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B2 noun 10 min de lecture

症结

zhēng jié
Exemples 症结 en 30 secondes
Explication 症结 in your Level:
At the A1 level, the word '症结' (zhèngjié) is quite advanced and not usually taught. However, you can think of it as a special way to say 'the real problem.' Imagine you are trying to fix a toy, and it won't work. You check the batteries, but they are okay. Then you see a tiny broken wire inside. That wire is the '症结.' It is the 'secret' reason why something is not working. In simple Chinese, beginners use '问题' (wèntí) for problem. '症结' is just a more specific, serious type of problem that is hard to see at first. You don't need to use this word yet, but if you see it, just remember: it means 'the main, hidden problem.'
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For A2 learners, '症结' (zhèngjié) is a word you might see in short news clips or intermediate reading. It is a noun. It comes from medical words: '症' (illness) and '结' (knot). Think of a knot in a string that you cannot untie easily. That is what a '症结' is in a situation. If two friends are fighting and they don't know why, and finally they realize it's because of a small lie from last year, that lie is the '症结.' You can use it in the pattern: '问题的症结是...' (The crux of the problem is...). It is more formal than '问题.' It helps you sound more precise when you talk about why something is difficult.
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At the B1 level, you should start recognizing '症结' (zhèngjié) as a key term for analysis. It means 'the crux' or 'the root cause' of a complicated issue. Unlike a simple '错误' (mistake) or '困难' (difficulty), a '症结' implies that there is a specific, central point of failure that is keeping a situation stuck. Common verbs used with it are '发现' (to discover) and '找到' (to find). For example, '我们需要找到问题的症结' (We need to find the crux of the problem). This word is very common in office environments and discussions about social problems. It suggests that you are looking deeply into a situation to find the underlying cause rather than just looking at the surface.
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At the B2 level, '症结' (zhèngjié) is an essential vocabulary item for formal writing and debate. It refers to the 'decisive point at issue' or a 'knotty problem.' You should be able to use it to describe systemic issues in business, politics, or personal relationships. The nuance here is the 'blockage.' A '症结' is the reason why a process has stopped or why a negotiation is in a stalemate (僵局). You should be familiar with the phrase '症结所在' (where the crux lies). For instance, '这正是双方矛盾的症结所在' (This is exactly where the crux of the conflict between the two sides lies). Using this word correctly shows that you can distinguish between symptoms (症状) and the actual root cause (症结).
For C1 learners, '症结' (zhèngjié) is a tool for deep structural analysis. It is used to describe the fundamental, often hidden, contradictions within a system or a piece of literature. At this level, you should use it to discuss abstract concepts like 'ideological cruxes' (思想上的症结) or 'institutional cruxes' (体制上的症结). It often appears in academic papers and high-level journalism to dissect complex social phenomena. You should also understand its metaphorical connection to Traditional Chinese Medicine, where it refers to a physical obstruction of energy. This cultural background adds a layer of 'restoring flow' when you talk about 'resolving the crux' (解决症结). It is a word that carries weight and implies a high degree of intellectual rigor.
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At the C2 level, you should have a masterly command of '症结' (zhèngjié) and its stylistic variants. You can use it to explore philosophical dilemmas or to critique the core failures of entire historical eras. You might use it in conjunction with other high-level terms like '瓶颈' (bottleneck), '要害' (vital part), or '痼疾' (deep-seated malady) to create a nuanced picture of a situation. For a C2 speaker, '症结' is not just about identifying a problem, but about identifying the 'essential knot' in the fabric of a reality. You should be able to use it in complex rhetorical structures, such as: '如果我们不从根本上消除这些体制性的症结，任何表面的改革都将是徒劳的' (If we do not fundamentally eliminate these institutional cruxes, any superficial reforms will be in vain). At this level, the word is a surgical tool for precise, high-level discourse.
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Exemples

症结 en 30 secondes

  • 症结 means 'crux' or 'root cause.' It comes from a medical term for a 'knot' or 'lump' in the body.
  • It is used in formal contexts like business, politics, and psychology to identify why something is stuck.
  • Commonly paired with verbs like 'find' (找到) or 'resolve' (解决), and used in the phrase 'the crux lies in...' (症结在于).
  • Unlike 'symptom' (症状), which is the visible sign, '症结' is the hidden, fundamental reason for the problem.

