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A2 noun 9 min de lecture

출퇴근 시간

chultoegeun sigan
Exemples 출퇴근 시간 en 30 secondes
Explication 출퇴근 시간 in your Level:
At the A1 level, you should recognize '출퇴근 시간' as a word related to daily routines. You might not use it in complex sentences, but you can understand it in the context of 'time' (시간). For example, if someone says '출퇴근 시간? 8시,' you can understand they are talking about the time they go to work. At this stage, focus on the two main parts: '출근' (go to work) and '퇴근' (leave work). You can use it in simple sentences like '출퇴근 시간이 길어요' (Commute time is long) to express basic facts about your day. Learning this word early helps you describe your daily schedule, which is a key A1 skill.
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At the A2 level, you can use '출퇴근 시간' to describe your lifestyle and preferences. You should be able to use particles like '-에는' (during) and '-이/가' (subject) correctly. You can explain how long it takes using the verb '걸리다' (to take time), such as '출퇴근 시간이 한 시간 걸려요.' You also start to understand the cultural context, like why traffic is heavy in the morning and evening. You can ask others about their commute to start a conversation: '출퇴근 시간이 얼마나 걸려요?' This level focuses on using the word in practical, everyday situations to exchange information about work and travel.
At the B1 level, you can talk about the feelings and consequences associated with '출퇴근 시간.' You can use more complex grammar to describe your experiences, such as '출퇴근 시간은 너무 힘들어서 이사를 가고 싶어요' (Commute time is so hard I want to move). You can also talk about how you spend your time during the commute, using the word as a resource: '출퇴근 시간을 활용해서 한국어를 공부해요' (I study Korean using my commute time). You should be comfortable using the word in both spoken and written contexts, such as writing a short journal entry about your day or explaining a delay to a friend.
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At the B2 level, you can discuss '출퇴근 시간' in the context of social issues and work-life balance. You can analyze how long commutes affect mental health or productivity. You might use the word in more formal settings, like a debate about urban planning or a company meeting about flexible work hours (유연근무제). You can understand nuances like the difference between '출퇴근 시간' and '통근 시간' (formal commute time). You are also able to understand news reports or articles that use this term to describe economic trends, such as how high housing prices in Seoul are increasing the average '출퇴근 시간' for workers.
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At the C1 level, you can use '출퇴근 시간' to engage in sophisticated discourse about sociology and urban geography. You can discuss the 'commuter belt' (수도권) and how transit infrastructure impacts the '출퇴근 시간' of different social classes. You can use the term metaphorically or in idiomatic expressions. You are capable of understanding complex literary or cinematic works where '출퇴근 시간' is used as a motif for the monotony of modern life. Your vocabulary around this topic is extensive, including terms like '거주지-직장 불일치' (jobs-housing mismatch) and how it relates to the daily '출퇴근 시간.'
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At the C2 level, you have a masterly command of the term and can use it in academic, professional, or creative writing with perfect nuance. You can critique government policies regarding '출퇴근 시간' reduction and its impact on the national birth rate or environmental sustainability. You can understand and use archaic or highly technical variations of the term in legal or historical contexts. You can write persuasive essays or deliver speeches that use the collective experience of '출퇴근 시간' to connect with a Korean audience on a deep, emotional level, reflecting on the historical development of Korea's urban landscape.
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Exemples

출퇴근 시간 en 30 secondes

  • Refers to the daily commute hours (morning and evening).
  • Can mean either the 'peak time' or the 'total duration' of travel.
  • Central to Korean urban life and often associated with high stress.
  • Commonly used with verbs like '걸리다' (take) and '막히다' (be congested).

The term 출퇴근 시간 (chultoigeun sigan) is a compound noun that serves as a cornerstone of daily life in South Korea, particularly in the bustling Seoul Metropolitan Area. To understand its profound meaning, one must first dissect its linguistic components: 출근 (chul-geun), meaning 'going to work,' and 퇴근 (toe-geun), meaning 'leaving work,' followed by 시간 (sigan), meaning 'time.' Together, they represent the specific windows of the day—typically 7:00 AM to 9:30 AM and 6:00 PM to 8:00 PM—when the workforce is in transit. However, it is not merely a temporal marker; it is a cultural phenomenon associated with high-density transit, psychological endurance, and the collective rhythm of a nation known for its 'pali-pali' (hurry-hurry) culture.

