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~을 바탕으로

B1 phrase #1,500 le plus courant 9 min de lecture

~을 바탕으로

eul batang-euro Top 1,500

Entraîne-toi Exemples Notes et astuces ~을 바탕으로 en 30 secondes

Explication ~을 바탕으로 in your Level:

At the A1 level, learners are primarily focused on basic survival Korean, simple vocabulary, and fundamental sentence structures like 'I eat' or 'This is an apple.' The phrase '~을 바탕으로' is generally too complex and abstract for active use at this stage. However, A1 learners might encounter it passively if they watch Korean movies or dramas with subtitles, specifically in the opening credits where it says '실화를 바탕으로' (Based on a true story). At this level, the goal is not to produce the phrase but simply to recognize it as a fixed chunk of vocabulary related to storytelling or origins. A1 learners do not need to worry about the grammatical breakdown of the object particle '을/를' combined with the noun '바탕' and the instrumental particle '으로'. Instead, they should treat '실화를 바탕으로' as a single vocabulary item. Teachers might introduce this phrase briefly when discussing movie genres or hobbies, but active practice is deferred to higher levels. Understanding that '바탕' means something like 'base' or 'background' is sufficient. If an A1 learner attempts to use it, they might struggle with the complex verb endings that usually follow this phrase, such as '제작되었습니다' (was produced) or '쓰여졌습니다' (was written). Therefore, exposure is key, but mastery is not expected. The focus remains on building the foundational vocabulary that will eventually serve as the '바탕' for learning this very phrase in the future. Recognizing the shape of the phrase in written Korean, especially on movie posters or book covers, is a great milestone for an A1 student.

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As learners progress to the A2 level, they begin to construct more complex sentences and express basic opinions, routines, and past experiences. While '~을 바탕으로' is still slightly advanced for everyday A2 conversation, learners can start to use it in very simple, structured contexts. At this stage, the focus shifts from treating the phrase as a single fixed chunk (like at A1) to understanding its basic grammatical components. A2 learners know the object particles '을/를' and the directional/instrumental particle '(으)로'. They can now understand that '바탕' is a noun meaning 'foundation.' Teachers can introduce simple sentences where the learner uses their own 'experience' (경험) or 'facts' (사실) as a foundation. For example, an A2 learner might say, '제 경험을 바탕으로 말해요' (I speak based on my experience). This is a huge step forward in expressive capability. However, A2 learners might still struggle with the adjectival form '~을 바탕으로 한' because modifying nouns with complex verb/adjective phrases is a B1/B2 skill. The primary goal at A2 is to use the phrase with simple, active verbs like '하다' (to do), '말하다' (to speak), or '만들다' (to make). They should practice attaching the correct '을' or '를' depending on whether the preceding noun ends in a consonant or vowel. While they might make mistakes by pairing it with unnatural verbs, the attempt to express causality and foundation marks significant progress. A2 learners will also start hearing this phrase more frequently in simplified news articles or graded readers, helping them internalize its rhythm and typical contexts.

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The B1 level is where '~을 바탕으로' truly shines and becomes an essential part of the learner's active vocabulary. At this intermediate stage, learners are expected to express abstract thoughts, justify their opinions, and understand the main points of clear standard input on familiar matters. This phrase is the perfect tool for these tasks. B1 learners can confidently use it to explain the reasoning behind their decisions, the inspiration for their projects, or the source of their information. They understand the nuance that this phrase implies a solid, logical foundation. They can easily switch between nouns ending in vowels and consonants, applying '을' or '를' flawlessly. Furthermore, B1 is the level where learners master the adjectival form, '~을 바탕으로 한'. They can now construct complex noun phrases like '한국 역사를 바탕으로 한 소설' (a novel based on Korean history) and use them seamlessly in larger sentences. This ability to modify nouns with phrases dramatically increases their fluency and allows them to describe media, literature, and concepts accurately. B1 learners also begin to distinguish this phrase from similar grammar points like '~에 따라' (according to), understanding that '바탕으로' emphasizes the foundational aspect rather than just following a rule. In writing tasks, such as essays or journal entries, using '~을 바탕으로' helps B1 students structure their arguments logically, moving from evidence to conclusion. It is a hallmark of intermediate proficiency, showing that the learner can connect ideas cohesively and articulate the origins of their thoughts with clarity and confidence.

