Cette page dans ta langue
English فارسی العربية Deutsch Español 日本語 한국어 Português 中文 हिन्दी
A2 noun #3,500 le plus courant 11 min de lecture

دانشکده

daneshkadeh
Entraîne-toi Exemples Notes et astuces دانشکده en 30 secondes
Explication دانشکده in your Level:
At the A1 level, you only need to know that 'daneshkade' means a part of a university. It is a place where students go to learn specific subjects. You can think of it as a 'college building'. At this stage, you should practice simple sentences like 'I go to the daneshkade' or 'The daneshkade is big'. You don't need to worry about the complex administrative meanings yet. Just recognize it as a word related to education and university life. It is important to notice that it starts with the word 'danesh' which you might have seen in 'daneshju' (student). This helps you remember it's about learning. You might hear a teacher say 'Welcome to our daneshkade'. It is a formal word, but very common. You can use it when talking about where you are on a campus. For example, 'I am in the daneshkade'. It is a singular noun. To make it plural, you just add 'hā' at the end. Remember that in Persian, we don't use 'school' for university parts, so 'daneshkade' is the correct word to use instead of 'school building' in a university context.
Inscris-toi gratuitement pour lire l'explication complète
At the A2 level, you should start using 'daneshkade' with specific subjects using the Ezafe construction. For example, 'Daneshkade-ye Zaban' (Faculty of Language) or 'Daneshkade-ye Pezeshki' (Faculty of Medicine). You should be able to describe which faculty you belong to or ask someone else about theirs. 'Shoma dar kodam daneshkade dars mikhanid?' (In which faculty do you study?). You also learn that the head of this place is called the 'Ra'is'. You will see this word on signs around a campus. It is also the level where you distinguish between 'daneshkade' (the faculty) and 'daneshgāh' (the whole university). You can use it in sentences describing your daily routine, like 'I have a class in the daneshkade today' or 'The library of the daneshkade is very good'. You should also be comfortable with possessive forms like 'daneshkade-ye mā' (our faculty). This word is essential for basic social interactions with other students or teachers. It helps you specify your location and your field of study in a simple but correct way.
At the B1 level, you understand 'daneshkade' as an administrative unit. You know that it has its own offices, like the 'Amuzesh' (Education Office) and 'Dabirkhāne' (Secretariat). You can talk about the history of a faculty or its reputation. For example, 'This daneshkade is the oldest in the country'. You begin to use more complex verbs with it, such as 'pazirafte shodan' (to be accepted into) or 'faragh-ot-tahsil shodan' (to graduate from). You also understand the cultural significance; for example, knowing that entering certain daneshkades requires a very high score on the national entrance exam (Konkur). You can participate in discussions about faculty rules or events. 'The daneshkade has organized a seminar for next week'. You also start to see the word in formal emails and announcements. You should be able to write a short paragraph about your experiences in your faculty, mentioning the building, the atmosphere, and the administrative structure. It is no longer just a building to you, but an organization with its own identity and rules.
Inscris-toi gratuitement pour lire l'explication complète
At the B2 level, you use 'daneshkade' in academic and professional contexts with ease. You can discuss the differences between various faculties' curricula or research outputs. You understand the nuances of faculty governance, such as the roles of the 'Mo'āven' (Vice-Dean) and the 'Shorā-ye Daneshkade' (Faculty Council). You can read academic articles that mention 'daneshkade' as the source of research data or as the location of an experiment. You are also aware of the formal register required when addressing faculty officials. For example, you can write a formal letter to the 'Ra'is-e Daneshkade' requesting a leave of absence or a change in your program. You understand how 'daneshkade' fits into the broader national educational policy. You can compare the faculty systems in Iran with those in other countries, using Persian to explain the similarities and differences. Your vocabulary includes related terms like 'Heyat-e Elmi' (Faculty Members/Academic Staff) and 'Bakhsh-e Edāri' (Administrative Section). You can debate the merits of merging or splitting certain daneshkades within a university.
Inscris-toi gratuitement pour lire l'explication complète
At the C1 level, you have a deep understanding of the historical and sociological aspects of the 'daneshkade'. You can discuss the evolution of the term from its roots in classical Persian literature to its modern academic usage. You understand the political and social dynamics within a faculty, such as the influence of student unions or the impact of faculty-led research on national policy. You can analyze formal documents, such as a 'Chashm-andāz-e Daneshkade' (Faculty Vision Statement) or complex administrative bylaws. You are comfortable using the word in high-level academic writing, such as a thesis introduction or a journal article. You can use 'daneshkade' metaphorically or in advanced rhetorical structures. You understand the subtle differences in prestige and tradition between different daneshkades at historic universities like the University of Tehran vs. newer institutions. You can lead meetings or give presentations within a faculty setting, handling complex questions about faculty management and academic standards. Your command of the language allows you to navigate the most formal and intricate administrative environments within the university system.
Inscris-toi gratuitement pour lire l'explication complète
At the C2 level, your mastery of 'daneshkade' is near-native. You understand the most obscure administrative terms and the historical etymology of the suffix '-kade' in depth. You can critique the institutional structure of Persian-speaking universities and propose reforms at the 'daneshkade' level using sophisticated academic Persian. You are aware of how the concept of the 'faculty' has been portrayed in Persian literature and film, analyzing the 'daneshkade' as a cultural space of intellectual struggle and social change. You can draft official legislation or high-level policy papers regarding the establishment or restructuring of daneshkades. You understand the intricacies of faculty budgets, international accreditation, and inter-faculty collaborations at an expert level. You can engage in high-level philosophical debates about the 'idea' of the daneshkade in the 21st century and its role in the digital age. Your language use is characterized by precision, elegance, and an exhaustive knowledge of all technical, legal, and social connotations associated with the term and its place in the Persian-speaking world.
Inscris-toi gratuitement pour lire l'explication complète
Entraîne-toi Exemples Notes et astuces

دانشکده en 30 secondes

  • Daneshkade means 'faculty' or 'school' within a university.
  • It is a compound of 'dānesh' (knowledge) and '-kade' (place).
  • It is used for administrative divisions like Law, Medicine, or Arts.
  • The head of a daneshkade is called a 'Ra'is' (Dean).