The Daily Pulse
In Korea, the 'rush hour' is often described with the prefix 'Hell,' resulting in terms like 지옥철 (Ji-ok-cheol), meaning 'Hell-Subway.' When people talk about 출퇴근 시간, they are often referencing the physical and mental toll of these hours. It is the time when personal space is non-existent, and the efficiency of the public transport system is tested to its limits.
Sociological Context
Koreans use this phrase to negotiate meetings, schedule deliveries, and explain why they might be late. It is a universally accepted excuse for various delays. Because many Koreans live in 'satellite cities' (Gyeonggi-do) and work in Seoul, the 출퇴근 시간 can often extend to 3 or 4 hours daily, making it a significant factor in quality-of-life discussions and real estate value.

서울의 출퇴근 시간은 정말 혼잡합니다. (Commute times in Seoul are truly congested.)

— A common observation made by locals and expats alike.

Beyond the physical movement, the term also encompasses the 'commute duration.' When someone asks, '출퇴근 시간이 얼마나 걸려요?' (How long is your commute time?), they are inquiring about your daily sacrifice of time. In recent years, with the rise of remote work (재택근무), the concept of 'zero commute time' has become a coveted luxury. Yet, the phrase remains a central pillar of Korean office culture, symbolizing the boundary—or lack thereof—between private life and professional obligations.

Functional Usage
Grammatically, it functions as a noun. It is frequently paired with verbs like 피하다 (to avoid), 활용하다 (to utilize), and 줄이다 (to reduce). For instance, '출퇴근 시간을 활용해서 독서를 해요' (I read books using my commute time) reflects the Korean value of self-improvement (j 자기개발) even in stressful environments.

출퇴근 시간에는 버스보다 지하철이 빨라요. (During commute hours, the subway is faster than the bus.)

Mastering the use of 출퇴근 시간 requires understanding its role as a temporal noun and a subject of experience. In Korean grammar, time-related nouns often take the particle -에는 (at/during) to specify when an action occurs. When you want to describe the nature of the commute, you use descriptive verbs like 길다 (long) or 힘들다 (exhausting). Because this word represents a daily routine, it is frequently used in the present tense for general facts or the past tense when recounting a specific struggle.

The Duration Perspective
When talking about the length of time spent traveling, the sentence structure usually follows: [Subject] + [출퇴근 시간] + [이/가] + [Duration] + [걸리다]. Example: '제 출퇴근 시간은 왕복 두 시간이에요' (My commute time is two hours round trip). Here, '왕복' (wang-bok) adds the nuance of 'round trip,' which is crucial for clarity.
The Peak Hour Perspective
When referring to the 'rush hour' itself, you treat it as a period of high activity. '출퇴근 시간에는 차가 많이 막혀요' (During commute hours, traffic is very congested). In this context, the word acts as a situational trigger for traffic (교통체증).

저는 출퇴근 시간을 피해서 일찍 나갑니다. (I leave early to avoid commute hours.)

In professional settings, discussing commute times is a standard part of interviews. An employer might ask, '출퇴근 시간이 얼마나 걸릴까요?' to gauge if the distance will affect your punctuality or long-term retention. Conversely, an employee might negotiate for 유연근무제 (flexible work hours) by citing a desire to avoid the peak 출퇴근 시간. This demonstrates the word's utility in formal negotiations and logistical planning.

Social Contexts
In casual conversations, it is often used to vent frustration. '출퇴근 시간만 아니면 금방 갈 텐데...' (If it weren't for commute hours, I would be there quickly...). The use of the particle ~만 아니면 (if only it weren't) highlights the word as a source of annoyance.

어제는 출퇴근 시간에 비가 와서 더 힘들었어요. (Yesterday was even harder because it rained during commute hours.)

If you live in Korea, 출퇴근 시간 is a word you will hear multiple times a day, from various sources ranging from digital announcements to casual office banter. It is the pulse of the city's broadcast media. Every morning on the radio, traffic reporters provide updates specifically focused on the '출퇴근 시간 상황' (commute hour situation), warning drivers about bottleneck areas like the Olympic Expressway or the Gangnam District.

Public Announcements
Inside subway stations, you will hear announcements regarding increased train frequency during '출퇴근 시간.' The Seoul Metro increases the number of trains to accommodate the influx of passengers, a service known as '배차 간격 단축' (shortening the dispatch interval). You might also see signs that say '출퇴근 시간대 자전거 휴대 승차 금지' (Bicycles prohibited on trains during commute hours).
In the Office
Colleagues often exchange pleasantries or complaints about their journey. '출퇴근 시간 어땠어요?' (How was your commute?) is a standard 'small talk' opener. If a colleague looks particularly exhausted at 9:05 AM, they might blame the '출퇴근 시간 지하철 사고' (a subway accident during commute hours).

