalize os pequenos empresários'. You are expected to understand the nuance that penalizar carries—it implies a systemic or formal disadvantage rather than just a simple 'slap on the wrist'. It is a common word in editorials and formal reports.
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At the C1 level, your use of penalizar should be precise and varied. You can use it to describe the 'opportunity cost' in economic theory or the detrimental effects of environmental factors on public health. You will recognize it in high-level legal documents, such as the Código Penal, and understand its specific implications in different branches of law (civil vs. criminal). You can also use it in literary contexts to describe the 'penalties' of time, age, or tragic flaws in a character. Your vocabulary should include related terms like sanção, coima, and detrimento. You can use penalizar to construct complex arguments about institutional bias: 'A estrutura organizacional tende a penalizar aqueles que não se conformam com os padrões tradicionais'. Your understanding of the word is now deep enough to appreciate its subtle connotations of unfairness versus justice.
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At the C2 level, penalizar is a word you use with total mastery, often employing it in rhetorical or highly technical ways. You might use it in a philosophical discussion about the 'penalization of the soul' or in a dense economic analysis of 'fiscal drag'. You understand all its historical connotations and how it has evolved in the Portuguese language. You can use it in highly formal writing, such as academic papers or legal briefs, where every word must be exact. You are also aware of regional variations in its usage between Portugal, Brazil, and African Lusophone countries. For a C2 speaker, penalizar is not just a verb but a concept that can be manipulated to express fine shades of meaning regarding consequence, liability, and systemic disadvantage. You can effortlessly switch between its literal, technical, and metaphorical uses in any context.
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مثال‌ها

penalizar در ۳۰ ثانیه

  • A regular -ar verb meaning to penalize, punish, or disadvantage someone formally.
  • Commonly used in sports (referee calls), law (fines), and education (grade deductions).
  • Used metaphorically to describe policies or situations that cause harm or distress.
  • Requires the preposition 'por' for the reason and 'com' for the specific punishment.

The Portuguese verb penalizar is a multifaceted term that English speakers will find remarkably similar to its cognate 'to penalize'. However, its usage in Portuguese often extends beyond the strictly legal or athletic realms, touching upon social, economic, and even personal disadvantages. At its core, penalizar means to impose a penalty, to punish, or to cause someone or something to suffer a disadvantage or distress. It is a regular '-ar' verb, making it relatively straightforward for learners to conjugate across various tenses. Understanding this word requires looking at it through several lenses: the formal imposition of rules, the accidental disadvantage caused by circumstances, and the moral weight of judgment.

Legal and Formal Context
In a legal or administrative setting, penalizar refers to the act of applying a sanction or punishment as defined by law or a set of regulations. For example, a company might be penalized for failing to comply with environmental standards. Here, the word carries the weight of authority and institutional power.

A nova lei pretende penalizar severamente o crime de evasão fiscal nas grandes empresas.

In sports, the word is ubiquitous. Whether it is a football player receiving a red card or a runner being disqualified for a false start, penalizar describes the intervention of an official to maintain the integrity of the game. It is important to note that while English uses 'to penalize', Portuguese sometimes uses castigar for 'to punish' in a more general sense, but penalizar remains the technical preference for rule-breaking.

Economic and Social Disadvantage
Often, penalizar is used to describe how certain policies or situations unfairly affect a specific group. If a tax hike disproportionately affects the middle class, one might say the tax 'penalizes' that demographic. This usage is very common in political discourse and news reporting in Portugal and Brazil.

Furthermore, the verb can be used reflexively or in passive constructions. For instance, sentir-se penalizado (to feel penalized) is a common way to express that one feels they are being treated unfairly or are suffering due to a decision made by others. This emotional layer adds depth to the word, moving it from the courtroom to the heart of human experience.

Muitos alunos sentem que o novo sistema de avaliação os vai penalizar injustamente.

Metaphorical Use
In literature and daily conversation, you might hear penalizar used metaphorically to describe the toll that time or stress takes on a person. While less common than its literal counterparts, it suggests a 'tax' or 'penalty' paid through suffering or aging.