At the B2 level, learners possess a degree of fluency and spontaneity that makes regular interaction with native speakers quite possible without strain for either party. The use of '~을 바탕으로' becomes automatic and highly nuanced. B2 learners do not just use it for simple experiences or true stories; they apply it to complex, abstract concepts in professional, academic, and societal contexts. They can comfortably discuss politics, economics, and science, using the phrase to cite data, research, and historical precedents. For example, a B2 learner might say, '최근의 경제 지표를 바탕으로 향후 시장 동향을 예측할 수 있습니다' (Based on recent economic indicators, we can predict future market trends). This demonstrates a high level of vocabulary integration. Furthermore, B2 learners are adept at using synonyms like '~을 토대로', '~을 기반으로', and '~을 근거로', and they understand the subtle contextual differences between them. They know that '기반으로' is better for IT infrastructure, while '근거로' is better for legal arguments. They can also handle passive voice and complex verb endings that frequently accompany this phrase in formal writing, such as '도출되다' (to be derived) or '구축되다' (to be established). In debates or presentations, B2 learners use this phrase to establish authority and credibility, showing that their arguments are grounded in solid evidence. The phrase is no longer just a grammatical structure to be practiced; it is a powerful rhetorical tool used to persuade, inform, and analyze complex information effectively in both spoken and written Korean.

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C1 learners can express themselves fluently and spontaneously without much obvious searching for expressions. They use language flexibly and effectively for social, academic, and professional purposes. At this advanced level, the use of '~을 바탕으로' is indistinguishable from that of an educated native speaker. C1 learners employ the phrase in highly sophisticated syntactic structures, often embedding it within long, complex sentences that involve multiple clauses and advanced vocabulary. They use it effortlessly in academic papers, professional reports, and formal presentations. They are also sensitive to the register and tone of the phrase, knowing exactly when it is appropriate to use it over a more colloquial expression. A C1 learner might write, '본 연구는 선행 연구들의 한계점을 바탕으로 새로운 이론적 틀을 제시하고자 한다' (This study aims to propose a new theoretical framework based on the limitations of previous studies). This shows an ability to use the phrase not just to build upon something positive, but to use a negative foundation (limitations) as a launching pad for new ideas. They also play with the structure, sometimes adding emphasis markers like '만' or '은/는' (e.g., '오직 철저한 검증을 바탕으로만...'). At C1, the phrase is deeply integrated into the learner's cognitive mapping of Korean syntax. They don't translate 'based on' from their native language; they naturally reach for '바탕으로' when conceptualizing foundational relationships. Their mastery includes flawless pronunciation, natural intonation, and perfect pairing with highly formal, abstract Sino-Korean verbs.

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At the C2 level, the learner has achieved near-native proficiency, capable of understanding with ease virtually everything heard or read. They can summarize information from different spoken and written sources, reconstructing arguments and accounts in a coherent presentation. The use of '~을 바탕으로' at this level is characterized by absolute precision, stylistic elegance, and an intuitive grasp of its deepest nuances. C2 learners can use the phrase in literary, poetic, or highly rhetorical contexts where the 'foundation' is deeply metaphorical. They might use it to describe the philosophical underpinnings of a cultural movement or the psychological basis of a character's actions in a novel. For instance, '인간의 근원적인 고독을 바탕으로 쓰인 이 시는...' (This poem, written based on the fundamental loneliness of human beings...). C2 learners are also capable of deconstructing the phrase and using the word '바탕' independently in creative ways, showing a complete mastery of the root concept. They can effortlessly navigate the subtle stylistic choices between '바탕으로', '토대로', '기반으로', and '근거로' to achieve the exact rhythm and tone desired in a piece of writing. In high-stakes professional environments, such as legal proceedings, diplomatic negotiations, or advanced academic defenses, C2 learners use this structure to articulate complex causal relationships flawlessly. Their usage reflects not just grammatical perfection, but a deep cultural and sociolinguistic understanding of how authority, evidence, and foundation are expressed in the Korean language.

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Entraîne-toi Exemples Notes et astuces

~을 바탕으로 en 30 secondes

Means 'based on' or 'building upon'.
Requires the object particle 을/를.
Often used for movies, data, and decisions.
Adjective form is '~을 바탕으로 한'.

The Korean phrase '~을 바탕으로' (eul ba-tang-eu-ro) is a highly versatile and essential grammatical structure used to indicate that an action, thought, or creation is built upon a specific foundation, basis, or set of facts. To truly grasp its meaning, we must break down its morphological components. The word '바탕' (ba-tang) translates to 'foundation,' 'basis,' 'background,' or 'groundwork.' It represents the underlying material or conceptual base upon which something else is constructed. The particle '~을/를' is the standard object marker in Korean, attaching to the noun that serves as this foundation. Finally, the particle '~(으)로' functions as an instrumental or directional marker, meaning 'by means of,' 'using,' or 'with.' When combined, the entire phrase literally translates to 'using [Noun] as a foundation' or more naturally in English, 'based on [Noun]' or 'building upon [Noun].' This phrase is ubiquitous in both written and spoken Korean, particularly in contexts requiring logical explanation, academic writing, professional presentations, and formal discourse. It allows the speaker to establish credibility by pointing to the origin or evidence of their claims.

