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B2 adjective #4,500 सबसे आम 6 मिनट पढ़ने का समय

만성적

शीर्ष 4,500

इसका अभ्यास करें उदाहरण नोट्स और सुझाव 만성적 30 सेकंड में

व्याख्या 만성적 in your Level:

At the A1 level, '만성적' is a very difficult word because it is formal and uses Hanja (Chinese characters). However, you can think of it as a special way to say 'always' or 'for a long time' but only for bad things like being sick or tired. Imagine you are always tired every day for many months. You can't just say 'I am tired' (피곤해요); you need a bigger word to show it is a big problem. That word is '만성적'. You might see it in simple health posters at a school or a pharmacy. Just remember: 만성적 = long time + problem. It is like a 'long-term sickness.' You don't need to use it in your own speaking yet, but if you see it, know that it means a problem that doesn't go away quickly.

पूरी व्याख्या पढ़ने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें

At the A2 level, you are starting to learn more specific vocabulary. '만성적' (Chronic) is the opposite of '급성' (Acute/Sudden). If you have a stomachache for just one day, it is not '만성적'. But if your stomach hurts every week for a year, it is '만성적'. You will often hear this word with '피로' (fatigue/tiredness). Many Korean office workers say they have '만성 피로' (chronic fatigue). When you use this word, you usually put '인' after it to describe a noun: '만성적인 문제' (a chronic problem). It helps you explain that a situation is not just a one-time accident, but something that has been happening for a long time. It is a very useful word for talking to a doctor or explaining a difficult situation at work.

पूरी व्याख्या पढ़ने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें

At the B1 level, you should begin to use '만성적' to describe social and economic situations, not just health. This word is very common in Korean news and newspapers. For example, if a company always loses money every year, it has a '만성적인 적자' (chronic deficit). If a city always has too many cars, it has '만성적인 교통 체증' (chronic traffic congestion). You should also notice the grammar: '만성적으로' is the adverb form. '그는 만성적으로 지각을 한다' means 'He is chronically late.' This level is where you start to distinguish '만성적' from '지속적' (continuous). While '지속적' can be good (like continuous growth), '만성적' is almost always used for problems that are hard to fix because they have lasted so long.

पूरी व्याख्या पढ़ने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें

At the B2 level, you are expected to understand the nuance and the Hanja roots of '만성적'. The root '만' (慢) means slow or sluggish, and '성' (性) means nature or character. This implies that the 'chronic' nature of the issue has become part of the thing's identity. At this level, you should be able to use the word in formal essays or discussions about social issues. For instance, when discussing the low birth rate in Korea, you might describe it as a '만성적인 사회 문제' (chronic social issue). You should also be comfortable using it in medical contexts with high accuracy, distinguishing it from '고질적' (deep-seated/habitual), which carries a more judgmental or negative emotional tone. '만성적' is more objective and analytical. You will also see it used in scientific contexts to describe processes that occur slowly over a long duration.

At the C1 level, your use of '만성적' should reflect an understanding of structural and systemic persistence. It is no longer just about 'long-term' but about 'inherent' and 'structural' issues. In academic writing or high-level business negotiations, you might use '만성적' to describe structural imbalances in the market or deep-seated psychological states in literature. You should be able to recognize it in complex sentence structures where it modifies abstract concepts like '만성적인 불신' (chronic distrust) or '만성적인 무력감' (chronic helplessness). At this level, you should also be aware of the historical and cultural context—how certain '만성적' problems in Korean society, like '만성적인 입시 스트레스' (chronic exam stress), are viewed by sociologists. Your vocabulary should allow you to discuss the transition of a state from acute to chronic and the different strategies required to manage each.

