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C1 adjective 12 min de lecture

medvirkende

Exemples
Explication medvirkende in your Level:
At the A1 level, learners of Norwegian are primarily focused on basic survival vocabulary, such as greetings, numbers, simple foods, and everyday objects. The word 'medvirkende' is far too complex and abstract for this stage. An A1 learner would not be expected to understand or use this word. Instead, if they needed to express a similar, very basic idea, they might just use the word 'og' (and) to link two things together, or perhaps the word 'med' (with). For example, instead of saying 'the weather was a contributing factor to the accident', an A1 learner might simply say 'Det var dårlig vær, og bilen krasjet' (It was bad weather, and the car crashed). The concept of causality and contributing factors is cognitively and linguistically too demanding for the foundational structures taught at A1. They focus on direct, simple actions and descriptions. Words ending in '-ende' (present participles) are generally not introduced until much later in the learning journey, as they require an understanding of how verbs can be transformed into adjectives. At this stage, learners are just trying to master basic subject-verb-object sentence structures and present tense conjugation. Therefore, 'medvirkende' remains entirely outside the scope of an A1 curriculum, reserved for much more advanced stages of language acquisition.
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By the A2 level, learners are starting to form slightly more complex sentences and can express basic opinions, routines, and past events. However, 'medvirkende' is still significantly above their active vocabulary level. At A2, learners are beginning to understand basic conjunctions like 'fordi' (because) and 'derfor' (therefore). If an A2 learner wants to express that something contributed to an event, they will rely on these simpler causal words. For instance, they might say, 'Han var syk fordi det var kaldt' (He was sick because it was cold), rather than identifying the cold as a 'medvirkende faktor' (contributing factor). They might also start using the verb 'å hjelpe' (to help) in a broad sense to mean contributing. For example, 'Været hjalp ikke' (The weather did not help). While they might encounter the word 'medvirkende' if they try to read a real Norwegian newspaper, they will likely skip over it or guess its meaning from the context without fully grasping its grammatical function as a present participle. The formal register of the word makes it alien to the everyday, practical communication scenarios that characterize A2 proficiency, such as shopping, asking for directions, or having simple social interactions.
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At the B1 level, learners cross the threshold into independent language use. They can understand the main points of clear standard input on familiar matters regularly encountered in work, school, and leisure. Here, a learner might passively recognize 'medvirkende', especially if they read news articles or listen to news broadcasts (like NRK). They will recognize the prefix 'med-' (with) and the root 'virke' (work/act), and might successfully deduce that it means something like 'working with' or 'playing a part'. However, they are unlikely to use it actively in their own speech or writing. Instead, a B1 learner will typically use phrases like 'spilte en rolle' (played a role) or the verb 'bidro til' (contributed to). For example, a B1 student writing an essay might write, 'Været bidro til ulykken' (The weather contributed to the accident). They are becoming comfortable with prepositions and more complex verb forms, but the formal, academic tone of 'medvirkende årsak' (contributing cause) still feels a bit too heavy or unnatural for their active vocabulary. The focus at B1 is on achieving fluency in everyday situations and expressing thoughts clearly, rather than mastering highly formal academic jargon.
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At the B2 level, learners are expected to understand the main ideas of complex text on both concrete and abstract topics, including technical discussions in their field of specialization. It is at this stage that 'medvirkende' becomes a highly relevant and necessary word to learn. A B2 learner should actively incorporate 'medvirkende' into their vocabulary, especially in written Norwegian. They will use it in essays, formal presentations, and professional discussions. They will learn the common collocations, such as 'medvirkende årsak' (contributing cause) and 'medvirkende faktor' (contributing factor). They will also understand the grammatical rule that present participles ending in '-ende' do not change form to agree with gender or plural nouns, which is a key grammar point at this level. A B2 learner can confidently construct a sentence like, 'Flere medvirkende faktorer førte til den økonomiske krisen' (Several contributing factors led to the economic crisis). They will also start to understand its use as a noun in cultural contexts, such as 'de medvirkende' (the cast) when reading a theater program. Mastery of this word at B2 demonstrates a significant leap from conversational language to professional, nuanced communication.
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At the C1 level, learners possess a large vocabulary and can express themselves fluently and spontaneously without much obvious searching for expressions. 'Medvirkende' is a quintessential C1 word. A C1 user not only uses the word correctly but understands its precise semantic boundaries and stylistic register. They know that 'medvirkende' implies a partial, rather than absolute, cause, and they use it to add nuance and academic rigor to their arguments. They effortlessly combine it with adverbs of degree, creating sophisticated phrases like 'en sterkt medvirkende årsak' (a strongly contributing cause) or 'en delvis medvirkende faktor' (a partially contributing factor). Furthermore, a C1 learner understands the subtle differences between 'medvirkende', 'bidragende' (contributing), and 'delaktig' (complicit), choosing the exact right word for the specific context—whether it is a legal analysis, a medical report, or a literary critique. They use the preposition 'til' flawlessly after the adjective in predicative positions ('Han var medvirkende til...'). At this level, the word is fully integrated into their active, high-level vocabulary, allowing them to participate in complex debates and write professional documents that are indistinguishable from those written by educated native speakers.
At the C2 level, the learner has achieved near-native proficiency. They can understand with ease virtually everything heard or read. For a C2 speaker, 'medvirkende' is second nature. They manipulate the word with absolute precision across all contexts, playing with its nuances to achieve specific rhetorical effects. They might use it ironically, or in highly specialized jargon (e.g., in advanced legal or philosophical discourse). A C2 user understands the deep cultural resonance of the word in Norwegian society—how it reflects the Norwegian tendency to seek consensus and acknowledge complex, multi-causal realities rather than assigning singular blame. They can effortlessly switch between the formal 'medvirkende' and colloquial equivalents depending on their audience, demonstrating total sociolinguistic competence. They might write a complex academic thesis analyzing 'medvirkende årsakssammenhenger' (contributing causal relationships) and then immediately switch to a casual register with friends. At C2, the word is not just a vocabulary item to be learned, but a tool to be wielded with total mastery, reflecting a profound understanding of Norwegian syntax, semantics, and cultural psychology.
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Exemples
The Norwegian word 'medvirkende' is a highly versatile and formal adjective, as well as a present participle, that translates most directly to 'contributory', 'contributing', 'involved', or 'instrumental' in English. To truly understand this word, we must break down its morphological components. The prefix 'med-' means 'with' or 'along', similar to the English prefix 'co-'. The root verb is 'virke', which means 'to work', 'to function', or 'to act'. Finally, the suffix '-ende' is the standard Norwegian present participle ending, equivalent to the English '-ing'. Therefore, on a literal level, 'medvirkende' means 'working with' or 'acting along with'. This literal translation perfectly encapsulates its usage in modern Norwegian, where it is almost exclusively used to describe a factor, a cause, a person, or an element that plays a part in bringing about a specific result or outcome, without necessarily being the sole or primary cause. You will encounter this word frequently in formal contexts, such as legal documents, academic papers, news reports, and official investigations.