Morphological Breakdown: Noun + 을/를 (Object Particle) + 바탕 (Foundation) + 으로 (Instrumental Particle).

Understanding this phrase requires recognizing its metaphorical weight. Just as a building requires a solid foundation to stand tall, an argument, a novel, a movie, or a business strategy requires a solid conceptual foundation.

이 소설은 실화를 바탕으로 쓰여졌습니다.

In this example, the 'true story' (실화) is the foundation upon which the 'novel' (소설) is built. The usage extends beyond physical or creative works to abstract concepts like relationships, trust, and data. For instance, making a decision 'based on data' (데이터를 바탕으로) or building a relationship 'based on trust' (신뢰를 바탕으로).

Semantic Scope: Covers physical evidence, abstract trust, historical events, and statistical data.

우리는 상호 존중을 바탕으로 협력해야 합니다.

Here, 'mutual respect' (상호 존중) is the groundwork for 'cooperation' (협력). The versatility of '~을 바탕으로' makes it a cornerstone of intermediate Korean proficiency (CEFR B1). It elevates the sophistication of a learner's speech from simple statements of fact to complex expressions of causality and origin. Furthermore, the phrase can be modified to function as an adjective by changing '으로' to '으로 한'. For example, '실화를 바탕으로 한 영화' means 'a movie based on a true story.' This adjectival form is incredibly common in media descriptions and reviews.

Adjectival Transformation: Change ~으로 to ~으로 한 to modify the following noun directly.

이것은 과학적 사실을 바탕으로 한 이론입니다.

경험을 바탕으로 조언을 해 주셨어요.

설문조사 결과를 바탕으로 계획을 세웠습니다.

Mastering this phrase allows learners to articulate the origins of their thoughts, the basis of their arguments, and the foundations of various phenomena, marking a significant step towards fluency and communicative competence in Korean.

Using '~을 바탕으로' correctly involves understanding its syntactic placement and the types of nouns it typically accompanies. Syntactically, the phrase follows a noun and precedes the main clause that describes what is being built, created, or decided. The noun preceding the phrase must take the object particle '을' (if it ends in a consonant) or '를' (if it ends in a vowel).

Syntax Rule 1: Noun + 을/를 + 바탕으로 + Verb Clause.

For example, if the foundational noun is '경험' (experience, ending in a consonant), it becomes '경험을 바탕으로'. If the noun is '자료' (data/materials, ending in a vowel), it becomes '자료를 바탕으로'.

과거의 실패를 바탕으로 새로운 전략을 짰습니다.

The verb clause that follows usually involves actions like creating (만들다), writing (쓰다), planning (계획하다), deciding (결정하다), or developing (개발하다). This is because the concept of a 'foundation' inherently implies that something is being constructed upon it. Another crucial usage pattern is the adjectival form, '~을 바탕으로 한'. In this structure, the phrase modifies a subsequent noun rather than a verb.

Syntax Rule 2: Noun 1 + 을/를 바탕으로 한 + Noun 2.

이것은 한국의 역사를 바탕으로 한 드라마입니다.

This translates to 'This is a drama based on Korean history.' Notice how '바탕으로 한' acts as a bridge connecting the foundational noun (역사) to the resulting noun (드라마). This pattern is incredibly useful when summarizing plots, describing products, or explaining theories.

고객의 피드백을 바탕으로 서비스를 개선했습니다.

When using this phrase in professional or academic settings, it is often paired with formal vocabulary. For instance, instead of saying '얘기를 바탕으로' (based on the chat), one would say '논의를 바탕으로' (based on the discussion).

Register Matching: Elevate the formality of the surrounding nouns and verbs to match the slightly formal tone of the phrase.

정확한 데이터를 바탕으로 결정을 내려야 합니다.

전통 건축 양식을 바탕으로 한 현대적인 건물입니다.

It is also important to note that the phrase can be slightly modified for emphasis by adding particles like '만' (only) or '은/는' (topic marker) to the noun '바탕', though this is less common than the standard '으로'. For example, '경험을 바탕으로만' (based ONLY on experience). Mastering these syntactic variations ensures that learners can express complex relationships between ideas with precision and natural fluency.

The phrase '~을 바탕으로' is pervasive across various domains of Korean communication, particularly where justification, origin, or methodology needs to be established. You will frequently encounter this phrase in news broadcasts, documentaries, academic lectures, business meetings, and literary reviews. In the realm of entertainment and media, it is the standard way to introduce adaptations.