पूरी व्याख्या पढ़ने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें

At the C2 level, you possess a native-like grasp of '만성적' and can use it with precision and rhetorical flair. You understand that '만성적' can be used metaphorically in literature to describe a character's soul or a nation's malaise. You can distinguish between '만성적' and other sophisticated terms like '인습적' (conventional), '고착화된' (solidified), or '정형화된' (stereotyped) when describing long-standing patterns. In a professional medical or policy-making environment, you can discuss '만성 질환 관리 시스템' (chronic disease management systems) with full technical fluency. You are also sensitive to how the word can be used to downplay or emphasize the severity of a situation—for instance, calling a crisis '만성적' might suggest that it is something we simply have to live with, whereas calling it '급성' (acute) demands immediate action. Your mastery allows you to use the word to frame complex arguments about systemic change and long-term societal evolution.

पूरी व्याख्या पढ़ने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें

इसका अभ्यास करें उदाहरण नोट्स और सुझाव

만성적 30 सेकंड में

만성적 means chronic or long-standing, usually describing diseases or persistent negative social and economic problems that are difficult to resolve quickly.
It is a formal word often found in medical reports, news articles, and academic papers to describe structural or ingrained issues.
Commonly paired with nouns like fatigue (피로), deficit (적자), and shortage (부족) to emphasize the enduring nature of the problem.
The word is the direct antonym of 급성 (acute) and is derived from Hanja roots meaning 'slow nature'.

The Korean word 만성적 (man-seong-jeok) is an essential adjective for intermediate and advanced learners, particularly those navigating medical, economic, or social contexts. Derived from the Hanja characters 慢 (man - slow/neglect), 性 (seong - nature/quality), and 的 (jeok - suffix for adjectives), it literally describes something that has a 'slow-moving nature' or has become a permanent characteristic over time. While it is most commonly associated with health—specifically chronic illnesses that persist for months or years—its usage has expanded significantly into the realms of sociology and economics to describe systemic, long-standing problems that seem impossible to solve quickly.

Medical Context: In a hospital setting, doctors use this word to distinguish between 'acute' (급성) conditions that appear suddenly and 'chronic' (만성적) conditions like diabetes, arthritis, or recurring migraines. If a symptom lasts longer than three to six months, it is categorized as 만성적.
Economic & Social Context: You will frequently encounter this word in news headlines regarding 'chronic deficits' (만성적 적자) or 'chronic labor shortages' (만성적 인력 부족). It implies that the issue is not a one-time fluke but a structural flaw within the system itself.
Daily Life & Habits: On a personal level, it describes ingrained habits or states of being, such as 'chronic fatigue' (만성 피로) or 'chronic lateness' (만성적인 지각). It suggests that the behavior is so frequent that it has become part of the person's routine.

현대인들은 과도한 업무로 인해 만성적인 피로에 시달리고 있습니다.
— Modern people are suffering from chronic fatigue due to excessive work.

Understanding '만성적' requires recognizing its weight. It is rarely used for positive things; you wouldn't say you have 'chronic happiness.' Instead, it is a word reserved for burdens, ailments, and systemic failures that have 'hardened' into a permanent state. In Korean society, where the 'Pali-pali' (hurry-hurry) culture dominates, '만성적' issues are particularly frustrating because they represent the one thing speed cannot fix: time-hardened problems.

Using 만성적 correctly involves placing it before a noun to define its long-lasting nature. Because it is a 'determiner' type adjective (명사형 형용사), it almost always takes the form 만성적인 + Noun or 만성적으로 + Verb.

Pattern 1: Describing a Condition: Structure: [Subject]은/는 [만성적인 + Noun]이다.
Example: 이 도시는 만성적인 교통 체증으로 몸살을 앓고 있다. (This city is suffering from chronic traffic congestion.)
Pattern 2: Adverbial Use: Structure: [Subject]은/는 [만성적으로] [Verb].
Example: 그 회사는 만성적으로 자금 부족에 시달리고 있다. (That company is chronically suffering from a lack of funds.)

어릴 때부터 만성적인 비염을 앓아왔어요.
— I have suffered from chronic rhinitis since I was a child.

