B1 Gerunds & Infinitives 1 min read Moyen

Adverbial Participles (Деепричастия)

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use the suffix '-йки' to describe an action happening at the exact same time as the main verb by the same person.

  • Rule 1: Only use imperfective verbs (e.g., 'четяйки' from 'чета').
  • Rule 2: The subject must be the same for both actions (I was walking, I was singing).
  • Rule 3: Form it by adding '-йки' to the present tense stem (пиша -> пишейки).
Verb (Present Stem) + -йки ➡️ Simultaneous Action 🏃‍♂️+🎶

Formation of Adverbial Participles

Infinitive/Present (1st sg) Stem Suffix Adverbial Participle English Meaning
чета (read)
чет-
-яйки
четяйки
reading
пиша (write)
пиш-
-ейки
пишейки
writing
говоря (speak)
говор-
-ейки
говорейки
speaking
гледам (watch)
гледа-
-йки
гледайки
watching
пътувам (travel)
пътува-
-йки
пътувайки
traveling
мисля (think)
мисл-
-ейки
мислейки
thinking
ям (eat)
яд-
-яйки
ядяйки
eating
пия (drink)
пи-
-ейки
пиейки
drinking

Meanings

The adverbial participle (деепричастие) expresses a secondary action that accompanies the main action performed by the same subject. It functions as an adverb of time, manner, or cause.

1

Simultaneous Time

Indicates that two actions are happening at the same time.

“Слушам музика, чистейки стаята си.”

“Той говореше по телефона, шофирайки внимателно.”

2

Manner

Describes how the main action is being performed.

“Тя влезе в стаята, плачейки горчиво.”

“Той ме погледна, усмихвайки се иронично.”

3

Reason or Cause

Explains why the main action is happening.

“Не знаейки какво да кажа, аз просто замълчах.”

“Мислейки, че е късно, той си тръгна веднага.”

Reference Table

Reference table for Adverbial Participles (Деепричастия)
Form Structure Example Usage Note
Affirmative
Stem + -йки
Вървейки, пея.
Simultaneous action.
Negative
не + Stem + -йки
Не знаейки, сгреших.
Lack of knowledge/intent.
Reflexive
Stem + -йки + се
Смеейки се, той влезе.
Reflexive actions.
With Pronouns
Stem + -йки + го/я/ги
Виждайки го, се зарадвах.
Direct object clitics follow.
With Indirect Pronouns
Stem + -йки + му/ѝ/им
Давайки му книгата, се усмихнах.
Indirect object clitics follow.
Manner
Participle + Main Verb
Тя влезе тичайки.
Describes how the action is done.

Spectre de formalité

Formel
Прибирайки се у дома, го срещнах.

Прибирайки се у дома, го срещнах. (meeting someone)

Neutre
Докато се прибирах, го срещнах.

Докато се прибирах, го срещнах. (meeting someone)

Informel
Както си вървях към вкъщи, го видях.

Както си вървях към вкъщи, го видях. (meeting someone)

Argot
Прибирам се аз и хоп — ето го и него.

Прибирам се аз и хоп — ето го и него. (meeting someone)

The Role of the Adverbial Participle

Деепричастие

Time

  • Докато... While...

Manner

  • Как? How?

Reason

  • Защо? Why?

Participle vs. Clause

Adverbial Participle
Четяйки, пия кафе. Reading, I drink coffee.
Subordinate Clause
Докато чета, пия кафе. While I read, I drink coffee.

Can I use a Participle?

1

Is the verb imperfective?

YES
Next step
NO
STOP: Use a clause
2

Is the subject the same?

YES
Use -йки!
NO
STOP: Use 'докато'

Exemples par niveau

1

Той върви, пеейки.

He walks, singing.

2

Тя чете, пиейки кафе.

She reads, drinking coffee.

3

Детето тича, смеейки се.

The child runs, laughing.

4

Ние учим, слушайки музика.

We study, listening to music.

1

Не знаейки пътя, той попита.

Not knowing the way, he asked.

2

Тя говореше, гледайки ме в очите.

She was speaking, looking me in the eyes.

3

Работейки бързо, той свърши рано.

Working fast, he finished early.

4

Ядейки ябълка, тя четеше книга.

Eating an apple, she was reading a book.