Media & Entertainment: Used to describe movies, dramas, or books based on true stories, webtoons, or historical events.

이 영화는 인기 웹툰을 바탕으로 제작되었습니다.

When watching a movie trailer or reading a book synopsis, the phrase '실화를 바탕으로 한' (based on a true story) is almost guaranteed to appear if applicable. In academic and educational settings, professors and textbook authors use this phrase to explain theories, methodologies, and historical developments.

다양한 연구 결과를 바탕으로 결론을 도출했습니다.

In the corporate world, '~을 바탕으로' is indispensable for presentations, reports, and strategic planning. Business professionals use it to justify their proposals, showing that their ideas are not random but grounded in solid data, market research, or past performance.

Business & Corporate: Essential for linking data, surveys, and meeting notes to actionable business strategies.

지난 분기 실적을 바탕으로 예산을 편성했습니다.

Furthermore, in political discourse and news reporting, journalists and politicians use the phrase to explain policy decisions or the background of current events. For example, a news anchor might say that a new law was drafted 'based on public opinion' (여론을 바탕으로).

News & Politics: Used to legitimize government actions by citing public consensus or expert analysis as the foundation.

시민들의 의견을 바탕으로 새로운 정책이 마련되었습니다.

오랜 기술력을 바탕으로 신제품을 출시했습니다.

Even in everyday conversations, while slightly formal, it is used when giving serious advice or explaining personal decisions rooted in past experiences. Recognizing this phrase in these diverse contexts helps learners understand not just what is being said, but the logical foundation upon which the speaker's claims are built, enriching their overall comprehension of the Korean language.

While '~을 바탕으로' is a highly structured and relatively straightforward phrase, learners often make subtle errors regarding particle usage, verb pairing, and confusing it with similar grammatical forms. One of the most frequent mistakes is omitting or using the wrong object particle before '바탕으로'. Because '바탕' acts as a noun that is being 'used' as a foundation, the preceding noun must take the object particle '을' or '를'.

Particle Error: Using ~에 바탕으로 instead of ~을/를 바탕으로.

Incorrect: 사실에 바탕으로. Correct: 사실을 바탕으로.

Learners sometimes confuse it with the phrase '~에 바탕을 두다' (to lay the foundation on), which does use the location particle '에'. Mixing these two structures up leads to grammatically incorrect sentences. Another common mistake involves incorrect verb pairing. Since '~을 바탕으로' implies building or deriving something from a foundation, the subsequent verb should logically align with this concept. Using it with verbs of simple motion or unrelated actions sounds unnatural.

Verb Pairing Error: Pairing the phrase with non-constructive verbs like 가다 (to go) or 먹다 (to eat).

Awkward: 지도를 바탕으로 갔습니다. Natural: 지도를 보고 찾아갔습니다.

In the awkward example, while a map is a guide, '바탕으로' implies a deeper foundational creation rather than just a directional reference. A third mistake is misusing the adjectival form. When modifying a noun, learners sometimes forget to add '한' and just write '~을 바탕으로 명사', which breaks the grammatical link.

Adjectival Link Error: Forgetting '한' when modifying a noun directly.

Incorrect: 실화를 바탕으로 영화. Correct: 실화를 바탕으로 한 영화.

Incorrect: 경험을 바탕으로 이야기. Correct: 경험을 바탕으로 한 이야기.

Incorrect: 규칙에 바탕으로. Correct: 규칙을 바탕으로.

By paying close attention to the object particle '을/를', selecting appropriate constructive verbs, and remembering the '한' for noun modification, learners can easily avoid these common pitfalls and use the phrase with native-like accuracy.

The Korean language offers several nuanced alternatives to '~을 바탕으로', each with its own specific flavor and preferred context. Understanding these synonyms allows learners to diversify their vocabulary and choose the most precise expression for their intended meaning. The most direct and interchangeable synonym is '~을 토대로' (eul to-dae-ro). The word '토대' (to-dae) literally means 'foundation' or 'base,' often used in the context of construction or building.

Synonym 1: ~을 토대로: Almost identical in meaning, highly interchangeable, often used in formal writing.

연구 결과를 토대로 논문을 작성했습니다.

Another very common synonym is '~을 기반으로' (eul gi-ban-eu-ro). '기반' (gi-ban) translates to 'base,' 'footing,' or 'infrastructure.' This phrase is particularly prevalent in business, technology, and economics when discussing systems, platforms, or organizational structures built upon a specific base.