라디오: "현재 출퇴근 시간이라 강변북로가 매우 혼잡합니다." (Radio: "As it is currently commute time, the Gangbyeon Expressway is very congested.")

Pop culture also heavily utilizes this term. In K-dramas, the 'long commute' is a recurring trope used to evoke sympathy for a character's hard life. A famous example is the drama 'My Liberation Notes,' where the protagonists' lives are defined by their grueling '출퇴근 시간' from the outskirts of Gyeonggi-do to Seoul. This depiction resonated deeply with the Korean public, turning the mundane word into a symbol of existential weariness.

"출퇴근 시간에는 핸드폰 보기도 힘들어요." (During commute hours, it's even hard to look at your phone [due to the crowd].)

For English speakers learning Korean, the most common mistake is confusing 출퇴근 시간 with the general term for 'traffic' or 'working hours.' While they are related, they are not interchangeable. '교통' (traffic) refers to the movement of vehicles, whereas '출퇴근 시간' refers to the specific period or duration associated with work travel. You wouldn't say 'The traffic is long'; you say 'The commute time is long.'

Mistake 1: Confusing with Working Hours
Learners often use 근무 시간 (working hours) when they mean 출퇴근 시간. 근무 시간 is the time you are actually at your desk working (e.g., 9 to 6). 출퇴근 시간 is the time spent getting there and back. If you say your 'working hours are 2 hours,' people will think you have a very short work day!
Mistake 2: Incorrect Particle Usage
Using ~를 (object particle) when ~이/가 (subject particle) is required with 걸리다 (to take time). Incorrect: '출퇴근 시간을 한 시간 걸려요.' Correct: '출퇴근 시간이 한 시간 걸려요.' The time itself is the subject that 'takes' or 'is required.'

❌ 출퇴근 시간을 9시부터 6시까지예요. (My commute time is 9 to 6.)
✅ 근무 시간이 9시부터 6시까지예요. (My working hours are 9 to 6.)

Another nuance is the difference between 출퇴근 시간 and 러시아워 (Rush Hour). While '러시아워' is used in Korea, it is a loanword and feels slightly more western or specifically focused on the traffic jam itself. '출퇴근 시간' is the more natural, native way to describe the daily grind. Using '러시아워' in a formal report might sound a bit casual or overly specific to road traffic, whereas '출퇴근 시간' covers subways, buses, and walking.

❌ 출퇴근 시간에 학교에 가요. (I go to school during commute hours.)
✅ 등교 시간에 학교에 가요. (I go to school during school-going hours.)

While 출퇴근 시간 is the most common term, several alternatives exist depending on whether you want to emphasize the journey, the traffic, or the specific direction. Understanding these synonyms and related terms will help you sound more like a native speaker and allow you to navigate different social contexts with ease.

통근 시간 (Tong-geun Sigan)
This is a slightly more formal or academic term for commuting. It is often used in statistics, government reports, or company policies (e.g., '통근 수당' - commute allowance). While '출퇴근' focuses on the act of 'going and leaving,' '통근' focuses on the regular 'commuting' aspect. In daily speech, '출퇴근' is much more frequent.
출퇴근길 (Chultoigeun-gil)
The suffix -길 means 'road' or 'way.' Use this when you want to talk about the physical journey or things that happen on the way. Example: '출퇴근길에 팟캐스트를 들어요' (I listen to podcasts on the way to/from work). '시간' refers to the duration, while '길' refers to the experience of being in transit.

비교:
1. 출퇴근 시간이 길어요. (Commute time is long - duration focus)
2. 출퇴근길이 복잡해요. (The commute path is crowded - experience focus)

For specific directions, you can split the term. 출근 시간 refers only to the morning rush, and 퇴근 시간 refers only to the evening rush. If you are specifically complaining about the morning subway, '출근 시간 지하철' is more precise than using the combined term. Additionally, 피크 타임 (Peak Time) is sometimes used in business contexts to refer to the busiest hours, though it is broader and can apply to restaurants or shopping malls as well.

등하교 시간 (Deunghagyo Sigan)
As mentioned before, this is the student equivalent. Using '출퇴근' as a student sounds like you are treating school as a corporate job, which might be a funny metaphor but is technically incorrect.