1

Пътувайки за София, видях катастрофа.

Traveling to Sofia, I saw an accident.

2

Мислейки за теб, написах това писмо.

Thinking of you, I wrote this letter.

3

Търсейки ключовете си, намерих стария си паспорт.

Searching for my keys, I found my old passport.

4

Живеейки в чужбина, той научи много езици.

Living abroad, he learned many languages.

1

Осъзнавайки грешката си, той се извини веднага.

Realizing his mistake, he apologized immediately.

2

Искайки да постигне успех, тя работеше денонощно.

Wanting to achieve success, she worked day and night.

3

Сравнявайки двата продукта, открихме разлики.

Comparing the two products, we discovered differences.

4

Вярвайки в победата, отборът не се предаде.

Believing in victory, the team did not give up.

1

Анализирайки данните, стигнахме до нови заключения.

Analyzing the data, we reached new conclusions.

2

Пренебрегвайки опасностите, те продължиха напред.

Ignoring the dangers, they continued forward.

3

Съмнявайки се в неговата искреност, тя отказа поканата.

Doubting his sincerity, she declined the invitation.

4

Опитвайки се да скрие вълнението си, той заекваше.

Trying to hide his excitement, he was stuttering.

1

Изхождайки от презумпцията за невинност, съдът се произнесе.

Proceeding from the presumption of innocence, the court ruled.

2

Визирайки последните събития, авторът прави паралел с миналото.

Referring to recent events, the author draws a parallel with the past.

3

Спекулирайки с цените на имотите, те натрупаха състояние.

Speculating with property prices, they amassed a fortune.

4

Реферирайки към гореспоменатия член, законът е ясен.

Referring to the aforementioned article, the law is clear.

Facile à confondre

Adverbial Participles (Деепричастия) vs Present Active Participle (-щ)

Learners confuse '-йки' (adverbial) with '-щ' (adjectival).

Adverbial Participles (Деепричастия) vs The conjunction 'Докато'

Both express simultaneity, but 'докато' requires a full clause.

Adverbial Participles (Деепричастия) vs Perfective Verbs

Trying to form participles from perfective verbs.

Erreurs courantes

Той върви и пеейки.

Той върви, пеейки.

Don't use 'и' (and) with the participle; the participle itself implies the connection.

Тя четяйки.

Тя чете.

A participle cannot be the only verb in a simple sentence; it needs a main finite verb.

Аз гледайки телевизия.

Аз гледам телевизия.

Participles don't function as main predicates.

Момчето тичайки.

Момчето тича.

Again, the participle needs a main verb to lean on.

Вървейки по улицата, дъждът заваля.

Докато вървях по улицата, дъждът заваля.

The subject of 'walking' is 'I', but the subject of the main verb is 'the rain'. This is a subject mismatch.

Прочетейки книгата, заспах.

След като прочетох книгата, заспах.

You cannot form a participle from the perfective verb 'прочета'.

Те четяйки книгата.

Те четяха книгата.

Participles are not used for past continuous on their own.

Отивайки в магазина, хлябът беше свършил.

Когато отидох в магазина, хлябът беше свършил.

Subject mismatch: the bread didn't go to the store.

Напишейки писмото, го изпратих.

След като написах писмото, го изпратих.

Using a perfective stem for a participle.

Той влезе, смеейки се си.

Той влезе, смеейки се.

The reflexive particle 'се' is enough; don't add extra pronouns unless necessary.

Бидейки уморен, той си легна.

Тъй като беше уморен, той си легна.

While 'бидейки' exists, it is often considered a Gallicism or Russicism and is avoided in pure Bulgarian style.

Влизайки в стаята, впечатление ми направиха завесите.

Когато влязох в стаята, ми направиха впечатление завесите.

Subtle subject mismatch: 'the curtains' are the subject of the main verb.

Structures de phrases

___, аз видях стария си учител.

Той влезе в стаята, ___.

Не ___, тя направи голяма грешка.

___ данните, стигнахме до извода, че...

Real World Usage

News Reporting very common

Президентът говори пред медиите, подчертавайки важността на мира.

Job Interviews common

Работейки в екип, аз винаги се старая да помагам.

Literature constant

Слънцето залязваше, обагряйки небето в червено.