Synonym 2: ~을 기반으로: Best for systemic, technological, or structural foundations.

클라우드 기술을 기반으로 한 서비스입니다.

A third related phrase is '~을 근거로' (eul geun-geo-ro). '근거' (geun-geo) means 'grounds,' 'basis,' or 'evidence.' This phrase is strictly used when you are providing logical proof, legal justification, or factual evidence for an argument or action. It is less about 'building' and more about 'justifying.'

Synonym 3: ~을 근거로: Used specifically for logical evidence, legal grounds, or factual justification.

CCTV 자료를 근거로 범인을 체포했습니다.

Lastly, learners might confuse it with '~에 따라' (according to). While '바탕으로' implies a foundation upon which something is built, '에 따라' implies following a rule, trend, or changing condition.

규칙에 따라 행동하세요. (Follow the rules vs Build upon the rules).

경험을 토대로 조언합니다.

By distinguishing between these subtle variations—whether building a general foundation (바탕으로/토대로), establishing a systemic base (기반으로), or providing logical evidence (근거로)—learners can articulate their thoughts with the precision of a native speaker.

How Formal Is It?

Niveau de difficulté

Grammaire à connaître

Noun + 에 따라 (According to)

Noun + 을/를 통해 (Through)

Noun + 에 대해 (About)

Verb + (으)ㄴ/는 것을 바탕으로 (Based on the fact that...)

Noun + 을/를 토대로 (Based on)

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Exemples par niveau

이 영화는 실화를 바탕으로 해요.

This movie is based on a true story.

실화 (true story) + 를 바탕으로 (based on).

책을 바탕으로 영화를 만들어요.

They make a movie based on the book.

책 (book) + 을 바탕으로.

사실을 바탕으로 말하세요.

Please speak based on facts.

사실 (fact) + 을 바탕으로.

경험을 바탕으로 썼어요.

I wrote it based on my experience.

경험 (experience) + 을 바탕으로.

이 이야기는 역사를 바탕으로 해요.

This story is based on history.

역사 (history) + 를 바탕으로.

웹툰을 바탕으로 한 드라마예요.

It is a drama based on a webtoon.

웹툰 (webtoon) + 을 바탕으로 한 (adjective form).

사랑을 바탕으로 만나요.

We meet based on love.

사랑 (love) + 을 바탕으로.

이 그림은 사진을 바탕으로 그렸어요.

I drew this picture based on a photo.

사진 (photo) + 을 바탕으로.

제 경험을 바탕으로 조언을 해 줄게요.

I will give you advice based on my experience.

경험 (experience) + 을 바탕으로.

이 식당은 할머니의 레시피를 바탕으로 요리해요.

This restaurant cooks based on grandmother's recipe.

레시피 (recipe) + 를 바탕으로.

우리는 신뢰를 바탕으로 친구가 되었어요.

We became friends based on trust.

신뢰 (trust) + 를 바탕으로.

학생들의 의견을 바탕으로 규칙을 바꿨어요.

We changed the rules based on the students' opinions.

의견 (opinion) + 을 바탕으로.

이 소설은 작가의 어린 시절을 바탕으로 했어요.

This novel is based on the author's childhood.

어린 시절 (childhood) + 을 바탕으로.

조사 결과를 바탕으로 발표를 준비했습니다.

I prepared the presentation based on the survey results.

결과 (result) + 를 바탕으로.

한국 문화를 바탕으로 한 게임을 좋아해요.

I like games based on Korean culture.

문화 (culture) + 를 바탕으로 한.

그 뉴스는 정확한 정보를 바탕으로 보도되었어요.

That news was reported based on accurate information.

정보 (information) + 를 바탕으로.

고객의 피드백을 바탕으로 새로운 서비스를 개발했습니다.

We developed a new service based on customer feedback.

피드백 (feedback) + 을 바탕으로.

과학적인 데이터를 바탕으로 결론을 내려야 합니다.

We must draw a conclusion based on scientific data.

데이터 (data) + 를 바탕으로.

서로에 대한 이해를 바탕으로 갈등을 해결했어요.

We resolved the conflict based on mutual understanding.

이해 (understanding) + 를 바탕으로.

이 정책은 전문가들의 조언을 바탕으로 수립되었습니다.

This policy was established based on the advice of experts.

조언 (advice) + 을 바탕으로.

전통 건축 양식을 바탕으로 한 현대적인 건물입니다.

It is a modern building based on traditional architectural styles.

양식 (style) + 을 바탕으로 한.

지난해의 실패를 바탕으로 올해는 더 철저히 준비했습니다.

Based on last year's failure, we prepared more thoroughly this year.

실패 (failure) + 를 바탕으로.