O excesso de trabalho acabou por penalizar a sua saúde física e mental.

In summary, penalizar is a versatile and essential verb for any Portuguese learner. It bridges the gap between formal discipline and the general sense of being disadvantaged. Whether you are discussing sports, law, or personal grievances, this word provides a precise way to describe the imposition of negative consequences.

Mastering the use of penalizar involves understanding its grammatical structure and the prepositions that often accompany it. As a transitive verb, it usually takes a direct object—the person or entity being penalized. However, the 'reason' for the penalty is often introduced by the preposition por (for) or com (with).

The Basic Structure
[Subject] + [penalizar] + [Direct Object]. This is the most common form. For example: 'O juiz penalizou o jogador' (The referee penalized the player). It is simple and direct.

A empresa decidiu penalizar os funcionários que chegam atrasados sistematicamente.

When you want to specify the reason for the penalty, you use por. This is crucial for adding context to your sentences. For example: 'Eles foram penalizados por fraude' (They were penalized for fraud). Note that por will often contract with articles (pelo, pela, pelos, pelas).

Using 'Com' for the Punishment
If you want to describe the specific punishment being applied, use the preposition com. For example: 'O tribunal penalizou o réu com uma multa pesada' (The court penalized the defendant with a heavy fine).

In more abstract or metaphorical sentences, penalizar often acts on non-human objects, such as 'growth', 'economy', or 'results'. In these cases, it means to hinder or negatively impact. For example: 'A falta de investimento pode penalizar o crescimento do país' (The lack of investment can penalize the country's growth).

Não devemos penalizar a criatividade em prol da burocracia excessiva.

Passive Voice Usage
The passive voice is very common with penalizar in news reports. 'O atleta foi penalizado' (The athlete was penalized). Using the auxiliary verb ser + past participle (penalizado/a) is the standard construction here.

Finally, consider the reflexive use in a figurative sense: penalizar-se. While less common, it can mean to feel sorry or to blame oneself, though culpar-se is more frequent for self-blame. In some contexts, penalizar-se means to voluntarily undergo a disadvantage for a perceived mistake.

Ele acabou por se penalizar ao recusar a promoção por falta de confiança.

By varying these structures—direct object, reason with por, punishment with com, and metaphorical application—you can use penalizar with the nuance and precision of a native speaker.

To truly integrate penalizar into your vocabulary, you need to recognize the environments where it thrives. This word isn't just for textbooks; it is a staple of the nightly news, sports commentary, and corporate boardrooms across the Lusophone world.

Sports Commentary (O Mundo do Desporto)
Turn on any football match in Brazil or Portugal, and you will hear penalizar constantly. Commentators use it to describe referees' decisions. 'O árbitro não hesitou em penalizar a entrada violenta' (The referee didn't hesitate to penalize the violent tackle). It's the language of the pitch.

A equipa foi penalizada com a perda de três pontos na classificação geral.

In the world of finance and economics, penalizar is used to describe how market shifts or government policies hurt specific sectors. You will hear phrases like 'A inflação penaliza os mais pobres' (Inflation penalizes the poorest) or 'O aumento dos juros penaliza o consumo' (The interest rate hike penalizes consumption). It is a key term for understanding economic news.

The Legal and Judicial System
In news reports about court cases, penalizar is used to describe the sentencing of criminals or the imposition of fines on corporations. It sounds professional and authoritative. It is the verb of choice when discussing the enforcement of the 'Código Penal' (Penal Code).

Educational settings also frequently use this verb. Teachers might warn students: 'Erros de ortografia vão penalizar a vossa nota final' (Spelling mistakes will penalize your final grade). This context is very familiar to students in Portugal and Brazil, where exams often have strict marking criteria.

Se não entregares o trabalho a tempo, o professor vai penalizar a tua classificação.