When discussing medical issues, '만성적' is often shortened to just '만성' when it acts as a prefix to a specific disease name. For example, '만성 위염' (chronic gastritis) or '만성 간염' (chronic hepatitis). However, when describing the *state* of the disease being chronic, the full form '만성적' is preferred to add emphasis to the enduring nature of the suffering.

In professional writing, especially in reports or essays, '만성적' is used to provide a serious, objective tone. If you are writing about the housing crisis or environmental issues in Korea, using '만성적인 주택 부족' (chronic housing shortage) sounds much more authoritative and analytical than simply saying 'the housing shortage is long.'

You will encounter 만성적 in specific environments that deal with long-term data, health, and societal analysis. It is a 'high-register' word, meaning it's more common in formal settings than in casual banter among friends, although it still appears in everyday conversation regarding health.

1. The Doctor's Office (내과/병원): If you visit a Korean internal medicine clinic (내과) for recurring pain, the doctor might ask: "이 통증이 만성적인 것인가요?" (Is this pain chronic?). This is a crucial diagnostic question to determine if you need lifestyle changes or long-term medication rather than a quick fix.
2. Evening News & Business Reports: News anchors frequently use this word when discussing the national economy. Phrases like "우리 경제의 만성적인 저성장 구조" (The chronic low-growth structure of our economy) are common. Here, it conveys a sense of structural stagnation that is difficult to break.
3. Self-Help and Wellness Podcasts: In the modern Korean 'healing' trend, experts talk about "만성적인 스트레스" (chronic stress). They use this term to warn listeners that stress isn't just a temporary feeling but a physiological state that can damage long-term health.

"이 지역은 물 부족이 만성적이라 매년 가뭄 대책을 세워야 합니다."
— "This region has a chronic water shortage, so we must establish drought measures every year."

In dramas or movies (K-Dramas), you might hear a character complain about a '만성적인' habit of a partner, such as '만성적인 거짓말' (chronic lying). In this context, it adds a layer of exhaustion to the complaint—the speaker is saying they are tired because the problem never ends and has happened many times before.

While 만성적 is straightforward in its translation as 'chronic,' learners often struggle with its specific nuances and collocations in Korean.

Using it for positive things: You should never use '만성적' to describe a long-lasting positive state. For example, '만성적인 행복' (chronic happiness) sounds very strange and almost like a medical condition. Instead, use '지속적인' (continuous) or '영원한' (eternal).
Confusing with '고질적' (Gojil-jeok): While both mean long-standing, '고질적' has a much stronger negative connotation of being a 'bad habit' or a 'wicked problem.' '만성적' is more neutral/medical, whereas '고질적' implies a deep-rooted evil or a stubborn refusal to change.
Misplacing the Particle: Learners sometimes say '만성적이다 피로' which is grammatically incorrect. It must be '만성적인 피로' (chronic fatigue) or '피로가 만성적이다' (fatigue is chronic).

❌ Incorrect Usage

그는 만성적으로 기분이 좋다.

✅ Correct Usage

그는 항상 기분이 좋다. (He is always in a good mood.)

Another subtle mistake is using '만성적' for things that are simply 'old.' If you have an old car, it's '오래된 차,' not '만성적인 차.' The word must apply to a *condition*, *state*, or *process*, not a physical object. If the car has a 'chronic engine problem,' then you can say '만성적인 엔진 결함.'

To truly master 만성적, you should know how it compares to other words that describe time and persistence. Korean has many synonyms that vary by register and emotional intensity.

1. 고질적 (Gojil-jeok) - Deep-seated / Chronic (Negative)

Used for deep-rooted social evils or bad habits that are incredibly hard to fix.

"정치권의 고질적인 부패" (The deep-seated corruption of the political sphere.)

2. 지속적 (Jisok-jeok) - Continuous / Sustained

A neutral word used for both positive and negative things that continue over time.

"지속적인 관심 부탁드립니다." (Please give us your continuous interest/support.)

3. 장기적 (Janggi-jeok) - Long-term

Focuses on the timeline rather than the nature of the condition. Often used in planning.