Stress var en medvirkende årsak til sykdommen.

In everyday conversation, Norwegians might use simpler words like 'delaktig' or just say that something 'spilte en rolle' (played a role), but when precision and formality are required, 'medvirkende' is the absolute standard.
Legal Context
In Norwegian law, determining if someone or something is a contributing factor is crucial for establishing liability or guilt. The term is heavily used in court rulings.
Medical Context
Doctors and researchers use it to describe secondary causes of a disease, such as lifestyle factors that are not the main pathogen but contribute to the illness.
Arts and Entertainment
When used as a noun in the plural form ('de medvirkende'), it refers to the cast, crew, or contributors in a theatrical play, film, or television production.

Været var en medvirkende faktor til ulykken.

When analyzing accidents, the Norwegian police or the Accident Investigation Board (Havarikommisjonen) will always look for both the 'hovedårsak' (main cause) and any 'medvirkende årsaker' (contributing causes). This distinction is vital for accurate reporting and future prevention. Furthermore, in sociology and psychology, researchers often discuss 'medvirkende faktorer' when analyzing complex human behaviors, acknowledging that single-cause explanations are rarely sufficient.

Alkohol er ofte en medvirkende årsak i voldssaker.

Alle de medvirkende i forestillingen gjorde en fantastisk jobb.

The usage of this word reflects a broader cultural mindset in Norway, which values consensus, shared responsibility, and comprehensive analysis over simplistic finger-pointing. When something goes wrong, or indeed when something goes right, Norwegians are culturally predisposed to look at the entire ecosystem of factors. This is why 'medvirkende' is such a high-frequency word in journalism and public discourse. It allows speakers and writers to acknowledge complexity.