요즘은 유연근무제 덕분에 출퇴근 시간이 자유로워졌어요. (Thanks to flexible work hours, commute times have become more flexible.)

Guide de prononciation

UK /tʃʰul.tʰwe.ɡun si.ɡan/
US /tʃʰul.tʰwe.ɡun si.ɡan/
Stress is relatively even across syllables, with a slight rise on the first syllable of each word.
Erreurs fréquentes
  • Pronouncing 'chul' like 'shul'.
  • Making the 't' in 'toe' unaspirated.
  • Mispronouncing 'sigan' as 'shigan'.
  • Merging the two words into one without a slight pause.
  • Vowel length errors in 'si-gan'.
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Exemples par niveau

1

출퇴근 시간이 길어요.

Commute time is long.

Simple subject + adjective.

2

출퇴근 시간은 8시예요.

The commute time is 8 o'clock.

Topic particle -은.

3

출퇴근 시간에 사람이 많아요.

There are many people during commute hours.

Time particle -에.

4

제 출퇴근 시간은 짧아요.

My commute time is short.

Possessive 제 (my).

5

출퇴근 시간이 언제예요?

When is the commute time?

Question word 언제 (when).

6

출퇴근 시간에 버스를 타요.

I take the bus during commute hours.

Object particle -를.

7

출퇴근 시간은 힘들어요.

Commute time is hard.

Adjective 힘들다 (to be hard).

8

출퇴근 시간이 좋아요.

I like the commute time (maybe for the view).

Subject particle -이.

1

출퇴근 시간이 얼마나 걸려요?

How long does the commute time take?

얼마나 (how much) + 걸리다 (to take).

2

출퇴근 시간에는 차가 많이 막혀요.

During commute hours, traffic is very heavy.

막히다 (to be blocked/congested).

3

저는 출퇴근 시간을 좋아하지 않아요.

I do not like commute time.

Negative form -지 않다.

4

출퇴근 시간이 1시간쯤 걸려요.

The commute takes about 1 hour.

Approximation particle 쯤.

5

출퇴근 시간에 책을 읽어요.

I read a book during commute hours.

Action verb in the present tense.

6

출퇴근 시간이 너무 길어서 피곤해요.

Because the commute time is too long, I am tired.

Causal connective -어서.

7

출퇴근 시간을 피해서 일찍 출근해요.

I go to work early to avoid commute hours.

피하다 (to avoid) + -어서 (reason/sequence).

8

보통 출퇴근 시간에 뭐 하세요?

What do you usually do during commute hours?

Honorific ending -세요.

1

출퇴근 시간을 활용해서 영어 공부를 하고 있어요.

I am studying English by utilizing my commute time.

활용하다 (to utilize) + -고 있다 (progressive).

2

출퇴근 시간이 길면 개인 시간이 부족해져요.

If the commute time is long, personal time becomes insufficient.

Conditional -면 + -아/어지다 (become).

3

요즘 출퇴근 시간 지하철은 정말 지옥 같아요.

These days, the subway during commute hours is like hell.

Noun + 같다 (to be like).

4

출퇴근 시간을 줄이려고 회사 근처로 이사했어요.

I moved near the office to reduce my commute time.

Intention -려고 (in order to).

5

갑작스러운 사고로 출퇴근 시간이 평소보다 더 걸렸어요.

Due to a sudden accident, the commute time took longer than usual.

Comparison ~보다 더.

6

출퇴근 시간에 앉아서 갈 수 있으면 좋겠어요.

I wish I could sit down during commute hours.

Hope/Desire ~었으면 좋겠다.

7

스마트폰 덕분에 출퇴근 시간이 지루하지 않아요.

Thanks to smartphones, commute time is not boring.

Noun + 덕분에 (thanks to).

8

그 회사는 출퇴근 시간을 자유롭게 조절할 수 있어요.

That company allows you to adjust your commute time freely.

Ability -ㄹ 수 있다.

1

출퇴근 시간의 혼잡을 줄이기 위해 지하철 노선을 증설해야 합니다.

To reduce congestion during commute hours, subway lines must be expanded.

Purpose -기 위해 + necessity -해야 하다.

2

장거리 출퇴근 시간은 직장인의 직무 만족도에 부정적인 영향을 미칩니다.

Long commute times negatively affect the job satisfaction of office workers.