"장기적인 관점에서 투자하세요." (Invest from a long-term perspective.)

4. 급성 (Geup-seong) - Acute

The direct medical antonym. Refers to something that happens suddenly and intensely.

"급성 장염으로 응급실에 갔다." (I went to the ER with acute enteritis.)

Choosing the right word depends on your intent. If you want to sound like a doctor or a social analyst describing a persistent problem, '만성적' is your best bet. If you want to express frustration at a problem that won't go away, '고질적' adds that extra emotional punch. If you are talking about a business plan that spans years, '장기적' is the appropriate term.

How Formal Is It?

रोचक तथ्य

The character '慢' (man) in '만성적' is the same character used in '거만하다' (to be arrogant/slow to show respect) and '태만하다' (to be negligent/slow to work). It conveys the idea of something not being 'sharp' or 'quick.'

उच्चारण मार्गदर्शिका

UK /man.sʌŋ.dʑʌk/

US /mɑn.sʊŋ.dʒʌk/

In Korean, syllables generally have equal weight, but a slight emphasis may be placed on the first syllable '만' to clarify the word's meaning.

तुकबंदी

열정적 (yeol-jeong-jeok) 긍정적 (geung-jeong-jeok) 부정적 (bu-jeong-jeok) 감정적 (gam-jeong-jeok) 안정적 (an-jeong-jeok) 상징적 (sang-징-jeok) 전형적 (jeon-hyeong-jeok) 열성적 (yeol-seong-jeok)

आम गलतियाँ

Pronouncing 'jeok' like 'jock' with a fully released 'k'.
Stretching the 'man' sound too long like 'maaan'.
Confusing the 'eo' in 'seong' with 'o' (song).
Failing to make the 'ng' sound clearly at the end of the second syllable.
Applying English-style word stress on the middle syllable.

कठिनाई स्तर

पठन 4/5

Requires knowledge of Hanja-based academic vocabulary often found in news.

लिखना 4/5

Must know how to correctly attach particles like -인 or -으로.

बोलना 3/5

Common in health discussions but rare in casual street slang.

श्रवण 3/5

Easily recognized in formal broadcasts and medical settings.

आगे क्या सीखें

पूर्वापेक्षाएँ

시간 (Time) 문제 (Problem) 병 (Illness) 항상 (Always) 오래 (Long time)

आगे सीखें

급성 (Acute) 일시적 (Temporary) 구조적 (Structural) 지속적 (Continuous) 고질적 (Deep-seated)

उन्नत

병폐 (Malady/Evil) 적자 (Deficit) 고착화 (Solidification) 타파하다 (To break down) 결핍 (Deficiency)

ज़रूरी व्याकरण

N-적 (Adjective-forming suffix)

경제 (Economy) -> 경제적 (Economic), 만성 (Chronic state) -> 만성적 (Chronic)

-적인 (Attributive form of -적)

만성적인 피로 (Chronic fatigue)

-적으로 (Adverbial form of -적)

만성적으로 늦다 (To be chronically late)

-성 (Suffix for nature/quality)

가능성 (Possibility), 중요성 (Importance), 만성 (Chronicity)

-아/어 시달리다 (To suffer from)

만성적인 소음에 시달리다 (To suffer from chronic noise)

पूरी व्याख्या पढ़ने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें

स्तर के अनुसार उदाहरण

저는 만성적인 피로가 있어요.

I have chronic fatigue.

만성적인 (adjective) + 피로 (noun)

이 병은 만성적이에요.

This illness is chronic.

만성적 (noun/adjective) + 이다 (to be)

만성적인 기침을 해요.

I have a chronic cough.

Describes a cough that doesn't go away.

만성적인 배탈이 났어요.

I have chronic stomach trouble.

Used for recurring stomach issues.

그는 만성적으로 늦어요.

He is chronically late.

만성적으로 (adverb) + 늦다 (to be late)

만성적인 두통이 싫어요.