The Chinese word 症结 (zhèngjié) is a sophisticated noun that translates most accurately to the 'crux,' 'root cause,' or 'knotty point' of a problem. To truly understand this word, one must look at its constituent characters. The first character, 症 (zhèng), refers to a disease, illness, or symptom. The second character, 结 (jié), means a knot, a tie, or a physical lump. Historically, in Traditional Chinese Medicine, it referred to a hard lump or an obstruction in the internal organs that caused illness. Over centuries, the term evolved from a purely medical diagnosis to a powerful metaphor for any complex, deep-seated problem that prevents progress or resolution.

The Core Concept
At its heart, 症结 represents the specific point where a situation has become 'tangled' or 'blocked.' It is not just any problem; it is the *essential* problem that, if solved, would allow everything else to fall into place. It is the 'bottleneck' in a process or the 'sticking point' in a negotiation.
Modern Usage
In modern Mandarin, you will encounter 症结 in news reports discussing economic stagnation, in business meetings identifying why a project is failing, or in psychological contexts discussing the root of a person's trauma or behavioral issues. It carries a tone of analytical depth, suggesting that the speaker has looked past the superficial symptoms to find the underlying truth.

双方谈判陷入僵局，症结在于利润分配不均。 (The negotiations between both parties reached a stalemate; the crux of the matter lies in the unequal distribution of profits.)

When you use this word, you are signaling that you are performing a 'diagnosis' of a situation. It is highly effective in professional settings. For instance, if a team is arguing about small details, a leader might say, 'We need to find the real 症结,' effectively refocusing the group on the primary obstacle rather than the secondary symptoms. This distinction is vital: a 'symptom' (症状) is what you see on the surface, but the '症结' is the hidden knot causing it.

医生终于找到了病人长期腹痛的症结。 (The doctor finally found the root cause of the patient's long-term abdominal pain.)

In a cultural context, the concept of a 'knot' (结) is very significant in Chinese philosophy. A knot represents a blockage of 'Qi' (energy). Therefore, 'untying the knot' (解开症结) is not just a logical fix but a restorative act that brings harmony back to a system, whether that system is a human body, a company, or a romantic relationship.

沟通不畅是这对夫妻感情疏远的症结。 (Poor communication is the crux of the emotional distance between this couple.)

Register and Tone
The word is formal to semi-formal. It is frequently used in written Chinese (essays, reports) and formal spoken Chinese (speeches, debates). Using it in casual conversation makes the speaker sound educated and precise.

Using 症结 correctly requires understanding its common grammatical pairings. Since it is a noun, it usually functions as the object of a verb or the subject of a descriptive clause. The most frequent verbs associated with it involve 'finding,' 'pointing out,' or 'resolving' the knot.

Common Verb Pairings
  • 寻找/发现 (Xúnzhǎo/Fāxiàn): To look for or discover the crux.
  • 指出 (Zhǐchū): To point out the crux.
  • 抓住 (Zhuāzhù): To grasp or seize the crux (implies understanding the main point).
  • 解决/消除 (Jiějué/Xiāochú): To solve or eliminate the knotty problem.

只有抓住了问题的症结，才能从根本上解决它。 (Only by grasping the crux of the problem can we solve it from the root.)

A very common sentence pattern is '...的症结在于...' which means 'The crux of ... lies in ...'. This is the standard way to define the cause of a complex situation. It allows you to link a broad problem to a specific, actionable cause.

公司目前效率低下的症结在于管理流程过于繁琐。 (The crux of the company's current low efficiency lies in the overly cumbersome management processes.)

In more advanced usage, you might see 症结 used in the four-character phrase 症结所在 (zhèngjié suǒzài), which literally means 'where the crux lies.' This is often used as a noun phrase to describe the location or nature of the problem.

这正是问题的症结所在，我们必须高度重视。 (This is exactly where the crux of the problem lies; we must take it very seriously.)

When writing about social issues, 症结 is indispensable. It allows you to move beyond simple descriptions of 'bad things happening' to an analysis of 'why' they are happening. For example, when discussing environmental issues, you might say that the 症结 is the conflict between economic growth and sustainable development.

教育资源分配不均是城乡教育差距的症结。 (The unequal distribution of educational resources is the crux of the educational gap between urban and rural areas.)