The Persian word دانشکده (pronounced dāneshkade) is a fundamental noun in the realm of higher education. To understand its essence, one must look at its morphological construction. It is a compound word formed from dānesh (knowledge) and the suffix -kade, which historically signifies a place, a house, or a specialized center. Therefore, etymologically, a daneshkade is a 'house of knowledge.' In a modern university structure, it specifically refers to a **faculty** or a **department**—a major administrative and academic division that houses several related fields of study. For example, a university (dāneshgāh) is composed of several daneshkades, such as the Faculty of Engineering or the Faculty of Literature.

Academic Hierarchy
In the Iranian educational system, the hierarchy usually flows from the University (Dāneshgāh) down to the Faculty (Dāneshkade), and then further down to the Department (Goruh). When a student says they are going to the 'daneshkade', they are usually referring to the specific building or academic community where their major is based.

او در دانشکده حقوق درس می‌خواند.
(He/She studies in the faculty of law.)

The usage of this word is strictly academic and professional. You wouldn't use it for a high school or a primary school. It carries a sense of specialization. Historically, the term gained prominence during the modernization of the Iranian education system in the early 20th century, particularly with the establishment of the University of Tehran. Before that, traditional religious schools were called 'Madrasah', but the modern secular divisions required a new terminology that emphasized 'Dānesh' (scientific knowledge) over purely religious curricula.

Architectural Context
In casual conversation, students often use the word to refer to the physical building. 'Meeting at the daneshkade' implies meeting at the specific building where classes for that faculty are held. Many daneshkades in Iran, like the Faculty of Fine Arts at the University of Tehran, have distinct architectural styles and historical significance.

کتابخانه دانشکده امروز بسته است.
(The faculty library is closed today.)

Social Connotation
Being part of a 'daneshkade' provides students with a sub-identity. A student might identify as a 'Daneshju-ye Daneshkade-ye Fanni' (Student of the Faculty of Engineering), which often carries a specific social status or stereotype within the broader university culture.

Furthermore, the word appears in many formal titles. The head of a daneshkade is called the 'Ra'is-e Daneshkade' (Dean of the Faculty). Administrative notices, academic transcripts, and official seals all prominently feature this word. It is the locus of academic life, where research is conducted, exams are administered, and specialized libraries are curated. Understanding this word is essential for anyone navigating the Persian-speaking academic world, as it is the primary unit of organization for all scholarly pursuits.

جلسه در سالن اجتماعات دانشکده برگزار می‌شود.
(The meeting is being held in the faculty assembly hall.)

نام دانشکده روی مدرک تحصیلی من درج شده است.
(The name of the faculty is inscribed on my degree.)

من در دانشکده ادبیات با او آشنا شدم.
(I met him/her in the Faculty of Literature.)

Using 'daneshkade' correctly involves understanding the Persian 'Ezafe' construction, which links nouns together. Since 'daneshkade' ends in a silent 'he' (ه), when you want to say 'Faculty of...', you must add a 'ye' sound (ی) or a small 'hamze' on top of the 'he'. For example, 'Daneshkade-ye Honar' (Faculty of Art). This is the most common grammatical pattern you will encounter. It functions as a singular countable noun, and its plural is 'daneshkade-hā' (دانشکده‌ها).

Common Verb Pairings
You will often see it paired with verbs like 'raftan' (to go), 'dars khāndan' (to study), 'estekhdām shodan' (to be employed), and 'modiriyat kardan' (to manage). For instance: 'Man be daneshkade miravam' (I am going to the faculty).

کدام دانشکده بهترین استادان را دارد؟
(Which faculty has the best professors?)

In formal writing, the word is used to define the scope of a report or a research project. You might see phrases like 'dar sath-e daneshkade' (at the faculty level). This indicates that the subject matter is specific to that department and not the entire university. When referring to the administrative head, always use 'Ra'is-e daneshkade'. In more modern or Western-influenced contexts, you might occasionally hear 'Dean' transliterated, but 'Ra'is' is the standard and correct Persian term.

Prepositional Usage
The prepositions 'dar' (in), 'be' (to), and 'az' (from) are most frequent. 'Az daneshkade khārej shod' (He left the faculty). 'Dar daneshkade montazerat hastam' (I am waiting for you in the faculty).

او رئیس دانشکده علوم سیاسی است.
(He is the dean of the faculty of political science.)

Another important aspect is how the word interacts with adjectives. Since it is a noun, adjectives follow it using the Ezafe. 'Daneshkade-ye bozorg' (The big faculty), 'Daneshkade-ye ghadimi' (The old faculty). In the plural, adjectives still follow the Ezafe: 'Daneshkade-hā-ye mokhtalef' (Various faculties). It is also used in compound nouns that describe specific locations within the building, such as 'Daftar-e daneshkade' (Faculty office) or 'Bakhsh-e daneshkade' (Faculty section).

تمام دانشکده در حال آماده‌سازی برای جشن هستند.
(The whole faculty is preparing for the celebration.)

این دانشکده در سال ۱۳۲۰ تأسیس شد.
(This faculty was established in 1941.)

ما باید به دانشکده دیگری برویم.
(We must go to another faculty.)

The word 'daneshkade' is omnipresent in any academic or educational setting in Iran and other Persian-speaking regions like Afghanistan and Tajikistan. If you are walking through a university campus, you will see it on almost every building's entrance sign. For example, 'Daneshkade-ye Olum' (Faculty of Science) or 'Daneshkade-ye Mohandesi' (Faculty of Engineering). It is the standard way to navigate a campus.