Influencing ~에 영향을 미치다.

3

유연근무제가 확산되면서 출퇴근 시간의 개념이 변하고 있습니다.

As flexible work hours spread, the concept of commute time is changing.

As/While -면서.

4

출퇴근 시간에 시달리다 보면 삶의 질이 떨어진다고 느낄 때가 많아요.

When you suffer through commute hours, you often feel that the quality of life drops.

Suffering ~에 시달리다 + ~다 보면 (if one keeps doing).

5

정부는 출퇴근 시간의 교통 체증을 해결하기 위해 다양한 정책을 내놓았습니다.

The government has proposed various policies to solve traffic congestion during commute hours.

Solution ~을 해결하기 위해.

6

출퇴근 시간대에만 운행하는 급행 열차가 있어서 편리해요.

It's convenient because there are express trains that run only during commute hours.

Only ~만 + modifying noun ~하는.

7

많은 사람들이 출퇴근 시간을 자기계발의 기회로 삼고 있습니다.

Many people are taking commute time as an opportunity for self-development.

Taking as ~으로 삼다.

8

수도권 거주자들의 평균 출퇴근 시간은 매년 증가하는 추세입니다.

The average commute time for residents of the metropolitan area is on an increasing trend.

Trend ~하는 추세이다.

1

출퇴근 시간의 단축은 도시 경쟁력을 높이는 핵심 요소 중 하나입니다.

Shortening commute times is one of the key factors in increasing urban competitiveness.

Nominalization ~의 단축 + key factor 요소 중 하나.

2

직주근접이 실현되면 출퇴근 시간으로 인한 사회적 비용을 크게 절감할 수 있습니다.

If the proximity of residence and workplace is realized, social costs due to commute times can be significantly reduced.

Causality ~로 인한 + reduction 절감.

3

현대인들에게 출퇴근 시간은 고립된 사유의 시간이자 고통스러운 인내의 시간입니다.

For modern people, commute time is both a time for isolated reflection and a time of painful endurance.

Double identity ~이자 ~.

4

출퇴근 시간의 비효율성을 극복하기 위해 위성 도시의 자족 기능을 강화해야 합니다.

To overcome the inefficiency of commute times, the self-sufficiency of satellite cities must be strengthened.

Overcoming 극복하기 위해.

5

재택근무의 보편화가 출퇴근 시간이라는 전통적인 시간 규범을 무너뜨리고 있습니다.

The normalization of remote work is breaking down the traditional temporal norms known as commute hours.

Breaking down ~을 무너뜨리다.

6

출퇴근 시간의 혼잡도는 단순한 불편을 넘어 공중보건의 문제로 다뤄져야 합니다.

Congestion during commute hours should be treated as a public health issue beyond simple inconvenience.

Beyond ~을 넘어.

7

긴 출퇴근 시간은 가족 간의 대화 단절과 공동체 해체의 원인이 되기도 합니다.

Long commute times can also be a cause of communication breakdown between family members and the dissolution of communities.

Cause ~의 원인이 되다.

8

출퇴근 시간의 역설은 도시의 팽창이 오히려 인간의 이동 효율을 저해한다는 점에 있습니다.

The paradox of commute time lies in the fact that urban expansion actually hinders human mobility efficiency.

The paradox lies in ~에 있습니다.

1

출퇴근 시간이라는 일상의 리듬은 자본주의 사회가 개인의 신체를 통제하는 정교한 기제입니다.

The daily rhythm of commute hours is a sophisticated mechanism through which capitalist society controls the individual's body.

Sophisticated mechanism 정교한 기제.

2

도시 공학적 관점에서 출퇴근 시간의 최적화는 거시적 경제 지표와 직결되는 사안입니다.

From an urban engineering perspective, the optimization of commute times is an issue directly linked to macroeconomic indicators.

Directly linked 직결되는.

3

출퇴근 시간의 소멸이 가져올 공간적 정의에 대한 철학적 고찰이 필요한 시점입니다.

It is time for a philosophical reflection on the spatial justice that the disappearance of commute times will bring.

Philosophical reflection 철학적 고찰.

4

우리는 출퇴근 시간의 가혹함 속에서도 인간적 유대와 연대의 가능성을 모색해야 합니다.

Even amidst the harshness of commute hours, we must seek the possibility of human bonds and solidarity.

Seeking possibility 가능성을 모색하다.

5

출퇴근 시간의 변천사는 한국 근현대사 속 노동의 성격 변화를 극명하게 보여주는 지표입니다.