Academic Writing very common

Използвайки този метод, можем да постигнем по-добри резултати.

Travel Blogs occasional

Разхождайки се из Пловдив, открихме невероятни кафенета.

Formal Emails common

Благодаря за вниманието, очаквайки вашия отговор.

🎯

The Subject Check

Always ask: 'Who is doing the -йки action?' If it's not the same person as the main verb, delete it and use 'докато'.
⚠️

No Perfective Verbs

If you try to add '-йки' to a perfective verb, it will sound like gibberish to a Bulgarian. Stick to imperfective!
💡

Style over Frequency

Don't overdo it in speech. Use it once in a while to sound smart, but stick to 'като' and 'докато' for daily chat.
💬

The 'Being' Trap

Avoid using 'бидейки' (being). Bulgarians usually prefer 'тъй като бях' (since I was) or 'като бях'.

Smart Tips

Try replacing 'и' (and) with an '-йки' form to make your writing flow better.

Той вървеше и си подсвиркваше. Той вървеше, подсвирквайки си.

If you can't start the sentence with 'While I/he/she...', don't use the participle.

Вървейки по пътя, колата ме подмина. Докато вървях по пътя, колата ме подмина.

Remember the stem usually ends in 'е' or 'и', which becomes 'ейки'.

говоря -> говоряйки (Wrong) говоря -> говорейки (Correct)

Always keep the 'се' or 'си' after the '-йки' form.

Смеейки, той влезе. Смеейки се, той влезе.

Prononciation

четЯйки, говорЕйки

Stress on the suffix

In many adverbial participles, the stress falls on the suffix '-йки' or the syllable immediately before it, depending on the verb group.

y-kee

Softness of 'й'

The 'й' in '-йки' is a short 'i' sound, like the 'y' in 'boy'. It should be pronounced clearly but quickly.

Comma Pause

Вървейки по улицата [pause], видях Иван.

The participle phrase is usually set off by a slight pause in speech, reflected by a comma in writing.

Mémorise-le

Moyen mnémotechnique

Remember 'Yikes!' (йки) for when you're doing two things at once and it's a bit crazy!

Association visuelle

Imagine a person with four arms: one arm is reading, one is drinking, one is typing, and one is waving. All these '-йки' actions are happening at once around the same person.

Rhyme

Ако две неща правиш ти, сложи '-йки' и не се бои!

Story

Ivan was a busy man. 'Walking' (вървейки) to the store, he was 'talking' (говорейки) on his phone. 'Not seeing' (не виждайки) the banana peel, he slipped. 'Falling' (падайки), he still didn't drop his phone!

Word Web

четяйкипишейкиговорейкимислейкизнаейкиискайкигледайки

Défi

Write down 3 things you are doing right now using the -йки form (e.g., 'Седейки, уча български').

Notes culturelles

The use of 'деепричастия' is a hallmark of the 'High Style' in Bulgarian literature. Authors like Ivan Vazov used them extensively to create rhythmic, flowing descriptions of nature and internal emotions.

In Bulgarian news broadcasts, you will hear participles used to condense information. It allows the reporter to pack more facts into a single sentence.

In rural dialects, the '-йки' form is even rarer than in the city. Villagers almost exclusively use 'като' or 'докато' constructions.

The Bulgarian adverbial participle originates from the Old Church Slavonic present active participle in the dative absolute construction or as a secondary predicate.

Amorces de conversation

Какво обичаш да правиш, слушайки музика?

Случвало ли ти се е да паднеш, тичайки за автобуса?

Можеш ли да учиш, гледайки телевизия?

Какво би направил, не знаейки езика в чужда държава?

Sujets d'écriture

Опишете една ваша типична сутрин, като използвате поне три деепричастия.
Напишете кратък разказ за едно пътуване, започвайки с 'Пътувайки към...'
Как се чувствате, когато работите под напрежение? Използвайте деепричастия за начин.
Напишете формално писмо до работодател, обяснявайки опита си, като използвате 'работейки', 'анализирайки' и 'управлявайки'.