News and Media
In the news, you will hear it when academic achievements, protests, or appointments are mentioned. 'Professor X was appointed as the new head of the Daneshkade of Economics.' It is also common in radio and TV programs that discuss educational policies or scientific breakthroughs originating from specific academic departments.

اخبار دانشکده را از وب‌سایت دنبال کنید.
(Follow the faculty news from the website.)

In student life, 'daneshkade' is the center of the social universe. Students often say, 'Let's meet in front of the daneshkade,' or 'The food at our daneshkade's cafeteria is better than yours.' It represents a home base. In movies or TV series set in universities, characters frequently refer to their daneshkade to establish their academic background or current location. It provides a sense of belonging to a specific discipline.

Official Documents
On an Iranian student's ID card (Kart-e Daneshjuyi), the name of their daneshkade is always listed alongside their major. When applying for jobs, an applicant might state, 'I graduated from the Daneshkade of Management at the University of Tehran.'

او در حیاط دانشکده نشسته است.
(He is sitting in the faculty courtyard.)

Furthermore, you'll hear it in the context of academic events. 'The seminar will be held at the Daneshkade of Medicine.' It is also used when discussing administrative procedures. 'You need to go to the Daneshkade's education office (Amuzesh-e Daneshkade) to register for your classes.' In summary, if you are involved in or talking about higher education in a Persian-speaking context, 'daneshkade' is a word you will hear dozens of times a day. It is the essential organizational unit that defines academic life, physical location, and administrative processes.

استاد در دانشکده حضور دارد.
(The professor is present in the faculty.)

کلاس‌های این دانشکده بسیار مدرن هستند.
(This faculty's classes are very modern.)

او از دانشکده کشاورزی فارغ‌التحصیل شد.
(He graduated from the faculty of agriculture.)

One of the most frequent mistakes learners make is confusing دانشکده (dāneshkade) with دانشگاه (dāneshgāh). While they sound similar and both relate to higher education, their scale is different. 'Dāneshgāh' is the entire university (the whole institution), whereas 'dāneshkade' is a single faculty within that university. For example, saying 'I study at the Daneshkade of Tehran' is incorrect because Tehran is a University (Dāneshgāh). You should say 'I study at the Daneshkade of Law at the University of Tehran.'

Ezafe Errors
Another common error is forgetting the 'ye' sound when linking 'daneshkade' to the specific field of study. Beginners often say 'Daneshkade Honar' instead of the correct 'Daneshkade-ye Honar'. Because the word ends in a 'he' sound, the Ezafe link is mandatory and audible.

اشتباه: من به دانشگاه حقوق می‌روم.
درست: من به دانشکده حقوق می‌روم.
(Mistake: I go to the university of law. Correct: I go to the faculty of law.)

Learners also sometimes confuse 'daneshkade' with 'dars' (lesson) or 'kelās' (class). A 'daneshkade' is an administrative unit and a building, not a single session of teaching. You cannot say 'I have a daneshkade at 2 PM'; you should say 'I have a class (kelās) in the daneshkade at 2 PM'. Additionally, pluralization can be tricky. While the standard plural is 'daneshkade-hā', some might try to use Arabic-style plurals which are incorrect for this Persian-rooted word.

Translation Nuances
In the US, 'Department' is often used for smaller units (e.g., Department of History), while 'School' or 'College' is used for larger units (e.g., School of Arts). In Persian, 'Daneshkade' usually covers both 'School' and 'College', while 'Goruh' (Group) is the equivalent of 'Department'. Confusing these can lead to administrative misunderstandings.

اشتباه: او رئیس دانشگاه ادبیات است.
درست: او رئیس دانشکده ادبیات است.
(Mistake: He is the president of the university of literature. Correct: He is the dean of the faculty of literature.)

Finally, spelling the word can be a minor hurdle. Ensure you use the correct 'k' (ک) and 'd' (د) and don't forget the final 'h' (ه). Some learners might omit the final 'h' in writing, thinking it's just a vowel sound, but it is a necessary part of the word's structure. Also, avoid using 'daneshkade' for non-academic 'faculties' or 'departments' like those in a government ministry; for those, the word 'mo'āvenat' or 'idāre' is more appropriate.

اشتباه: دانشکده من در خیابان اصلی است.
درست: ساختمان دانشکده من در خیابان اصلی است.
(Note: While 'daneshkade' is used for the building, specifying 'sākhtemān' (building) is clearer in formal contexts.)

او به دانشکده رفت تا ثبت‌نام کند.
(He went to the faculty to register - Correct usage.)

آیا این دانشکده خوابگاه دارد؟
(Does this faculty have a dormitory? - Usually, the university has the dorm, not the faculty.)

While 'daneshkade' is the most common term for a university faculty, there are several related words that describe different levels or types of educational organizations. Understanding these nuances will help you sound more like a native speaker and navigate academic settings more effectively. The most common alternative or related word is گروه (goruh), which literally means 'group' but in a university context means 'department'. A daneshkade is usually made up of several goruhs. For example, the Faculty of Humanities (Daneshkade-ye Olum-e Ensāni) contains the Department of History (Goruh-e Tārikh).

Daneshkade vs. Daneshgah

Daneshkade: A specific faculty (e.g., Engineering).

Daneshgah: The whole university (e.g., University of Tehran).

او در گروه زبان‌های خارجی تدریس می‌کند.
(He teaches in the department of foreign languages.)

Another word you might encounter is مؤسسه (mo'assese), which means 'institute'. Some research-heavy units within a university or independent academic bodies are called institutes rather than faculties. Institutes often focus more on research than on teaching undergraduates. Additionally, آموزشکده (āmuzeshkade) is a related term used for vocational or technical colleges that focus on practical skills rather than theoretical academic degrees. These are usually shorter programs (Associate degrees).