Daily Conversations about Fairness
You will also hear it in informal settings when people complain about life's unfairness. 'Sinto que estou a ser penalizado por ser honesto' (I feel like I'm being penalized for being honest). This shows the word's flexibility in expressing personal frustration.

O mau estado das estradas acaba por penalizar o turismo no interior do país.

Whether you are reading the Público in Lisbon or watching Jornal Nacional in Brazil, penalizar is a word that signals consequence, disadvantage, and the application of rules.

While penalizar seems simple because of its English cognate, there are several pitfalls that learners should avoid to sound natural and accurate.

Mistaking it for 'Punir' (To Punish)
While they are synonyms, punir is often more about moral or physical punishment, whereas penalizar is more about rules, points, and disadvantages. You wouldn't usually 'penalizar' a child for lying (you would castigar or punir them), but you would 'penalizar' an athlete for a foul.

Errado: O pai penalizou o filho por não comer a sopa. (Melhor: castigou)

Another common mistake is the incorrect use of prepositions. English speakers often want to say 'penalize with' for everything, but in Portuguese, the reason is always por. Saying 'penalizado com roubo' would mean the punishment *was* the robbery, which makes no sense. You must say 'penalizado por roubo'.

Confusion with 'Pena' (Pity/Pain)
The noun pena means 'pity' or 'shame' (Que pena!), as well as 'sentence/punishment'. Learners sometimes think penalizar means 'to feel pity for someone'. It does not. To express pity, use ter pena de.

Overusing the passive voice is also a trait of English learners. While 'The player was penalized' is 'O jogador foi penalizado', in Portuguese, it is often more natural to use the active voice or the indeterminate 'se': 'Penalizou-se o jogador'. However, for A2 learners, sticking to the active voice is the safest bet.

Cuidado: Não use penalizar para significar 'to make someone sad'. Use 'entristecer'.

Pronunciation Pitfalls
English speakers often stress the 'nal' syllable too much. In Portuguese, the stress is on the last syllable in the infinitive: pe-na-li-ZAR. Also, ensure the 'z' sounds like a soft 'z', not an 's'.

Correto: A decisão vai penalizar os pequenos agricultores.

Lastly, remember that penalizar is a transitive verb. It needs an object. You can't just say 'He penalized' without saying who or what was penalized. If the object is already known, use a pronoun like 'o' or 'a' (e.g., 'Ele penalizou-o').

To expand your Portuguese beyond penalizar, it is helpful to know its synonyms and related terms, each with its own specific nuance and register.

Punir
The most direct synonym. Punir is used for any form of punishment, especially moral or criminal. It is slightly more formal and 'heavy' than penalizar. Use it for crimes and serious misdeeds.
Castigar
This is the everyday word for 'to punish', often used with children or in a religious sense. It implies a corrective action. 'A mãe castigou o filho' is much more natural than 'A mãe penalizou o filho'.

Comparação: penalizar (rules/economics) vs castigar (discipline/moral).

When you want to emphasize that someone is being put at a disadvantage, prejudicar is an excellent alternative. It means 'to harm' or 'to damage'. If a decision makes your life harder, you are being prejudicado. It is less about 'rules' and more about the negative outcome.

Sancionar
Highly formal and legalistic. Sancionar is used in international relations or high-level corporate law. It refers to the official imposition of sanctions. It is the most technical term in this family.

Another related verb is multar, which specifically means 'to fine'. If the penalty is monetary, multar is more precise. 'A polícia multou o condutor' (The police fined the driver) is better than 'A polícia penalizou o condutor', though the latter is still grammatically correct.

Exemplo: A empresa foi multada por poluir o rio, o que a vai penalizar financeiramente.

Desfavorecer
Literally 'to disfavor'. It is used when a system or decision favors one group over another, thereby 'disfavoring' (penalizing) the second group. It is a more subtle, systemic version of penalizar.

By choosing between penalizar, punir, castigar, prejudicar, and multar, you can convey the exact nature of the negative consequence you are describing.