I hate chronic headaches.

Subject + Object + Verb pattern.

우리 동네는 만성적인 주차 문제가 있어요.

Our neighborhood has a chronic parking problem.

Describing a long-standing local issue.

만성적인 스트레스는 나빠요.

Chronic stress is bad.

Simple adjective use.

만성적인 비염 때문에 힘들어요.

It's hard because of chronic rhinitis (nasal inflammation).

때문에 (because of) indicates the cause.

이 회사는 만성적인 적자 상태입니다.

This company is in a state of chronic deficit.

적자 상태 (deficit state) is a common collocation.

만성적으로 허리가 아파요.

My back hurts chronically.

Focuses on the recurring nature of the pain.

그는 만성적인 불면증에 시달리고 있다.

He is suffering from chronic insomnia.

시달리다 (to suffer/be tormented by).

만성적인 소화불량은 식습관 때문일 수 있어요.

Chronic indigestion might be due to eating habits.

-일 수 있다 (might be).

이 지역은 만성적인 물 부족을 겪고 있다.

This region is experiencing a chronic water shortage.

겪고 있다 (is experiencing/going through).

만성적인 피부병은 치료가 어렵습니다.

Chronic skin diseases are difficult to treat.

Treatment (치료) + difficult (어렵다).

그 아이는 만성적인 편식을 해요.

That child is a chronically picky eater.

편식 (picky eating).

한국 사회의 만성적인 저출산 문제를 해결해야 합니다.

We must solve the chronic low birth rate problem of Korean society.

저출산 (low birth rate) is a major social topic.

만성적인 인력 부족으로 인해 공장 운영이 어렵습니다.

Factory operation is difficult due to a chronic labor shortage.

인력 부족 (labor shortage).

그는 만성적으로 약속 시간을 어기는 버릇이 있다.

He has a habit of chronically breaking appointment times.

어기는 버릇 (habit of breaking/violating).

만성적인 빈곤에서 벗어나는 것은 쉽지 않습니다.

It is not easy to escape from chronic poverty.

빈곤에서 벗어나다 (to escape from poverty).

이 나라는 만성적인 정치 불안에 처해 있다.

This country is in a state of chronic political instability.

정치 불안 (political instability).

만성적인 스트레스는 면역력을 떨어뜨립니다.

Chronic stress lowers immunity.

면역력 (immunity) + 떨어뜨리다 (to lower).

회사의 만성적인 자금난이 드디어 해결되었다.

The company's chronic financial difficulties have finally been resolved.

자금난 (financial difficulty).

만성적인 우울증은 전문가의 도움이 꼭 필요합니다.

Chronic depression definitely requires expert help.

전문가의 도움 (expert help).

구조적인 모순이 만성적인 부패를 야기하고 있다.

Structural contradictions are causing chronic corruption.

구조적 (structural) + 야기하다 (to cause/bring about).

만성적인 무역 수지 적자는 국가 경제에 치명적입니다.

A chronic trade deficit is fatal to the national economy.

무역 수지 (trade balance) + 치명적 (fatal).

그 환자는 급성 증상이 만성적인 질환으로 발전했습니다.

The patient's acute symptoms have developed into a chronic disease.

급성 (acute) vs 만성 (chronic) contrast.

만성적인 주택난을 해소하기 위해 신도시를 건설하고 있다.

New cities are being built to alleviate the chronic housing shortage.

주택난 (housing shortage) + 해소하다 (to alleviate).

조직 내의 만성적인 소통 부재가 큰 문제입니다.

The chronic lack of communication within the organization is a big problem.

소통 부재 (absence/lack of communication).

만성적인 가뭄으로 인해 농작물 피해가 심각합니다.

Due to chronic drought, crop damage is serious.

농작물 피해 (crop damage).

그는 만성적인 열등감에서 벗어나기 위해 노력했다.

He worked hard to escape from a chronic inferiority complex.

열등감 (inferiority complex).