Comparison of 'Place' Suffixes

-kade: Specialized house (Daneshkade, Atashkade).

-stān: Land or place of (Dabirestān - High school, Golestān - Rose garden).

-gāh: General place or time (Daneshgah, Forudgah - Airport).

این آموزشکده دوره‌های فنی برگزار می‌کند.
(This technical college holds vocational courses.)

For specialized military or government schools, you might hear دانشکده افسری (Daneshkade-ye Afsari - Officer Academy). In this case, the word functions more like 'Academy' or 'College'. In religious contexts, the word حوزه (howze) is used instead of daneshkade for the divisions of a religious seminary. Finally, in very formal or archaic language, دارالفنون (Dar ul-Funun) is the historical precursor to the modern daneshkade system in Iran, though it is now only used as a proper name for the historic school in Tehran.

او در مؤسسه تحقیقاتی کار می‌کند.
(He works in a research institute.)

ما در حوزه علمیه درس می‌خوانیم.
(We study in the religious seminary.)

رئیس دانشکده با تغییرات موافقت کرد.
(The dean of the faculty agreed with the changes.)

How Formal Is It?

Le savais-tu ?

The suffix '-kade' is very old and was used in Middle Persian (Pahlavi) to denote a house or room. It is the same suffix found in 'Atashkade' (Zoroastrian fire temples).

Guide de prononciation

UK /dɒːneʃkæde/
US /dɑːneʃkæde/
The primary stress is on the final syllable: daneshka-DE.
Rime avec
دهکده (dehkade - village) آتشکده (ātashkade - fire temple) میکده (meykade - tavern) پژوهشکده (pazhuheshkade - research center) آموزشکده (āmuzeshkade - technical college) غمکده (ghamkade - house of sorrow) ماتمکده (mātamkade - house of mourning) بتکده (botkade - idol temple)
Erreurs fréquentes
  • Pronouncing the final 'e' as a long 'ee' (daneshkadee).
  • Treating the final 'e' as silent (daneshkad).
  • Confusing the 'sh' with 's' (daneskade).
  • Putting stress on the first syllable.
  • Not distinguishing between the 'ā' and 'a' sounds.

Niveau de difficulté

Lecture 2/5

Easy to recognize due to the common 'danesh' root.

Écriture 3/5

Need to remember the final 'he' and the 'k' vs 'g' distinction.

Expression orale 2/5

Pronunciation is straightforward as long as the final 'e' is clear.

Écoute 2/5

Very common in academic contexts, easily distinguishable.

Quoi apprendre ensuite

Prérequis

دانش (knowledge) دانشگاه (university) درس (lesson) استاد (professor) کلاس (class)

Apprends ensuite

رئیس (head/dean) آموزش (education office) پایان‌نامه (thesis) واحد (unit/credit) کنکور (entrance exam)

Avancé

خودمختاری آکادمیک (academic autonomy) شورای صنفی (guild council) هیئت امنا (board of trustees) سرفصل دروس (syllabus) فرصت مطالعاتی (sabbatical)

Grammaire à connaître

Ezafe Construction with silent 'he'

دانشکده‌ی حقوق (Daneshkade-ye hughugh)

Pluralization with '-hā'

دانشکده‌ها (Daneshkade-hā)

Possessive pronouns with silent 'he'

دانشکده‌ام (My faculty - colloquial)

Adjective placement after the noun

دانشکده‌ی بزرگ (The big faculty)

Prepositions of location

در دانشکده (In the faculty)

Inscris-toi gratuitement pour lire l'explication complète

Exemples par niveau

1

دانشکده کجاست؟

Where is the faculty?

Simple question using 'kojāst' (where is).

2

این دانشکده بزرگ است.

This faculty is big.

Subject + Adjective 'bozorg' (big).

3

من به دانشکده می‌روم.

I am going to the faculty.

Present continuous sense using 'miravam'.

4

دانشکده ما زیباست.

Our faculty is beautiful.

Possessive 'mā' (our) with 'zibāst' (is beautiful).

5

او در دانشکده است.

He/She is in the faculty.

Preposition 'dar' (in).

6

دانشکده کتابخانه دارد.

The faculty has a library.

Verb 'dārad' (has).

7

دوستم در این دانشکده درس می‌خواند.

My friend studies in this faculty.

Compound verb 'dars khāndan' (to study).

8

نام دانشکده را بگو.

Say the name of the faculty.

Imperative 'begu' (say).

1

دانشکده حقوق کجاست؟

Where is the faculty of law?

Ezafe construction linking 'daneshkade' and 'hughugh'.

2

او رئیس دانشکده است.

He is the dean of the faculty.

Noun 'ra'is' (head/dean).

3

من در دانشکده هنر هستم.

I am in the faculty of art.

Specifying the field 'honar' (art).

4

امروز در دانشکده جلسه داریم.

We have a meeting in the faculty today.

Noun 'jalase' (meeting).

5

آیا دانشکده شما دور است؟

Is your faculty far?

Adjective 'dur' (far).

6

او از دانشکده خارج شد.

He left the faculty.

Past tense 'khārej shod' (became outside/left).

7

دانشکده ما استادان خوبی دارد.

Our faculty has good professors.

Plural 'ostādān' (professors).

8

این دانشکده پنج طبقه دارد.

This faculty has five floors.

Number 'panj' (five) and 'tabaghe' (floor).

1

او در دانشکده پزشکی پذیرفته شد.

He was accepted into the faculty of medicine.

Passive construction 'pazirafte shod'.

2

ساختمان دانشکده بسیار قدیمی و تاریخی است.

The faculty building is very old and historical.

Compound adjectives 'ghadimi va tārikhi'.

3

باید برای ثبت‌نام به دانشکده بروی.

You must go to the faculty for registration.