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مثال‌ها بر اساس سطح

1

O professor vai penalizar o aluno.

The teacher will penalize the student.

Future tense using 'ir' + infinitive.

2

Não penalize o meu amigo.

Don't penalize my friend.

Negative imperative (subjunctive form).

3

Eles penalizam os jogadores.

They penalize the players.

Present tense, 3rd person plural.

4

O jogo penaliza os erros.

The game penalizes mistakes.

Present tense, 3rd person singular.

5

Eu não quero penalizar você.

I don't want to penalize you.

Infinitive after 'querer'.

6

Quem vai penalizar o crime?

Who is going to penalize the crime?

Interrogative sentence.

7

Nós penalizamos o atraso.

We penalize lateness.

Present tense, 1st person plural.

8

A regra penaliza a batota.

The rule penalizes cheating.

Simple subject-verb-object.

1

O condutor foi penalizado por excesso de velocidade.

The driver was penalized for speeding.

Passive voice with 'ser' + past participle + 'por'.

2

A empresa penaliza quem não cumpre o horário.

The company penalizes those who don't follow the schedule.

Relative clause starting with 'quem'.

3

Você pode ser penalizado se não pagar a conta.

You can be penalized if you don't pay the bill.

Conditional 'se' clause.

4

O juiz decidiu penalizar o réu com uma multa.

The judge decided to penalize the defendant with a fine.

Compound verb 'decidiu' + infinitive.

5

Eles foram penalizados pela falta de organização.

They were penalized for the lack of organization.

Passive voice with 'pela' (por + a).

6

A escola penaliza o uso de telemóveis na aula.

The school penalizes the use of cell phones in class.

Direct object 'o uso'.

7

A equipa perdeu pontos por ser penalizada.

The team lost points for being penalized.

Gerund-like use of 'por ser'.

8

Não é justo penalizar todos pelo erro de um.

It's not fair to penalize everyone for one person's mistake.

Impersonal 'Não é justo' + infinitive.

1

A nova política fiscal vai penalizar o consumo de tabaco.

The new tax policy will penalize tobacco consumption.

Metaphorical use in economics.

2

Sinto que o sistema me está a penalizar injustamente.

I feel that the system is penalizing me unfairly.

Present continuous (European style: 'estar a' + infinitive).

3

Se não investirmos, vamos penalizar o nosso futuro.

If we don't invest, we are going to penalize our future.

Future conditional with 'se' + future subjunctive.

4

O regulamento penaliza severamente qualquer tipo de plágio.

The regulation severely penalizes any type of plagiarism.

Use of adverb 'severamente'.

5

A falta de chuva penalizou as colheitas deste ano.

The lack of rain penalized this year's harvests.

Past tense (Pretérito Perfeito).

6

Eles temem que a nova lei os venha a penalizar.

They fear that the new law might come to penalize them.

Subjunctive after 'temer que'.

7

O governo não deveria penalizar o investimento estrangeiro.

The government should not penalize foreign investment.

Conditional 'deveria'.

8

Atrasos na entrega podem penalizar a reputação da marca.

Delivery delays can penalize the brand's reputation.

Modal verb 'podem' + infinitive.

1

A subida das taxas de juro penaliza as famílias com empréstimos.

The rise in interest rates penalizes families with loans.

Abstract economic context.

2

É fundamental não penalizar a inovação com burocracia excessiva.

It is essential not to penalize innovation with excessive bureaucracy.

Impersonal construction 'É fundamental'.

3

O tribunal decidiu penalizar a empresa por danos ambientais.

The court decided to penalize the company for environmental damage.

Formal judicial context.

4

A estrutura do exame acaba por penalizar os alunos mais lentos.

The structure of the exam ends up penalizing slower students.

Phrasal construction 'acaba por'.

5

Muitas vezes, a verdade penaliza quem a diz.

Often, the truth penalizes the one who says it.

Philosophical/Abstract usage.

6

O selecionador não quis penalizar o jogador pelo seu erro individual.