Hennes innsats var sterkt medvirkende til prosjektets suksess.

Whether you are reading a critical review of a new play listing 'de medvirkende', studying a police report detailing the 'medvirkende årsaker' of a traffic collision, or reading a medical journal discussing the 'medvirkende faktorer' of heart disease, mastering this word is an absolute necessity for anyone aiming to achieve C1 proficiency in Norwegian.
Using 'medvirkende' correctly requires an understanding of its dual nature as both a present participle functioning as an adjective, and its nominalized form functioning as a noun. Because it is a present participle ending in '-ende', it is invariable when used as an adjective. This is a fantastic rule for Norwegian learners: adjectives ending in '-ende' do not change their form to match the gender or number of the noun they modify. Whether you are describing a masculine noun, a feminine noun, a neuter noun, or a plural noun, the word remains exactly 'medvirkende'. This simplifies its grammatical application significantly compared to standard Norwegian adjectives.

En medvirkende faktor (masculine singular).

Flere medvirkende årsaker (plural).

Attributive Usage
When placed directly before a noun, it modifies that noun directly. The most common collocations are 'medvirkende årsak' (contributing cause) and 'medvirkende faktor' (contributing factor).
Predicative Usage
It can be used after a copula verb like 'å være' (to be). For example, 'Hans oppførsel var medvirkende til at de tapte' (His behavior was contributory to them losing).
Nominal Usage
By adding a definite article like 'de' (the plural), it becomes a noun meaning 'the contributors' or 'the cast'. Example: 'De medvirkende fikk stor applaus' (The cast received great applause).
Let us look closer at the prepositional phrase 'medvirkende til'. This is a very strong collocation. You cannot simply say 'Han var medvirkende av ulykken'. You must say 'Han var medvirkende til ulykken'. The preposition 'til' indicates the direction of the contribution toward the final outcome.

Dårlig kommunikasjon var sterkt medvirkende til konflikten.

Vi må takke alle de medvirkende for deres utrettelige innsats.

Another important syntactical feature is its modifiability by adverbs of degree. Because it functions as an adjective, you can intensify it. Common intensifiers include 'sterkt' (strongly), 'betydelig' (significantly), or 'delvis' (partially). You will frequently read sentences in Norwegian newspapers like, 'Høy fart var en sterkt medvirkende årsak til dødsulykken' (High speed was a strongly contributing cause to the fatal accident). This allows for highly nuanced and precise communication, which is a hallmark of C1-level proficiency.

Mangel på søvn er en delvis medvirkende faktor til depresjon.

When constructing complex sentences, 'medvirkende' often appears in relative clauses or passive constructions. For instance, 'Faktorene som var medvirkende til krisen, ble ignorert' (The factors that were contributory to the crisis were ignored). Mastery of these sentence structures will elevate your Norwegian from a conversational level to a professional and academic standard, allowing you to articulate complex causal relationships with ease and precision.
The word 'medvirkende' is not a word you will typically hear in a casual chat at a pub or when talking to a child about their day at school. It belongs to a higher register of the Norwegian language, specifically the domains of formal reporting, professional analysis, legal documentation, and academic writing. However, because Norway is a highly educated society with a strong tradition of public broadcasting and transparent governance, the average citizen is exposed to this word on a daily basis through the media.

Ifølge politiet var rus en medvirkende årsak til bråket.

News Broadcasts (NRK / TV2)
Journalists use it constantly when reporting on accidents, economic downturns, or political scandals, explaining the various factors that led to an event.
Official Government Reports (NOU)
Norges offentlige utredninger (Norwegian Official Reports) are filled with this term as committees analyze the contributing elements to societal issues.
Theater Programs and Film Credits
If you go to the Nationaltheatret in Oslo, the program will have a section titled 'De medvirkende', listing the actors, directors, and crew.

I rapporten pekes det på flere medvirkende faktorer.

In the workplace, especially in corporate or bureaucratic environments, you will hear 'medvirkende' during meetings when discussing project post-mortems or risk assessments. A manager might ask, 'Hva var de medvirkende årsakene til at vi overskred budsjettet?' (What were the contributing causes to us exceeding the budget?). It is a polite, analytical way of discussing failure or success without assigning unilateral blame to a single person or event, which aligns perfectly with the egalitarian and non-hierarchical nature of Norwegian work culture.