Subjunctive 'beravi' after 'bāyad'.

4

دانشکده ادبیات کتابخانه بزرگی دارد.

The faculty of literature has a large library.

Ezafe linking 'daneshkade' and 'adabiyāt'.

5

رئیس دانشکده با درخواست من موافقت کرد.

The dean of the faculty agreed with my request.

Verb 'movāfaghat kardan' (to agree).

6

در این دانشکده کنفرانس‌های علمی زیادی برگزار می‌شود.

Many scientific conferences are held in this faculty.

Passive 'borgozār mishavad' (is held).

7

او به عنوان استاد در دانشکده مهندسی استخدام شد.

He was hired as a professor in the faculty of engineering.

Prepositional phrase 'be onvān-e' (as/in the capacity of).

8

دانشکده ما در مرکز شهر قرار دارد.

Our faculty is located in the city center.

Verb 'gharār dārad' (is located).

1

شورای دانشکده در مورد تغییر برنامه‌ها تصمیم می‌گیرد.

The faculty council decides on changing the programs.

Compound noun 'shorā-ye daneshkade' (faculty council).

2

او معاون آموزشی دانشکده علوم تربیتی است.

He is the vice-dean of education at the faculty of educational sciences.

Complex Ezafe chain with 'mo'āven-e āmuzeshi'.

3

این دانشکده از نظر امکانات آزمایشگاهی بسیار مجهز است.

This faculty is very well-equipped in terms of laboratory facilities.

Phrase 'az nazar-e' (in terms of/from the viewpoint of).

4

فارغ‌التحصیلان این دانشکده به راحتی کار پیدا می‌کنند.

Graduates of this faculty find jobs easily.

Plural noun 'fāregh-ot-tahsilān' (graduates).

5

دانشکده برای بهبود کیفیت آموزش تلاش می‌کند.

The faculty is striving to improve the quality of education.

Verb 'talāsh kardan' (to strive/try).

6

ارتباط بین دانشکده و صنعت باید تقویت شود.

The link between the faculty and industry must be strengthened.

Passive 'taghviyat shavad' (be strengthened).

7

هر دانشکده قوانین و مقررات خاص خود را دارد.

Each faculty has its own specific rules and regulations.

Phrase 'khās-e khod' (its own specific).

8

او مقاله‌اش را در مجله علمی دانشکده چاپ کرد.

He published his article in the faculty's scientific journal.

Verb 'chāp kardan' (to print/publish).

1

ساختار اداری دانشکده نیازمند بازنگری جدی است.

The administrative structure of the faculty requires a serious review.

Formal noun 'bāznagari' (review/revision).

2

دانشکده باید استقلال علمی خود را حفظ کند.

The faculty must maintain its academic independence.

Noun 'esteghlāl-e elmi' (academic independence).

3

تعاملات بین‌المللی دانشکده در سال‌های اخیر گسترش یافته است.

The faculty's international interactions have expanded in recent years.

Present perfect 'gostaresh yāfte ast' (has expanded).

4

بودجه دانشکده بر اساس عملکرد پژوهشی تخصیص می‌یابد.

The faculty budget is allocated based on research performance.

Passive 'takhsis miyābad' (is allocated).

5

نقش دانشکده در توسعه پایدار منطقه غیرقابل انکار است.

The role of the faculty in the sustainable development of the region is undeniable.

Adjective 'gheyr-e ghābel-e enkār' (undeniable).

6

دانشکده اقتصاد با بحران کمبود کادر علمی مواجه است.

The faculty of economics is facing a crisis of academic staff shortage.

Verb 'movājeh ast' (is facing/encountered).

7

سیاست‌های جدید دانشکده باعث اعتراض دانشجویان شد.

The faculty's new policies caused student protests.

Noun 'siyāsat' (policy).

8

او پایان‌نامه‌اش را در حضور اساتید دانشکده دفاع کرد.

He defended his thesis in the presence of the faculty professors.

Verb 'defā kardan' (to defend).

1

تحول پارادایم‌های آموزشی در دانشکده‌های مدرن امری ضروری است.

The transformation of educational paradigms in modern faculties is a necessity.

Highly formal vocabulary like 'pārādāym' (paradigm).

2

دانشکده به مثابه یک نهاد اجتماعی، وظیفه بازتولید دانش را بر عهده دارد.

The faculty, as a social institution, is responsible for the reproduction of knowledge.

Philosophical phrasing 'be masābe-ye' (as/in the likeness of).

3

تنش‌های ایدئولوژیک در دانشکده علوم اجتماعی به اوج خود رسیده است.

Ideological tensions in the faculty of social sciences have reached their peak.

Abstract noun 'tanshhā-ye ide'olozhik'.

4

گسست میان دانشکده و نیازهای واقعی جامعه یکی از چالش‌های اساسی است.

The gap between the faculty and the real needs of society is one of the fundamental challenges.

Noun 'gosast' (gap/break/rupture).

5

حاکمیت شرکتی در مدیریت دانشکده‌های نوین نقش کلیدی ایفا می‌کند.

Corporate governance plays a key role in the management of modern faculties.

Phrase 'nagsh-e kelidi ifā kardan' (to play a key role).

6

دانشکده‌های هنر همواره خاستگاه جنبش‌های نوگرایانه بوده‌اند.

Faculties of art have always been the birthplace of modernist movements.

Noun 'khāstgāh' (origin/birthplace).

7

نقد ساختاری عملکرد دانشکده می‌تواند به پویایی آن کمک کند.

A structural critique of the faculty's performance can contribute to its dynamism.

Noun 'puyāyi' (dynamism/vitality).

8

ادغام دانشکده‌های کوچک در جهت بهینه‌سازی منابع صورت گرفت.

The merging of small faculties was carried out to optimize resources.

Noun 'edghām' (merging/integration).