설문조사 통계를 바탕으로 마케팅 전략을 세웠어요.

We set up a marketing strategy based on the survey statistics.

통계 (statistics) + 를 바탕으로.

실제 일어난 사건을 바탕으로 재구성한 다큐멘터리입니다.

This is a documentary reconstructed based on actual events.

사건 (event) + 을 바탕으로.

방대한 문헌 연구를 바탕으로 이 논문을 집필하게 되었습니다.

I came to write this thesis based on extensive literature research.

연구 (research) + 를 바탕으로.

상호 존중과 평등을 바탕으로 한 노사 관계가 필요합니다.

Labor-management relations based on mutual respect and equality are necessary.

평등 (equality) + 을 바탕으로 한.

최근의 경제 지표를 바탕으로 향후 시장 동향을 예측할 수 있습니다.

Based on recent economic indicators, we can predict future market trends.

지표 (indicator) + 를 바탕으로.

이론적 배경을 바탕으로 실질적인 해결책을 모색해야 합니다.

We must seek practical solutions based on the theoretical background.

배경 (background) + 을 바탕으로.

인공지능 기술을 바탕으로 한 자율주행 자동차가 상용화되고 있습니다.

Autonomous vehicles based on AI technology are being commercialized.

기술 (technology) + 을 바탕으로 한.

객관적인 사실 관계를 바탕으로 사건의 진상을 규명해야 합니다.

We must investigate the truth of the incident based on objective facts.

관계 (relation/facts) + 를 바탕으로.

다양한 문화적 배경을 바탕으로 한 예술 작품들이 전시되어 있습니다.

Artworks based on diverse cultural backgrounds are on display.

배경 (background) + 을 바탕으로 한.

과거의 판례를 바탕으로 이번 사건의 판결이 내려질 것입니다.

The verdict for this case will be handed down based on past precedents.

판례 (precedent) + 를 바탕으로.

본 연구는 선행 연구들의 한계점을 바탕으로 새로운 이론적 틀을 제시하고자 한다.

This study aims to propose a new theoretical framework based on the limitations of previous studies.

한계점 (limitation) + 을 바탕으로.

헌법의 기본 원리를 바탕으로 국민의 기본권을 보장하는 법률이 제정되어야 한다.

Laws that guarantee the fundamental rights of citizens must be enacted based on the basic principles of the constitution.

원리 (principle) + 를 바탕으로.

빅데이터 분석 결과를 바탕으로 소비자 행동 패턴의 미세한 변화를 감지해 냈습니다.

Based on the results of big data analysis, we detected subtle changes in consumer behavior patterns.

결과 (result) + 를 바탕으로.

인간의 근원적인 고독과 소외를 바탕으로 쓰인 이 소설은 현대인의 공감을 자아낸다.

This novel, written based on the fundamental loneliness and alienation of humans, evokes empathy from modern people.

소외 (alienation) + 를 바탕으로.

기업의 사회적 책임을 바탕으로 한 지속 가능한 경영 전략이 요구되는 시점이다.

It is a time when sustainable management strategies based on corporate social responsibility are required.

책임 (responsibility) + 을 바탕으로 한.

유전자 조작 기술을 바탕으로 한 난치병 치료제 개발이 가시화되고 있습니다.

The development of treatments for incurable diseases based on genetic engineering technology is becoming visible.

기술 (technology) + 을 바탕으로 한.

역사적 사료에 대한 엄밀한 고증을 바탕으로 당시의 시대상을 완벽하게 재현해 냈다.

Based on rigorous historical research of historical documents, the era of that time was perfectly recreated.

고증 (historical research) + 을 바탕으로.

양국 간의 오랜 우호 협력 관계를 바탕으로 포괄적인 경제 동반자 협정을 체결했습니다.

Based on the long-standing friendly cooperative relationship between the two countries, a comprehensive economic partnership agreement was signed.

관계 (relationship) + 를 바탕으로.

실존주의 철학을 바탕으로 인간 존재의 부조리함을 날카롭게 파헤친 역작이다.

It is a masterpiece that sharply delves into the absurdity of human existence based on existentialist philosophy.

철학 (philosophy) + 을 바탕으로.

양자역학의 불확정성 원리를 바탕으로 우주의 기원에 대한 새로운 가설을 도출해 내었다.

Based on the uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics, a new hypothesis about the origin of the universe was derived.

원리 (principle) + 를 바탕으로.

다원주의적 가치관을 바탕으로 한 사회 통합 모델은 현대 민주주의가 나아가야 할 필연적 방향이다.

A social integration model based on pluralistic values is the inevitable direction modern democracy must take.