Erreurs courantes

Incorrect

Correct


Incorrect

Correct


Incorrect

Correct


Incorrect

Correct

Test Yourself

Choose the correct adverbial participle for the verb 'чета'. Choix multiple

Той заспа, ___ книгата.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: четяйки
We need the adverbial participle of the imperfective verb 'чета'.
Correct the subject mismatch error. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Вървейки към училище, чантата ми се скъса.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Both are correct
Both options fix the mismatch by either changing the structure or the subject.
Fill in the blank with the negative form of 'знам'.

___ какво да прави, той се обади на майка си.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Не знаейки
The negative adverbial participle is formed with 'не' + participle.
Transform the sentence using a participle: 'Докато той говореше, той махаше с ръце.' Sentence Transformation

Говорейки, той ___ с ръце.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: махаше
The main verb remains in its original tense.
Match the verb with its participle. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-пишейки, 2-говорейки, 3-гледайки
Correct stems and suffixes for each verb group.
Is the following statement true? True False Rule

Adverbial participles in Bulgarian change their ending for plural subjects.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
Adverbial participles are invariable; they never change form.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

— Как научи български толкова бързо? — ___, всеки ден по два часа.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Учейки
Describes the manner/method of learning.
Which of these is NOT a valid adverbial participle? Grammar Sorting

Identify the 'imposter'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: напишейки
'Напиша' is a perfective verb and cannot form an adverbial participle.

Score: /8

Exercices pratiques

8 exercises
Choose the correct adverbial participle for the verb 'чета'. Choix multiple

Той заспа, ___ книгата.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: четяйки
We need the adverbial participle of the imperfective verb 'чета'.
Correct the subject mismatch error. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Вървейки към училище, чантата ми се скъса.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Both are correct
Both options fix the mismatch by either changing the structure or the subject.
Fill in the blank with the negative form of 'знам'.

___ какво да прави, той се обади на майка си.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Не знаейки
The negative adverbial participle is formed with 'не' + participle.
Transform the sentence using a participle: 'Докато той говореше, той махаше с ръце.' Sentence Transformation

Говорейки, той ___ с ръце.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: махаше
The main verb remains in its original tense.
Match the verb with its participle. Match Pairs

1. пиша, 2. говоря, 3. гледам

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-пишейки, 2-говорейки, 3-гледайки
Correct stems and suffixes for each verb group.
Is the following statement true? True False Rule

Adverbial participles in Bulgarian change their ending for plural subjects.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
Adverbial participles are invariable; they never change form.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

— Как научи български толкова бързо? — ___, всеки ден по два часа.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Учейки
Describes the manner/method of learning.
Which of these is NOT a valid adverbial participle? Grammar Sorting

Identify the 'imposter'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: напишейки
'Напиша' is a perfective verb and cannot form an adverbial participle.

Score: /8

FAQ (8)

No, only with imperfective verbs. Perfective verbs (like `купя`, `кажа`) do not have this form.

No. Unlike adjectives or past participles, the adverbial participle is invariable. It's always `-йки`.

It's a bit formal. In a text, you'd usually say `Докато вървях...` instead of `Вървейки...`.

It's when the subject of the `-йки` word is different from the main subject, like saying 'Walking down the street, the sun was hot.' (The sun wasn't walking!)

Yes! `Не знаейки` (not knowing) or `не искайки` (not wanting) are very common.

`Четяйки` is more formal and concise. `Докато чета` is more common in speech.

These are old adverbial forms that have become fixed adverbs. They are related but different from the regular `-йки` participle.

Yes, it's very common to start a sentence with a participle phrase to set the context: `Влизайки в стаята, той видя...`

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

English high

Present Participle (-ing)

Bulgarian '-йки' cannot be a noun (gerund).

Spanish high

Gerundio (-ando, -iendo)

Spanish uses the gerundio for the progressive tense (estoy comiendo), while Bulgarian does not.

French moderate

Gérondif (en ...-ant)

Bulgarian does not use a preposition like 'en' before the participle.

German moderate

Partizip I (-end)

Bulgarian '-йки' is never used as an attributive adjective.

Japanese partial

〜ながら (-nagara)

Japanese '-nagara' is attached to the verb stem, but the syntax of the sentence is quite different.

Arabic moderate

الحال (Al-Hal)

Arabic 'Hal' can be a noun, an adjective, or a whole sentence, not just a verb form.

Chinese low

着 (zhe)

Chinese 'zhe' is a particle, not a conjugated verb form, and has much broader uses.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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