The history of changes in commute times is an indicator that clearly shows the change in the nature of labor in modern Korean history.

Clearly showing 극명하게 보여주는.

6

디지털 노마드의 부상은 출퇴근 시간이라는 지리적 구속으로부터의 해방을 의미합니다.

The rise of digital nomads signifies liberation from the geographical constraints known as commute hours.

Geographical constraints 지리적 구속.

7

출퇴근 시간의 사회학적 의미는 단순히 이동에 그치지 않고 계층 간의 공간적 분리를 공고히 합니다.

The sociological meaning of commute time does not stop at mere movement but solidifies the spatial separation between classes.

Solidifying 공고히 하다.

8

출퇴근 시간의 피로가 누적된 도시인들에게 '저녁이 있는 삶'은 여전히 요원한 꿈일 수 있습니다.

For urbanites with accumulated fatigue from commute hours, a 'life with evenings' may still be a distant dream.

Distant dream 요원한 꿈.

Collocations courantes

출퇴근 시간이 길다
출퇴근 시간이 짧다
출퇴근 시간을 피하다
출퇴근 시간을 활용하다
출퇴근 시간이 걸리다
출퇴근 시간대
출퇴근 시간 교통체증
출퇴근 시간을 줄이다
출퇴근 시간의 고통
출퇴근 시간 지연

Phrases Courantes

출퇴근 시간 전쟁

— Describing the intense struggle of commuting.

오늘 아침도 출퇴근 시간 전쟁을 치렀어요.

출퇴근 시간이 아깝다

— Feeling that the commute time is a waste.

길에서 버리는 출퇴근 시간이 너무 아까워요.

출퇴근 시간 맞추다

— To adjust one's schedule to the commute.

지하철 출퇴근 시간을 맞추기가 어렵네요.

출퇴근 시간 고정

— Fixed commute hours.

저희 회사는 출퇴근 시간이 고정되어 있어요.

출퇴근 시간 유연성

— Flexibility in commute times.

출퇴근 시간의 유연성이 필요합니다.

출퇴근 시간 지옥

— Comparing the commute to hell.

9호선 출퇴근 시간은 정말 지옥이에요.

출퇴근 시간 풍경

— The typical scene during commute hours.

한국의 독특한 출퇴근 시간 풍경입니다.

출퇴근 시간 활용법

— Ways to use commute time productively.

나만의 출퇴근 시간 활용법을 공유해 주세요.

출퇴근 시간 단축

— Shortening the commute.

GTX가 개통되면 출퇴근 시간이 단축될 거예요.

출퇴근 시간의 여유

— Having spare time during the commute.

오늘은 일찍 나와서 출퇴근 시간의 여유가 있네요.

Expressions idiomatiques

"지옥철을 타다"

— To ride a 'hellish' crowded subway during commute hours.

매일 아침 지옥철을 타는 게 일이에요.

Slang/Informal
"콩나물시루 같다"

— Packed like a bean sprout jar (similar to 'packed like sardines').

출퇴근 시간 버스는 콩나물시루 같아요.

Idiomatic
"길바닥에 시간을 버리다"

— To waste time on the road (commuting).

출퇴근 시간 때문에 길바닥에 시간을 버리고 있어요.

Colloquial
"눈치 퇴근"

— Leaving work while watching the boss's reaction (affects commute time).

눈치 퇴근 하느라 출퇴근 시간이 늦어졌어요.

Office Slang
"칼퇴근"

— Leaving work exactly on time (sharp).

칼퇴근을 해야 출퇴근 시간을 줄일 수 있어요.

Common Slang
"월요병"

— Monday blues (often starts during the Monday morning commute).

월요일 출퇴근 시간은 월요병 때문에 더 힘들어요.

Casual
"발 디딜 틈이 없다"

— No room to even step (extremely crowded).

출퇴근 시간 지하철은 발 디딜 틈이 없어요.

Idiomatic
"코앞에 있다"

— To be right under one's nose (very close, meaning short commute).

회사가 코앞이라 출퇴근 시간이 없어요.

Idiomatic
"파김치가 되다"

— To be exhausted like limp green onion kimchi.

출퇴근 시간을 겪고 나면 파김치가 돼요.

Idiomatic
"숨이 턱 막히다"

— To be breathless (due to the crowd).

출퇴근 시간 인파를 보면 숨이 턱 막혀요.

Descriptive
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