The coach didn't want to penalize the player for his individual mistake.

Pretérito Perfeito of 'querer'.

7

A falta de infraestruturas penaliza o desenvolvimento da região.

The lack of infrastructure penalizes the region's development.

Causal relationship.

8

Seria um erro penalizar o mérito em favor da antiguidade.

It would be a mistake to penalize merit in favor of seniority.

Conditional mood 'Seria'.

1

A legislação vigente tende a penalizar a precariedade laboral.

The current legislation tends to penalize labor precariousness.

Formal sociological terminology.

2

A inflação galopante penaliza severamente o poder de compra.

Galloping inflation severely penalizes purchasing power.

Advanced economic vocabulary.

3

O sistema de quotas não deve penalizar a excelência académica.

The quota system must not penalize academic excellence.

Debate on social policy.

4

A ausência de reformas pode penalizar a competitividade externa.

The absence of reforms can penalize external competitiveness.

Macroeconomic analysis.

5

O autor argumenta que a sociedade penaliza a dissidência.

The author argues that society penalizes dissent.

Literary/Academic reporting.

6

A decisão do júri parece penalizar a originalidade da obra.

The jury's decision seems to penalize the work's originality.

Nuanced critique.

7

Não podemos permitir que a geografia penalize o acesso à saúde.

We cannot allow geography to penalize access to healthcare.

Political/Social advocacy.

8

O novo acordo comercial poderá penalizar os produtores locais.

The new trade agreement might penalize local producers.

Future conditional 'poderá'.

1

A hermenêutica jurídica procura não penalizar o espírito da lei.

Legal hermeneutics seeks not to penalize the spirit of the law.

High-level legal philosophy.

2

A volatilidade dos mercados penaliza as estratégias de longo prazo.

Market volatility penalizes long-term strategies.

Technical financial context.

3

O determinismo social não deve penalizar o livre-arbítrio individual.

Social determinism should not penalize individual free will.

Philosophical discourse.

4

A austeridade excessiva acabou por penalizar o tecido social.

Excessive austerity ended up penalizing the social fabric.

Sociopolitical analysis.

5

A obsolescência programada penaliza o consumidor e o ambiente.

Planned obsolescence penalizes the consumer and the environment.

Contemporary ethical critique.

6

A retórica populista tende a penalizar o discurso racional.

Populist rhetoric tends to penalize rational discourse.

Political science terminology.

7

A falta de transparência penaliza a confiança nas instituições.

The lack of transparency penalizes trust in institutions.

Institutional analysis.

8

O bilinguismo não deve penalizar a proficiência na língua materna.

Bilingualism should not penalize proficiency in the mother tongue.

Linguistic academic context.

ترکیب‌های رایج

penalizar severamente
penalizar o erro
penalizar com multa
ser penalizado por
penalizar o consumo
penalizar a falta
penalizar injustamente
penalizar o desempenho
penalizar o crescimento
penalizar a infração

عبارات رایج

Pagar a pena

— To pay the price or serve a sentence. Related to the core concept of penalizing.

Ele cometeu o erro e agora tem de pagar a pena.

Sem penalização

— Without any penalty or negative consequence.

Pode cancelar a reserva sem penalização.

Código Penal

— The Penal Code; the set of laws defining crimes and punishments.

Isso está previsto no Código Penal.

Pena de morte

— Death penalty; the most extreme form of penalization.

Muitos países aboliram a pena de morte.

Cumprir pena

— To serve a sentence in prison.

O recluso está a cumprir pena de dez anos.

Pena máxima

— Maximum penalty allowed by law.

O Ministério Público pede a pena máxima.

Sob pena de

— Under penalty of; used to warn of consequences.

Faça o trabalho, sob pena de reprovar.

Vale a pena

— It's worth it (literally: it's worth the 'pain/penalty').

Vale a pena estudar português.

Que pena!

— What a pity! (Note: 'pena' here means pity, not penalty).

Não podes vir? Que pena!

Dar pena
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