Collocations courantes

رئیس دانشکده
دانشکده پزشکی
دانشکده مهندسی
کتابخانه دانشکده
آموزش دانشکده
شورای دانشکده
حیاط دانشکده
دانشکده هنر
فارغ‌التحصیل دانشکده
فضای دانشکده

Phrases Courantes

در سطح دانشکده

— Within the scope of the faculty. Used for limited events or rules.

این مسابقات در سطح دانشکده برگزار می‌شود.

دانشکده‌های تابعه

— Affiliated faculties. Used in university administration documents.

دانشگاه دارای ده دانشکده تابعه است.

تغییر دانشکده

— Changing one's faculty/major. A common student concern.

او به دنبال تغییر دانشکده است.

نماینده دانشکده

— Faculty representative. Usually in student unions or councils.

او به عنوان نماینده دانشکده انتخاب شد.

بودجه دانشکده

— Faculty budget. A common topic in administrative meetings.

بودجه دانشکده امسال کاهش یافت.

ساختمان دانشکده

— The physical faculty building.

ساختمان دانشکده در انتهای خیابان است.

اعضای دانشکده

— Faculty members (staff and students).

تمام اعضای دانشکده دعوت شده‌اند.

سایت دانشکده

— The faculty's official website or computer lab.

نمرات در سایت دانشکده اعلام شد.

بوفه دانشکده

— The faculty cafeteria/snack bar.

در بوفه دانشکده منتظرت هستم.

سالن اجتماعات دانشکده

— The faculty assembly hall or auditorium.

جشن در سالن اجتماعات دانشکده است.

Souvent confondu avec

دانشکده vs دانشگاه (Daneshgah)

Daneshgah is the whole university; Daneshkade is just one faculty within it.

دانشکده vs دبیرستان (Dabirestan)

Dabirestan is high school; Daneshkade is for university-level studies.

دانشکده vs آموزشکده (Amuzeshkade)

Amuzeshkade is usually for 2-year technical degrees; Daneshkade is for 4-year degrees and higher.

Expressions idiomatiques

"دانشکده تجربه"

— The 'school of experience' or 'school of hard knocks'. Metaphorical use.

او در دانشکده تجربه درس‌های زیادی آموخته است.

Literary
"از دانشکده رد شدن"

— To pass by the faculty (literal), but sometimes used to mean failing to integrate.

او فقط از جلوی دانشکده رد شده و چیزی بلد نیست.

Sarcastic
"رئیس‌بازی در دانشکده"

— Acting like a boss/dean in the faculty without having the authority.

باز هم دارد در دانشکده رئیس‌بازی در می‌آورد.

Informal
"بچه دانشکده"

— A student of a specific faculty, implying a shared identity.

او بچه دانشکده ماست.

Informal
"دانشکده‌نشین"

— Someone who spends all their time in the faculty (academic/studious).

او یک دانشکده‌نشین واقعی است و همیشه در کتابخانه است.

Literary
"دیوارهای دانشکده"

— Metaphor for the limits of academic knowledge vs. real world.

حقیقت فراتر از دیوارهای دانشکده است.

Philosophical
"نورچشمی دانشکده"

— The faculty's favorite (usually a top student or teacher).

او نورچشمی دانشکده ادبیات است.

Informal
"سر در دانشکده"

— The main entrance/portal, often representing the faculty's prestige.

عکس او را روی سر در دانشکده زدند.

Neutral
"گرد دانشکده خوردن"

— To have spent a long time in academia (literally 'eating the dust of the faculty').

او سال‌ها در این دانشکده گرد خورده است.

Informal/Respectful
"دانشکده‌زده"

— Someone bored or disillusioned with academic life.

بعد از ده سال درس خواندن، دیگر دانشکده‌زده شده است.

Informal

Facile à confondre

دانشکده vs دانشگاه

Both start with 'danesh' and relate to higher education.

Daneshgah is the institution (e.g., Harvard). Daneshkade is the division (e.g., Harvard Law School).

دانشگاه تهران دانشکده‌های زیادی دارد.

دانشکده vs پژوهشکده

Both end in '-kade'.

Pazhuheshkade is a research institute (pazhuhesh = research), while Daneshkade is primarily for teaching (danesh = knowledge).

او در پژوهشکده روی سرطان تحقیق می‌کند.

دانشکده vs آموزشکده

Both end in '-kade' and relate to education.

Amuzeshkade is a vocational/technical college, often smaller and less academic than a Daneshkade.

او در آموزشکده فنی مکانیک می‌خواند.

دانشکده vs مدرسه

In English, 'school' can mean university.

In Persian, 'madrese' is only for primary/secondary education. Never use it for university.

برادرم به مدرسه می‌رود، اما من به دانشکده می‌روم.

دانشکده vs گروه

Both are administrative units.

Goruh (Department) is a smaller unit inside a Daneshkade (Faculty).

گروه فیزیک بخشی از دانشکده علوم است.

Structures de phrases

A1

من به [دانشکده] می‌روم.

من به دانشکده می‌روم.

A2

[دانشکده] [اسم رشته] کجاست؟

دانشکده حقوق کجاست؟

B1

او در [دانشکده] [اسم رشته] پذیرفته شد.

او در دانشکده مهندسی پذیرفته شد.

B2

رئیس [دانشکده] با [درخواست] موافقت کرد.

رئیس دانشکده با درخواست من موافقت کرد.

C1

[ساختار] [دانشکده] نیازمند [بازنگری] است.

ساختار اداری دانشکده نیازمند بازنگری است.

C2

[دانشکده] به مثابه یک [نهاد اجتماعی] است.

دانشکده به مثابه یک نهاد اجتماعی است.

A2

کتابخانه [دانشکده] [صفت] است.

کتابخانه دانشکده بزرگ است.

B1

ما در [دانشکده] [جلسه] داریم.