Klimaendringer er en medvirkende trussel mot artsmangfoldet.

Dommeren la vekt på at tiltaltes unge alder var en medvirkende formildende omstendighet.

Furthermore, you will encounter it in health and safety contexts (HMS - Helse, miljø og sikkerhet), which is a massive part of Norwegian corporate life. Incident reports will meticulously detail every 'medvirkende årsak' to ensure workplace safety is continuously improved. By familiarizing yourself with this word, you are not just learning a vocabulary item; you are gaining insight into how Norwegian society analyzes problems, distributes responsibility, and communicates complex, multi-faceted realities in a structured and objective manner.

Listen over de medvirkende rullet over skjermen etter filmen.

Understanding its prevalence in these specific domains will help you know exactly when to deploy it to sound like a highly educated, fluent speaker of Norwegian.
Even advanced learners of Norwegian can stumble when using 'medvirkende', primarily because it bridges the gap between a verb and an adjective, and because its English equivalents are handled slightly differently in syntax. The most frequent mistake is attempting to conjugate 'medvirkende' as if it were a standard adjective. Because it ends in '-ende', it is a present participle and is therefore strictly indeclinable. It never takes an '-e' in the plural, nor does it take an '-t' in the neuter form.

Feil: Det var et medvirkendet problem. Riktig: Det var et medvirkende problem.

Conjugation Errors
Adding suffixes like -t for neuter or -e for plural. Remember: '-ende' words never change form.
Wrong Preposition
Using 'for' or 'av' instead of 'til'. It must always be 'medvirkende til' when meaning 'contributing to'.
Confusion with Nouns
Confusing the adjective 'medvirkende' with the noun 'medvirkning' (participation/complicity) or the verb 'å medvirke' (to contribute).

Feil: Han var medvirkende for ranet. Riktig: Han var medvirkende til ranet.

Another subtle but common error is semantic rather than grammatical. Learners sometimes use 'medvirkende' when they mean 'hovedårsak' (main cause). 'Medvirkende' strictly implies that the factor in question is one of several, or a secondary element. Calling the sole cause of an event a 'medvirkende årsak' is factually incorrect and sounds strange to native ears. It diminishes the impact of the cause. Furthermore, English speakers often want to translate 'involved' directly as 'involvert', which is generally fine, but in formal contexts where 'involved' means 'played a role in causing', 'medvirkende' is the far superior choice.

De medvirkende årsakene må analyseres nøye.

Hun var en sterkt medvirkende kraft i prosjektet.

Lastly, when using it as a noun to mean 'the cast' or 'the contributors', learners sometimes forget the definite article. You cannot just say 'Medvirkende gjorde en god jobb'. You must say 'De medvirkende gjorde en god jobb'. The substantivation of the adjective requires the determiner to make grammatical sense in a definite context. By avoiding these common pitfalls—remembering its indeclinable nature, using the correct preposition 'til', understanding its semantic limitation as a partial cause, and using correct articles when treating it as a noun—you will master one of the most sophisticated words in the Norwegian language.

Vi takker alle medvirkende for innsatsen i år.

While 'medvirkende' is a highly specific and useful word, a rich C1 vocabulary requires knowing its synonyms, alternatives, and related terms to avoid repetition and to tailor your language to the exact context. The Norwegian language offers several words that overlap in meaning, though each carries its own distinct nuance.

Han var en medvirkende part i konflikten.

Bidragende
This literally means 'contributing'. It is highly synonymous with 'medvirkende' but is often used in more positive contexts, like 'en bidragende faktor til suksessen' (a contributing factor to the success).
Delaktig
Meaning 'complicit' or 'partaking'. This word has a slightly more negative or legalistic tone, often used when someone shares guilt or responsibility for a crime or a bad situation.
Involvert
A direct loan translation of 'involved'. It is more general than 'medvirkende'. Someone can be 'involvert' (involved) without actively being 'medvirkende' (contributing to the outcome).

Mange faktorer var medvirkende til at imperiet falt.

Another phrase you might encounter is 'spille en rolle' (to play a role). This is a less formal, more conversational way of expressing the same idea. Instead of saying 'Været var en medvirkende årsak', you could say 'Været spilte en stor rolle' (The weather played a big role). For a C1 speaker, knowing when to switch from the heavy, academic 'medvirkende' to the lighter, idiomatic 'spille en rolle' demonstrates true linguistic agility. Furthermore, the noun forms are also crucial. If you are talking about the act of contributing, you would use 'medvirkning' (participation/contribution) or 'bidrag' (contribution).