가치관 (values) + 을 바탕으로 한.

작가는 자신의 뼈아픈 실존적 체험을 바탕으로 이토록 처절하고도 아름다운 서사를 직조해 냈다.

The author wove this desperately beautiful narrative based on their own painful existential experiences.

체험 (experience) + 을 바탕으로.

미시경제학적 분석 틀을 바탕으로 거시적 정책 변수들이 시장에 미치는 파급 효과를 정량화하였다.

Based on a microeconomic analytical framework, the ripple effects of macroeconomic policy variables on the market were quantified.

틀 (framework) + 을 바탕으로.

포스트모더니즘의 해체주의적 시각을 바탕으로 기존의 문학적 관습을 전면적으로 부정하는 실험적 작품이다.

It is an experimental work that completely denies existing literary conventions based on the deconstructive perspective of postmodernism.

시각 (perspective) + 을 바탕으로.

수천 년간 축적된 동양의 지혜와 통찰을 바탕으로 현대 사회의 병폐를 치유할 대안을 모색해야 한다.

We must seek alternatives to cure the ills of modern society based on the wisdom and insight of the East accumulated over thousands of years.

통찰 (insight) + 을 바탕으로.

뇌신경과학의 최신 연구 성과를 바탕으로 인간 의식의 발현 기작에 대한 유물론적 해석을 시도하였다.

Based on the latest research achievements in neuroscience, a materialistic interpretation of the manifestation mechanism of human consciousness was attempted.

성과 (achievement) + 을 바탕으로.

Collocations courantes

실화를 바탕으로

경험을 바탕으로

데이터를 바탕으로

사실을 바탕으로

연구 결과를 바탕으로

설문조사를 바탕으로

신뢰를 바탕으로

역사를 바탕으로

의견을 바탕으로

이해를 바탕으로

Phrases Courantes

실화를 바탕으로 한 영화

경험을 바탕으로 조언하다

데이터를 바탕으로 결정하다

사실을 바탕으로 보도하다

신뢰를 바탕으로 한 관계

연구를 바탕으로 쓰다

조사 결과를 바탕으로

상호 존중을 바탕으로

전통을 바탕으로

이론을 바탕으로

Souvent confondu avec

~을 바탕으로 vs ~에 따라 (According to)

~을 바탕으로 vs ~을 통해 (Through)

~을 바탕으로 vs ~에 바탕을 두다 (To lay the foundation on)

Expressions idiomatiques

"맨땅에 헤딩하다 (Opposite concept: doing something without a foundation)"

"모래 위에 집 짓기 (Opposite concept: building on a weak foundation)"

"기초를 다지다 (Related concept: to lay the foundation)"

"주춧돌을 놓다 (Related concept: to lay the cornerstone)"

"뿌리를 내리다 (Related concept: to take root)"

"밑거름이 되다 (Related concept: to become a foundation/fertilizer for success)"

"토대를 마련하다 (Related concept: to prepare the foundation)"

"초석을 다지다 (Related concept: to lay the foundation stone)"

"발판으로 삼다 (Related concept: to use as a stepping stone)"

"뼈대를 세우다 (Related concept: to set up the framework)"

Facile à confondre

~을 바탕으로 vs

Structures de phrases

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Comment l'utiliser

note

While '바탕' means foundation, do not use it for physical foundations of buildings (use 기초 or 토대 instead). It is mostly used for conceptual, informational, or narrative foundations.

Erreurs courantes

Using '~에 바탕으로' instead of '~을/를 바탕으로'.
Forgetting '한' when modifying a noun (e.g., 실화를 바탕으로 영화 instead of 실화를 바탕으로 한 영화).
Pairing it with unrelated verbs like '가다' or '먹다'.
Using it directly with a person's name instead of their actions or words.
Confusing it with '~에 따라' (according to).

Astuces

Check the Particle

Always double-check that you are using 을/를 before 바탕으로. A common mistake is using 에. Remember: Noun + 을/를 + 바탕으로.

Movie Magic

If you want to sound like a native when talking about movies, memorize the chunk '실화를 바탕으로 한' (Based on a true story). You will use it constantly.

TOPIK Writing Booster

In TOPIK writing task 53 (graph analysis), use '이 그래프를 바탕으로' (Based on this graph) to introduce your analysis. It instantly elevates your score.

Giving Advice

When giving advice to a friend, start with '내 경험을 바탕으로 말하자면...' (Speaking based on my experience...). It makes your advice sound thoughtful and grounded.

The Connecting '한'

If a noun comes immediately after the phrase, you MUST add '한'. Example: 데이터를 바탕으로 한 결정 (A decision based on data).