Structural Variations
  • Subjective: 症结很明显。(The crux is obvious.)
  • Possessive: 思想上的症结。(A knot in one's thinking/ideological crux.)
  • Object of Preposition: 针对症结采取措施。(Take measures targeting the crux.)

While 症结 might not be the first word you use at a vegetable market, it is ubiquitous in specific domains of Chinese life. Understanding these contexts will help you recognize when it is appropriate to deploy this high-level vocabulary.

1. Business and Management
In corporate China, 'finding the 症结' is a standard part of problem-solving. During a performance review or a project post-mortem, managers will use this word to identify the single point of failure. You might hear: '我们讨论了三个小时，终于找到了销售下滑的症结' (We discussed for three hours and finally found the crux of the sales decline).
2. Political and Social Commentary
Turn on CCTV News (Xinwen Lianbo) or read an editorial in the People's Daily, and you will see 症结 frequently. It is used to describe diplomatic stalemates (e.g., between the US and China) or systemic social issues like the housing market or the aging population. It frames the speaker as someone who is performing a serious, rational analysis.

专家指出，当前经济增长放缓的症结在于内需不足。 (Experts point out that the crux of the current economic slowdown lies in insufficient domestic demand.)

You will also hear this word in psychological or counseling contexts. When a therapist helps a client realize that their current anxiety stems from a childhood event, they might refer to that event as the 症结 of their current mental state. This usage highlights the 'knot' aspect of the word—something tied up inside that needs to be unraveled.

心理医生帮他解开了多年来的心理症结。 (The psychologist helped him untie the psychological knot he had for many years.)

In academia, particularly in the humanities and social sciences, 症结 is used to critique existing theories or to explain the fundamental conflict in a historical event. For example, a historian might argue that the 症结 of a specific revolution was not hunger, but a lack of political representation.

这篇文章深刻剖析了当代社会信任危机的症结。 (This article deeply analyzes the crux of the trust crisis in contemporary society.)

Summary of Contexts
  • Diplomacy: Stumbling blocks in treaties.
  • Medicine: The hard-to-find cause of a chronic ailment.
  • Technology: The specific bug or architectural flaw causing a system crash.
  • Relationships: The deep-seated resentment causing a breakup.

Even though 症结 is a powerful word, it is easy to misuse if you don't understand its specific constraints. Here are the most common pitfalls for English speakers learning Chinese.

Mistake 1: Confusing 症结 with 症状 (zhèngzhuàng)
This is the most frequent error. 症状 means 'symptom' (the outward sign of a problem), while 症结 means 'crux' (the inner cause). If you have a fever, the fever is the 症状; the infection is the 症结. Using 症结 when you mean symptom makes you sound like you are confusing the cause with the effect.

Incorrect: 他的症结是咳嗽和发烧。 (His 'crux' is coughing and fever.)
Correct: 他的症状是咳嗽和发烧，但气管炎才是症结。 (His symptoms are coughing and fever, but bronchitis is the crux.)

Mistake 2: Using it for Simple Problems
症结 implies a 'knot'—something difficult to untangle. If you lost your keys, that's a '问题' (problem), not a '症结'. Using 症结 for trivial matters sounds overly dramatic or slightly 'off'. Save it for problems that require analysis or have been persisting for a long time.
Mistake 3: Pronunciation Errors (zhèng vs. zhēng)
In some dictionaries, you might see 症 pronounced as 'zhēng' in this specific word (zhēngjié). Historically, this was the standard. However, in modern Mainland China, 'zhèngjié' has become the accepted and most common pronunciation. Don't be confused if you hear older speakers or people from different regions use the first tone, but for learners, the fourth tone (zhèng) is the safest bet.

Another mistake is using the wrong measure word. As mentioned, 症结 doesn't usually take a measure word. If you must use one, '个' is acceptable but '处' (chù - place/location) is often better because it treats the crux as a 'point' within a larger system.

我们终于发现了这几处技术上的症结。 (We finally discovered these few technical cruxes.)

Mistake 4: Over-reliance on 'The Crux' Translation
While 'crux' is the best translation, remember the medical roots. In some contexts, 症结 refers to a 'mental block' or 'prejudice'. If someone refuses to change their mind, their '症结' might be an old-fashioned way of thinking. In English, we might say 'hang-up' or 'mental block', which are perfectly valid translations of 症结 in psychological contexts.