Det er viktig å anerkjenne alle medvirkende elementer i denne saken.

Skuespillerne og de andre medvirkende feiret premieren.

Understanding these nuances not only prevents you from sounding like a textbook but also allows you to convey precise emotional and contextual undertones. 'Medvirkende' remains the most objective, analytical, and formal choice among its peers, making it the bedrock vocabulary word for any serious academic or professional discussion in Norwegian. By integrating 'medvirkende' and its synonyms into your vocabulary, you will be able to navigate complex discussions about causality, responsibility, and collaboration with native-like fluency.

Hans passivitet var en medvirkende grunn til at det gikk galt.

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Exemples par niveau

1

Bilen krasjet.

The car crashed.

A1 learners use simple sentences instead of complex causal words.

2

Det var dårlig vær.

It was bad weather.

Simple descriptive sentence.

3

Været var dårlig, og bilen krasjet.

The weather was bad, and the car crashed.

Using 'og' (and) to connect ideas.

4

Han er syk.

He is sick.

Basic present tense.

5

Det er kaldt ute.

It is cold outside.

Simple weather description.

6

Han jobber med meg.

He works with me.

Basic use of 'med' (with).

7

Vi ser en film.

We are watching a movie.

Basic vocabulary for entertainment.

8

Mannen er skuespiller.

The man is an actor.

Basic noun.

1

Ulykken skjedde fordi det var glatt.

The accident happened because it was slippery.

Using 'fordi' (because) for cause.

2

Været hjalp ikke situasjonen.

The weather did not help the situation.

Using 'hjelpe' (help) in a broad sense.

3

Han var syk, derfor ble han hjemme.

He was sick, therefore he stayed home.

Using 'derfor' (therefore).

4

Mange folk var med på filmen.

Many people were part of the movie.

Using 'være med på' as a simpler alternative.

5

Det var en grunn til at han kom.

There was a reason he came.

Using 'grunn' (reason).

6

Politiet sier at farten var høy.

The police say the speed was high.

Reporting basic facts.

7

Hvem spilte i det teaterstykket?

Who played in that theater piece?

Asking about the cast simply.

8

Stress gjør at man sover dårlig.

Stress makes you sleep badly.

Expressing basic cause and effect.

1

Været spilte en stor rolle i ulykken.

The weather played a big role in the accident.

Idiomatic phrase 'spille en rolle'.

2

Hans dårlige helse bidro til at han sluttet.

His bad health contributed to him quitting.

Using the verb 'bidro til' (contributed to).

3

Det er flere grunner til at dette skjedde.

There are several reasons why this happened.

Expressing multiple causes.

4

Alkohol var en av årsakene til bråket.

Alcohol was one of the causes of the fight.

Using 'årsak' (cause).

5

Alle skuespillerne gjorde en god jobb.

All the actors did a good job.

Referring to the cast.

6

Vi må finne ut hva som forårsaket feilen.

We must find out what caused the error.

Using 'forårsake' (to cause).

7

Mangel på søvn påvirker konsentrasjonen.

Lack of sleep affects concentration.

Using 'påvirker' (affects).

8

Han var delvis skyld i det som skjedde.

He was partly to blame for what happened.

Expressing partial responsibility.

1

Dårlig sikt var en medvirkende faktor til kollisjonen.

Poor visibility was a contributing factor to the collision.

Classic collocation 'medvirkende faktor'.

2

Stress er ofte en medvirkende årsak til hjerteproblemer.

Stress is often a contributing cause to heart problems.

Classic collocation 'medvirkende årsak'.

3

De medvirkende i forestillingen fikk strålende kritikker.

The cast in the performance received glowing reviews.

Using 'de medvirkende' as a noun for the cast.

4

Flere elementer var medvirkende til prosjektets suksess.

Several elements were contributory to the project's success.

Predicative use with the preposition 'til'.

5

Rapporten lister opp alle medvirkende årsaker.

The report lists all contributing causes.

Attributive use with a plural noun (no '-e' added to the adjective).

6

Hans vitneutsagn var sterkt medvirkende til domfellelsen.