News Keywords

When listening to Korean news, pay attention when you hear '바탕으로'. The word right before it is usually the main evidence or reason for the news story.

Swap with 토대로

To avoid sounding repetitive in an essay, alternate between '바탕으로' and '토대로'. They mean the exact same thing and both sound very professional.

Avoid Simple Verbs

Don't use this phrase with simple verbs of motion like 가다 (to go) or 오다 (to come). It needs verbs of creation, thought, or action like 만들다 or 결정하다.

Building Trust

In Korean business culture, saying '신뢰를 바탕으로' (Based on trust) is a very common and polite way to describe a good partnership or relationship.

Linking Sounds

When pronouncing '바탕으로', the 'ㅇ' in '으' takes the 'ㅇ' sound from '탕', making it flow smoothly as [바탕으로]. Don't pause between the syllables.

Mémorise-le

Moyen mnémotechnique

Imagine a BAT (바탕) holding up a building. The BAT is the foundation you build upon.

Origine du mot

Native Korean word '바탕' (foundation/nature) + particle '으로' (by/with).

Contexte culturel

Slightly formal but common in everyday speech when discussing serious topics.

Highly frequent in news, academia, and entertainment media.

Pratique dans la vie réelle

Contextes réels

Amorces de conversation

"이 영화는 실화를 바탕으로 했대요. 보실래요?"

"어떤 데이터를 바탕으로 그런 결정을 내리셨나요?"

"당신의 경험을 바탕으로 저에게 조언을 해 주실 수 있나요?"

"이 소설은 작가의 실제 삶을 바탕으로 쓰여졌다고 들었어요."

"무엇을 바탕으로 이 프로젝트를 기획하셨나요?"

Sujets d'écriture

과거의 실수를 바탕으로 배운 점을 써 보세요.

자신의 경험을 바탕으로 한 짧은 이야기를 만들어 보세요.

어떤 사실을 바탕으로 당신의 중요한 가치관이 형성되었나요?

최근 읽은 기사나 뉴스를 바탕으로 자신의 의견을 적어 보세요.

상호 존중을 바탕으로 한 이상적인 관계에 대해 서술해 보세요.

Questions fréquentes

10 questions

No, that is grammatically incorrect. Because '바탕' is acting as the object that you are 'using' as a foundation, you must use the object particle '을' or '를'. If you want to use '에', you must change the verb phrase to '~에 바탕을 두다' (to lay the foundation on).

They are almost perfectly interchangeable in most contexts. Both mean 'based on' or 'founded upon'. However, '토대' has a slightly stronger nuance of a structural or physical base, while '바탕' feels a bit more natural for abstract concepts like stories, experiences, or trust. Still, in 90% of cases, you can use either.

You must use the adjectival form. The correct phrase is '실화를 바탕으로 한 영화'. If you just say '실화를 바탕으로 영화', it is grammatically incomplete because you are missing the verb '한' (did/made) that connects the phrase to the noun 'movie'.

Yes, but it might sound a bit formal depending on the context. Saying '내 경험을 바탕으로 말하자면' (Speaking based on my experience) is perfectly fine with friends. However, for very trivial things, it might sound overly serious. It's best reserved for advice, opinions, or explaining media.

In this specific grammar structure, yes. However, as an independent noun, '바탕' can also mean 'background' (like a computer desktop background - 바탕화면) or a person's natural disposition or character. But when attached to '으로', it almost always means 'based on'.

Verbs related to creation, decision, and analysis are the most common. Examples include 만들다 (to make), 쓰다 (to write), 결정하다 (to decide), 판단하다 (to judge), 계획하다 (to plan), and 개발하다 (to develop). It pairs well with constructive actions.

Absolutely. This is a core intermediate (TOPIK II, Level 3-4) grammar point. You will frequently see it in the reading section, especially in articles, essays, and advertisements for books or movies. You are also highly encouraged to use it in the writing section (Question 53 and 54) to score higher.

Usually, no. You don't base something on a person directly. You base it on their 'advice' (친구의 조언을 바탕으로), their 'story' (친구의 이야기를 바탕으로), or their 'experience' (친구의 경험을 바탕으로). You need a conceptual noun, not just a person.

There isn't a single exact opposite grammar point, but you can express the opposite idea using phrases like '~와 무관하게' (regardless of) or '~을 무시하고' (ignoring). For example, '데이터를 무시하고 결정했다' (Decided ignoring the data) is the opposite of deciding based on the data.

The word '바탕' ends in a consonant (ㅇ). In Korean grammar, the instrumental particle is '으로' after a consonant and '로' after a vowel. Therefore, it is always '바탕으로', never '바탕로'.

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