To expand your vocabulary, it's helpful to compare 症结 with other words that mean 'key point' or 'problem.' Each has a different nuance.

1. 关键 (guānjiàn)
Meaning: Key; critical point.
Difference: 关键 is neutral or positive. It is the 'key' to success. 症结 is always negative; it is the 'knot' that causes failure. You want to *find* the 关键 to win, and you want to *resolve* the 症结 to stop losing.
2. 核心 (héxīn)
Meaning: Core; nucleus.
Difference: 核心 refers to the center of something. The '核心问题' is the central problem. 症结 is specifically the 'difficult' or 'hidden' point that causes a blockage. A core can be healthy; a 症结 is always an obstruction.
3. 瓶颈 (píngjǐng)
Meaning: Bottleneck.
Difference: Very similar to 症结 in a business context. However, 瓶颈 specifically refers to a stage in a process that slows everything down (like a narrow bottle neck). 症结 is broader and can refer to abstract concepts like emotions or ideological conflicts.
4. 要害 (yàohài)
Meaning: Vital part; vulnerable spot.
Difference: 要害 comes from martial arts or military strategy. It's the place where a single blow can be fatal. While a 症结 is a problem to be solved, an 要害 is a weakness to be protected or attacked.

Here is a quick reference table for choosing the right word:

WordNuanceBest Use Case
症结Hidden knot/ObstructionSystemic failures, deep-seated issues
关键The 'Key' that unlocksSuccess factors, critical steps
核心The central partDefining the essence of a topic
矛盾 (máodùn)Contradiction/ConflictWhen two forces are clashing

If you are looking for a more formal, literary alternative, you might use 痼疾 (gùjí), which means a chronic, deep-seated illness or a long-standing bad habit. While 症结 is the 'point' of the problem, 痼疾 is the 'disease' itself.

Guide de prononciation

UK /dʒʌŋ.dʒi.eɪ/
US /dʒʌŋ.dʒi.eɪ/
The primary stress is on the first syllable 'zhèng'.
Rime avec
正 (zhèng) 政 (zhèng) 证 (zhèng) 节 (jié) 结 (jié) 洁 (jié) 捷 (jié) 杰 (jié)
Erreurs fréquentes
  • Pronouncing 'zhèng' as 'zhēng' (first tone). While historically correct in some contexts, 'zhèng' is standard now.
  • Pronouncing 'jié' as 'jiě' (third tone), confusing it with the verb 'to solve' (解决).
  • Treating 'zhèng' as 'zheng' (without the retroflex 'h' sound).
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Exemples par niveau

1

这个问题有一个症结。

This problem has a crux.

症结 is a noun.

2

症结在哪里？

Where is the crux?

Asking for the location of the problem.

3

我找到了症结。

I found the crux.

Using the verb 找到 (to find).

4

症结很小。

The crux is very small.

Adjective describing the noun.

5

这不是症结。

This is not the crux.

Negative sentence using 不是.

6

他知道症结。

He knows the crux.

Subject-Verb-Object.

7

症结在电脑里。

The crux is in the computer.

Using 在 to indicate location.

8

请告诉我症结。

Please tell me the crux.

Imperative sentence.

1

工作的症结是时间不够。

The crux of the work is not enough time.

A 的 B pattern.

2

我们必须发现症结。

We must discover the crux.

Using 必须 (must) and 发现 (discover).

3

症结在于他不努力。

The crux lies in his lack of effort.

在于 (lies in) is a key formal verb.

4

这就是问题的症结。

This is exactly the crux of the problem.

Using 这就是 (this is exactly).

5

医生在找病的症结。

The doctor is looking for the crux of the illness.

Medical context usage.

6

这个症结很难解决。

This crux is very hard to solve.

Using 很难 (very hard) + 解决 (solve).

7

你看到症结了吗？

Did you see the crux?

Question with 吗.

8

症结不是钱，是爱。

The crux is not money, it's love.

Contrast structure.

1

双方合作的症结在于缺乏信任。

The crux of the cooperation between both sides lies in the lack of trust.

在于 is used to introduce the cause.