ما در دانشکده جلسه داریم.

Famille de mots

Noms

دانش (knowledge)
دانشگاه (university)
دانشجو (student)
دانشمند (scientist)
دانشیار (associate professor)

Verbes

دانستن (to know)

Adjectifs

دانشگاهی (university-related)
دانشمندانه (scholarly)

Apparenté

آموزش (education)
پژوهش (research)
استاد (professor)
کلاس (class)
مدرک (degree)
Inscris-toi gratuitement pour voir tous les exemples

Comment l'utiliser

frequency

Extremely high in academic, administrative, and news contexts.

Erreurs courantes
  • Using 'Daneshkade' for the whole university. → Daneshgah

    Daneshkade is only a part/faculty of the Daneshgah.

  • Omitting the Ezafe: 'Daneshkade Honar'. → Daneshkade-ye Honar

    You need the link sound '-ye' to connect the noun to its specific type.

  • Using 'Madrese' for a university faculty. → Daneshkade

    Madrese is for children/teens; Daneshkade is for adults in higher education.

  • Pronouncing it as 'Daneshkad'. → Daneshkade

    The final 'e' is not silent; it is a vital part of the word.

  • Using 'Daneshkade' for a company department. → Bakhsh / Idāre

    Daneshkade is strictly academic. Use 'bakhsh' for business departments.

Astuces

The Ezafe Link

Don't forget the '-ye' sound when saying 'Daneshkade-ye...'. It's essential for correct Persian grammar.

Root Recognition

Recognizing the 'danesh' root helps you understand dozens of related academic words.

Identity

In Iran, saying 'I'm from the Daneshkade of X' is a common way to introduce yourself to other students.

Short 'e'

The final 'e' in 'daneshkade' is short, like in 'bed'. Don't stretch it out.

Hierarchy

Remember the order: Daneshgah (University) > Daneshkade (Faculty) > Goruh (Department).

Spelling

Make sure to use 'k' (ک) and not 'g' (گ) in the middle of the word.

Vibe

Each daneshkade has its own culture. Mentioning a specific one can trigger certain social stereotypes (usually fun ones).

Dean

If you have a problem with a grade, the 'Ra'is-e Daneshkade' is the person you eventually go to see.

Old Suffix

The '-kade' suffix is ancient. It connects modern universities to old fire temples (Atashkade).

Next Step

Once you master 'daneshkade', learn the names of all the different faculties in a university.

Mémorise-le

Moyen mnémotechnique

Think of a 'Danesh' (Knowledge) 'Kade' (Cafe/House). It's the house where you go to get your knowledge caffeine!

Association visuelle

Imagine a large building with a giant book on top. Inside the building, there are many smaller 'houses' (faculties). Each house is a 'daneshkade'.

Word Web

University (Daneshgah) Knowledge (Danesh) Professor (Ostad) Student (Daneshju) Department (Goruh) Dean (Ra'is) Building (Sakhteman) Degree (Madrak)

Défi

Try to find out the Persian names of five different faculties (e.g., Engineering, Law, Art, Science, Medicine) and write them down using the Ezafe construction.

Origine du mot

Persian origin. It is a compound of 'dānesh' (from the verb 'dānestan' - to know) and the suffix '-kade'.

Sens originel : A house or specialized place of knowledge.

Indo-European -> Indo-Iranian -> Iranian -> West Iranian -> Modern Persian.

Contexte culturel

None. It is a neutral, professional academic term.

In the UK/Australia, 'Faculty' is the exact equivalent. In the US, 'School' or 'College' (within a university) is more common.

The Faculty of Fine Arts (University of Tehran) - known for its famous alumni. The Dar ul-Funun - the historical precursor. Daneshkade-ye Afsari - the prestigious military academy.

Pratique dans la vie réelle

Contextes réels

University Orientation

  • دانشکده شما در شمال پردیس است.
  • باید به آموزش دانشکده مراجعه کنید.
  • نقشه دانشکده را دارید؟
  • ساعات کاری دانشکده تغییر کرده است.

Job Interview

  • من فارغ‌التحصیل دانشکده مدیریت هستم.
  • کدام دانشکده مدرک شما را صادر کرده است؟
  • من در دانشکده به عنوان دستیار کار می‌کردم.
  • رئیس دانشکده مرا توصیه کرده است.

Academic Research

  • این تحقیق در دانشکده علوم انجام شد.
  • آزمایشگاه دانشکده مجهز است.
  • نتایج در مجله دانشکده چاپ شد.
  • بودجه پژوهشی دانشکده محدود است.

Socializing on Campus

  • جلوی در دانشکده می‌بینمت.
  • بوفه دانشکده شما خیلی شلوغ است.
  • بچه‌های دانشکده ما فردا فوتبال دارند.
  • امروز در دانشکده غوغا بود.

Official Announcements

  • اطلاعیه جدید دانشکده را دیدی؟
  • دانشکده فردا به علت آلودگی تعطیل است.
  • انتخابات شورای دانشکده هفته آینده است.
  • رئیس جدید دانشکده معرفی شد.

Amorces de conversation

"شما در کدام دانشکده درس می‌خوانید؟ (In which faculty do you study?)"

"آیا دانشکده شما کتابخانه خوبی دارد؟ (Does your faculty have a good library?)"

"رئیس دانشکده شما کیست؟ (Who is the dean of your faculty?)"

"چرا این دانشکده را برای تحصیل انتخاب کردید؟ (Why did you choose this faculty for your studies?)"

"ساختمان دانشکده شما کجای دانشگاه است؟ (Where is your faculty building in the university?)"

Sujets d'écriture

اولین روزی را که وارد دانشکده شدید توصیف کنید. (Describe the first day you entered the faculty.)

تفاوت‌های بین دانشکده خود و دانشکده‌های دیگر را بنویسید. (Write about the differences between your faculty and others.)