His testimony was strongly contributory to the conviction.

Modified by the adverb 'sterkt'.

7

Vi kan ikke utelukke at teknisk feil var medvirkende.

We cannot rule out that technical failure was contributory.

Used abstractly at the end of a clause.

8

Regissøren takket alle medvirkende for deres innsats.

The director thanked all contributors for their effort.

Noun usage without the definite article in a general sense.

1

Høy fart anses som en sterkt medvirkende årsak til dødsulykken.

High speed is considered a strongly contributing cause to the fatal accident.

Formal passive voice ('anses som') combined with adverbial modification.

2

Sosial ulikhet er en kompleks og medvirkende faktor i kriminalitetsutviklingen.

Social inequality is a complex and contributing factor in the development of crime.

Used in advanced sociological discourse.

3

Det er vanskelig å isolere én enkeltårsak; det er alltid flere medvirkende faktorer.

It is difficult to isolate a single cause; there are always several contributing factors.

Contrasting 'enkeltårsak' with 'medvirkende faktorer'.

4

I dommen ble det lagt vekt på at tiltaltes unge alder var en medvirkende formildende omstendighet.

In the verdict, emphasis was placed on the fact that the defendant's young age was a contributing mitigating circumstance.

Advanced legal terminology ('formildende omstendighet').

5

Boken gir en grundig analyse av de medvirkende kreftene bak den franske revolusjon.

The book provides a thorough analysis of the contributing forces behind the French Revolution.

Academic historical context.

6

Pasientens livsstil var utvilsomt medvirkende til den raske forverringen av tilstanden.

The patient's lifestyle was undoubtedly contributory to the rapid deterioration of the condition.

Medical context with the adverb 'utvilsomt'.

7

Programbladet inneholder en komplett oversikt over alle de medvirkende foran og bak scenen.

The program booklet contains a complete overview of all the contributors in front of and behind the stage.

Extensive nominal use in a cultural context.

8

Selv om han ikke var hovedmannen, var han i høyeste grad medvirkende til svindelen.

Even though he was not the mastermind, he was to the highest degree contributory to the fraud.

Idiomatic phrase 'i høyeste grad' modifying the adjective.

1

Å redusere komplekse historiske hendelser til én enkelt årsak ignorerer det mylderet av medvirkende faktorer som utgjør den faktiske kausaliteten.

Reducing complex historical events to a single cause ignores the myriad of contributing factors that constitute actual causality.

Highly academic philosophical/historical syntax.

2

Havarikommisjonens endelige rapport konkluderte med at en systemisk svikt i sikkerhetsrutinene var den primære, om ikke den eneste, medvirkende årsaken.

The Accident Investigation Board's final report concluded that a systemic failure in safety routines was the primary, if not the only, contributing cause.

Bureaucratic and investigative terminology.

3

I hvilken grad individets genetiske disposisjon er medvirkende kontra miljømessige påvirkninger, forblir et omstridt tema i moderne psykiatri.

To what extent the individual's genetic disposition is contributory versus environmental influences remains a contested topic in modern psychiatry.

Scientific debate structure ('i hvilken grad... kontra...').

4

Forsvareren argumenterte for at klientens marginaliserte bakgrunn burde anses som en sterkt medvirkende, og dermed straffefritakende, faktor.

The defense attorney argued that the client's marginalized background should be considered a strongly contributing, and thereby exculpatory, factor.

Advanced legal argumentation ('straffefritakende').

5

Den subtile ironien i stykket ble båret frem av et ensemble hvor hver eneste medvirkende forstod tekstens underliggende mørke.

The subtle irony in the play was carried forth by an ensemble where every single contributor understood the text's underlying darkness.

Literary/theatrical critique style.

6

Inflasjonen var ikke utelukkende et resultat av eksterne sjokk, men innenlandsk finanspolitikk var også i betydelig grad medvirkende.

The inflation was not exclusively a result of external shocks, but domestic fiscal policy was also to a significant degree contributory.

Macroeconomic analysis.

7

Å kartlegge de medvirkende mekanismene på cellulært nivå krever utstyr med en oppløsning vi foreløpig ikke besitter.

Mapping the contributing mechanisms at the cellular level requires equipment with a resolution we currently do not possess.

Advanced scientific/technical register.

8

Selv om ansvaret formelt sett var pulverisert, var det åpenbart at ledelsens passivitet var fa

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