2

他终于指出了计划中的症结。

He finally pointed out the crux in the plan.

指出 (to point out) is a common collocation.

3

如果我们不解决这个症结，项目就会失败。

If we don't resolve this crux, the project will fail.

If... then... structure.

4

这正是我们目前面临的症结所在。

This is exactly where the crux we are currently facing lies.

症结所在 is a formal noun phrase.

5

心理医生试图帮他解开心理症结。

The psychologist tried to help him untie his psychological knot.

解开 (untie/resolve) is a metaphorical verb.

6

技术上的症结已经排除了。

The technical crux has already been eliminated.

排除 (eliminate/exclude) is used for technical issues.

7

要想成功，必须抓住症结。

To succeed, one must grasp the crux.

抓住 (grasp) implies understanding.

8

大家都认为这就是症结。

Everyone thinks this is the crux.

Expressing collective opinion.

1

经济增长缓慢的症结在于体制僵化。

The crux of the slow economic growth lies in institutional rigidity.

Abstract nouns like 体制僵化 are common at B2.

2

他的分析切中了问题的症结。

His analysis hit the crux of the problem right on the mark.

切中 (to hit the mark) is a sophisticated verb.

3

我们必须深入调查，找出隐藏的症结。

We must investigate deeply to find the hidden crux.

深入 (deeply) and 隐藏 (hidden) add detail.

4

这种落后的观念是导致贫困的症结。

This backward mindset is the crux leading to poverty.

导致 (lead to) shows cause and effect.

5

谈判的症结仍然是领土争议。

The crux of the negotiation remains the territorial dispute.

仍然 (still/remains) indicates a persistent issue.

6

只有消除症结，才能恢复生产。

Only by eliminating the crux can production be restored.

只有...才... (Only if... then...) structure.

7

这篇文章深刻揭示了社会矛盾的症结。

This article profoundly reveals the crux of social conflicts.

揭示 (reveal) is a formal verb for analysis.

8

管理层没有意识到问题的症结所在。

The management did not realize where the crux of the problem lay.

意识 (realize/be aware of) used with 症结所在.

1

该政策推行受阻，症结在于地方保护主义。

The implementation of this policy was hindered; the crux lies in local protectionism.

受阻 (be hindered) is formal passive.

2

历史学家们对那场战争爆发的症结仍有争议。

Historians still have disputes over the crux of the outbreak of that war.

仍有争议 (still have disputes) is academic.

3

我们要从根本上解决环境污染的症结。

We need to fundamentally resolve the crux of environmental pollution.

从根本上 (fundamentally) is a strong adverbial phrase.

4

双方在核心利益上的分歧是谈判的死症结。

The disagreement over core interests is the 'dead knot' (insurmountable crux) of the negotiations.

死症结 is an intensified version of the word.

5

通过剖析这个案例，我们可以看清行业发展的症结。

By dissecting this case, we can clearly see the crux of the industry's development.

剖析 (dissect/analyze) is a high-level verb.

6

长期以来的教育弊端，其症结在于过分强调应试。

The long-standing educational flaws have their crux in the overemphasis on exam-oriented learning.

弊端 (flaw/malady) is a great synonym context.

7

他那番话正好点中了对方的症结。

His words happened to hit the other person's sore spot/crux.

点中 (hit the point) is very idiomatic.

8

如果不触及利益分配这一症结，改革将难以推进。

If the crux of profit distribution is not touched upon, reform will be difficult to advance.

触及 (touch upon) and 推进 (advance) are formal.

1

当代文明的诸多困境，其深层症结往往源于人文精神的缺失。

The many dilemmas of contemporary civilization often have their deep-seated crux in the lack of humanistic spirit.

深层 (deep-seated) and 缺失 (lack/deficiency) are C2 level descriptors.

2

学者试图通过现象学的方法来解构社会异化的症结。

The scholar attempts to deconstruct the crux of social alienation through phenomenological methods.

解构 (deconstruct) and 异化 (alienation) are highly academic.

3

这种体制性的症结并非一朝一夕所能消除。

This institutional crux cannot be eliminated overnight.

一朝一夕 (in a single day) is a common idiom.

4

在这一宏大叙事中，作者敏锐地捕捉到了时代变迁的症结。

In this grand narrative, the author keenly captured the crux of the changes of the era.