اگر رئیس دانشکده بودید، چه تغییراتی ایجاد می‌کردید؟ (If you were the dean of the faculty, what changes would you make?)

درباره یک خاطره جالب در حیاط دانشکده بنویسید. (Write about an interesting memory in the faculty courtyard.)

نقش دانشکده در آینده شغلی شما چیست؟ (What is the role of the faculty in your professional future?)

Questions fréquentes

10 questions

Not necessarily. While it often refers to the physical building, its primary meaning is the administrative and academic unit (the faculty). For example, 'The daneshkade decided to change the rules' refers to the people/administration, not the bricks.

No. For high school, the word is 'dabirestān'. 'Daneshkade' is strictly for university-level education.

It is a neutral to formal word. It is the standard term used in both casual campus talk and official documents.

The head is called 'Ra'is-e Daneshkade', which translates to the 'Dean of the Faculty'.

You say: 'Man dāneshju-ye dāneshkade-ye honar hastam'.

Yes, the plural is 'daneshkade-hā' (دانشکده‌ها).

A 'daneshkade' (Faculty) is a large division like 'Engineering', while a 'goruh' (Department) is a smaller unit inside it, like the 'Civil Engineering Department'.

Yes, 'Daneshkade-ye Pezeshki' is the standard term for a Medical Faculty or Medical School.

The suffix '-kade' in Persian means 'place' or 'house'. So it literally means 'the house of knowledge'.

Yes, it is used in Afghanistan. In Tajikistan, they also use it, although sometimes Russian-influenced terms might appear in certain contexts.

Inscris-toi gratuitement pour les astuces et notes

Teste-toi 200 questions

writing

Write a sentence about your favorite faculty.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

Describe the location of the Daneshkade in your university.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

Write a short email to the Dean of the faculty.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

Explain the difference between Daneshgah and Daneshkade.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

Describe the facilities of a modern Daneshkade.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

Write about a memory you have in the faculty library.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

List 5 different types of Daneshkades in Persian.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

Discuss the importance of a faculty council.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

Write a formal announcement for a faculty seminar.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

Describe the architecture of a famous Daneshkade in Iran.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

Write a dialogue between two students meeting at the Daneshkade.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

Explain how to register for classes at the Daneshkade.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

Write about the role of the Dean in faculty management.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

Discuss the impact of technology on the Daneshkade structure.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

Describe a typical day in the Daneshkade of Engineering.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

Write a letter of recommendation for a student from your faculty.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

Discuss the challenges facing the Daneshkade of Arts today.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

Summarize the history of the oldest Daneshkade in your country.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

Write a short story set in a mysterious Daneshkade.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

Explain the Ezafe rule using 'Daneshkade' as an example.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
speaking

Say 'I am going to the faculty' in Persian.

Read this aloud:

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
speaking

Ask someone 'Which faculty are you in?'

Read this aloud:

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
speaking

Tell your friend to meet you at the faculty library.

Read this aloud:

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
speaking

Describe your faculty building in three sentences.

Read this aloud:

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
speaking

Pronounce 'Daneshkade-ye Pezeshki' correctly.

Read this aloud:

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
speaking

Explain your major and which faculty it belongs to.

Read this aloud:

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
speaking

Give a short speech as the Dean welcoming new students.

Read this aloud:

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
speaking

Debate the importance of the Faculty of Arts in a technical university.

Read this aloud:

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
speaking

Talk about a problem you had with the faculty administration.

Read this aloud:

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
speaking

Ask for directions to the Faculty of Engineering.

Read this aloud:

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
speaking

Describe the atmosphere of your faculty during exam season.

Read this aloud:

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
speaking

Tell a story about a famous professor in your faculty.

Read this aloud:

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
speaking

Explain the hierarchy of a university in Persian.

Read this aloud:

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
speaking

Say 'The faculty is closed today' in Persian.

Read this aloud:

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
speaking

Introduce your faculty representative to a group.

Read this aloud:

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
speaking

Talk about the research projects in your faculty.

Read this aloud:

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
speaking

Describe the oldest building in your faculty.

Read this aloud:

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
speaking

Ask a question about the faculty's budget in a meeting.

Read this aloud:

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
speaking

Explain why you want to change your faculty.

Read this aloud:

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
speaking

Discuss the future of your faculty in 10 years.

Read this aloud:

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
listening

Listen and identify the word: 'Daneshkade'.

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
listening

Listen to: 'Man be daneshkade miravam'. Where is the speaker going?

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
listening

Listen to: 'Ra'is-e daneshkade dar daftar ast'. Where is the dean?

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
listening

Listen to: 'Ketabkhane-ye daneshkade bozorg ast'. How is the library?

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
listening

Listen to: 'Daneshkade-ye honar namayeshgah darad'. Which faculty has an exhibition?

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
listening

Listen and write the field: 'Daneshkade-ye Hughugh'.

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
listening

Listen and write the field: 'Daneshkade-ye Pezeshki'.

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
listening

Listen to a formal announcement and identify the location of the seminar.

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
listening

Listen to a student complaint and identify the department mentioned.

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
listening

Listen and identify the number of floors: 'Daneshkade panj tabaghe darad'.

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
listening

Listen and identify the person: 'Mo'aven-e daneshkade amad'.

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
listening

Listen and identify the activity: 'Dar hayat-e daneshkade jashn ast'.

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
listening

Listen to a professor's instructions and identify where to submit the paper.

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
listening

Listen and identify the time: 'Kelās dar daneshkade saat-e dah ast'.

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
listening

Listen to a news report about a faculty achievement.

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :

/ 200 correct

Perfect score!

Inscris-toi gratuitement pour t'entraîner

Contenu associé

C'tait utile ?

Commentaires (0)

Connectez-vous pour Commenter
Pas encore de commentaires. Soyez le premier à partager vos idées !