宏大叙事 (grand narrative) and 敏锐 (keenly) are sophisticated.

5

法律的滞后性往往是诸多社会矛盾难以调和的症结。

The lagging nature of the law is often the crux that makes many social contradictions difficult to reconcile.

滞后性 (lagging nature) and 难以调和 (difficult to reconcile) are advanced.

6

唯有正视历史的症结，民族之间才能达成真正的和解。

Only by facing the cruxes of history can true reconciliation be reached between nations.

唯有 (only) is a more formal version of 只有.

7

该理论的症结在于其前提假设与现实情况的严重脱节。

The crux of this theory lies in the severe disconnection between its underlying assumptions and reality.

脱节 (disconnection/out of step) is a great pairing.

8

他以其独到的眼光，洞察了这场政治风波的症结所在。

With his unique perspective, he gained insight into where the crux of this political storm lay.

洞察 (insight/perceive) is a high-level cognitive verb.

Collocations courantes

症结所在
症结在于
找到症结
解决症结
指出症结
排除症结
心理症结
历史症结
体制症结
发现症结

Phrases Courantes

症结所在

— Where the crux lies. Used to emphasize the location of the problem.

这就是症结所在，不容忽视。

一语道破症结

— To reveal the crux in a single sentence. Used for someone very insightful.

他一语道破了公司亏损的症结。

解开症结

— To untie the knot / resolve the crux. Often used for psychological or relationship issues.

他们终于解开了多年的心理症结。

寻找症结

— To look for the crux. Used during the analysis phase of a problem.

我们正在寻找技术故障的症结。

切中症结

— To hit the crux exactly. To address the most important part of a problem.

你的建议切中了目前管理的症结。

深层症结

— Deep-seated crux. Used for systemic or long-term problems.

我们要解决社会不公的深层症结。

消除症结

— To eliminate the crux. Used when a problem is completely removed.

只有消除症结，才能从根本上好转。

针对症结

— To target the crux. Used when describing a specific strategy.

我们需要针对症结采取有效措施。

死症结

— A dead knot / insurmountable crux. Used for very difficult problems.

利益冲突是这次谈判的死症结。

发现症结

— To discover the crux. Used when a hidden cause is revealed.

通过分析数据，我们发现了症结。

Expressions idiomatiques

"对症下药"

— To prescribe the right medicine for an illness. Metaphorically, to take effective measures to solve a problem based on the '症结'.

我们要对症下药，才能解决问题。

Common
"切中要害"

— To hit the vital part. Very similar to '切中症结'.

他的发言切中要害，让大家深思。

Formal
"一针见血"

— To hit the nail on the head. To speak with surgical precision about the '症结'.

他的批评一针见血，指出了我的缺点。

Common
"有的放矢"

— To have an object in view when shooting an arrow. To act with a clear target (the crux).

我们的改革必须有的放矢，不能盲目。

Formal
"釜底抽薪"

— To take away the firewood from under the cauldron. To solve a problem by removing its '症结' (the root cause).

这才是釜底抽薪的解决办法。

Formal
"治标治本"

— To treat both the symptoms and the root cause. '本' (root) is the '症结'.

我们既要治标，更要治本。

Formal
"因势利导"

— To guide according to the situation. Often used after identifying the '症结'.

我们要因势利导，化解矛盾。

Formal
"顺藤摸瓜"

— To follow the vine to find the melon. To follow clues to find the '症结'.

警察顺藤摸瓜，终于抓住了主犯。

Common
"解铃还须系铃人"

— The person who tied the bell must be the one to untie it. The person who created the '症结' must solve it.

解铃还须系铃人，这事还得他去说。

Common
"拔本塞源"

— To pull up the root and stop the source. To completely eliminate the '症结'.

这是拔本塞源的彻底改革。

Literary

Famille de mots

Noms

症 (zhèng) - disease/symptom
结 (jié) - knot/tie
症状 (zhèngzhuàng) - symptom

Verbes

结 (jié) - to tie/to form (a fruit/knot)
结合 (jiéhé) - to combine

Adjectifs

结实 (jiēshi) - sturdy/durable

Apparenté

问题 (wèntí)
原因 (yuányīn)
矛盾 (máodùn)
关键 (guānjiàn)
难点 (nándiǎn)
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