만성적인 인플레이션은 서민들의 삶을 어렵게 만듭니다.

Chronic inflation makes the lives of ordinary people difficult.

서민 (ordinary people/commoners).

기술적 결함이 만성적으로 반복되는 것은 설계의 근본적인 문제입니다.

The chronic repetition of technical flaws is a fundamental problem in the design.

만성적으로 반복되다 (to repeat chronically).

만성적인 불평등은 사회적 결속력을 약화시키는 주범입니다.

Chronic inequality is the main culprit in weakening social cohesion.

사회적 결속력 (social cohesion) + 주범 (main culprit).

현대 사회의 만성적인 고독은 새로운 형태의 질병으로 간주됩니다.

Chronic loneliness in modern society is considered a new form of disease.

간주되다 (to be considered/regarded as).

만성적인 적자 구조를 타파하기 위한 고강도 개혁이 필요합니다.

High-intensity reforms are needed to break the chronic deficit structure.

타파하다 (to break down/overthrow/get rid of).

이 소설은 주인공의 만성적인 허무주의를 심도 있게 다루고 있다.

This novel deals deeply with the protagonist's chronic nihilism.

허무주의 (nihilism) + 심도 있게 (deeply/in-depth).

만성적인 전력 부족 현상을 해결하기 위해 에너지 정책을 재고해야 한다.

Energy policy must be reconsidered to resolve the chronic power shortage phenomenon.

재고하다 (to reconsider/think over).

그의 주장은 만성적인 편견에 사로잡혀 있어 객관성이 떨어진다.

His argument lacks objectivity because it is seized by chronic prejudice.

사로잡히다 (to be seized/captured by).

만성적인 수면 부족은 뇌 기능을 저하시키는 요인이 됩니다.

Chronic sleep deprivation becomes a factor that degrades brain function.

저하시키다 (to degrade/lower).

관료주의의 만성적인 비효율성은 국가 경쟁력을 저해하는 고질적인 병폐다.

The chronic inefficiency of bureaucracy is a deep-seated malady that hinders national competitiveness.

관료주의 (bureaucracy) + 병폐 (malady/evil).

만성적인 실업 문제는 단순한 경제 지표를 넘어선 실존적 위기이다.

The chronic unemployment problem is an existential crisis that goes beyond simple economic indicators.

실존적 위기 (existential crisis).

인간 소외라는 만성적인 현대적 질병에 대한 철학적 고찰이 요구된다.

Philosophical contemplation on the chronic modern disease of human alienation is required.

인간 소외 (human alienation) + 고찰 (contemplation/study).

만성적인 갈등 구조 속에서 평화적 합의를 이끌어내기란 쉽지 않다.

It is not easy to draw out a peaceful agreement within a chronic conflict structure.

합의를 이끌어내다 (to draw out/reach an agreement).

그 작가는 만성적인 불안을 창작의 원동력으로 승화시켰다.

The author sublimated chronic anxiety into the driving force of creation.

승화시키다 (to sublimate) + 원동력 (driving force).

만성적인 자원 고갈에 대비하여 지속 가능한 발전 모델을 구축해야 한다.

A sustainable development model must be built in preparation for chronic resource depletion.

자원 고갈 (resource depletion) + 구축하다 (to build/construct).

정치적 양극화라는 만성적인 독소가 민주주의의 근간을 흔들고 있다.

The chronic toxin of political polarization is shaking the foundation of democracy.

양극화 (polarization) + 근간 (foundation/basis).

만성적인 냉소주의는 사회적 변화를 가로막는 가장 큰 장애물이다.

Chronic cynicism is the greatest obstacle blocking social change.

냉소주의 (cynicism) + 가로막다 (to block/obstruct).

समानार्थी शब्द

고질적인 장기적인 지속적인 뿌리 깊은 상습적인

विलोम शब्द

일시적인 급성인

सामान्य शब्द संयोजन

만성적인 피로

만성적인 적자

만성적인 부족

만성적인 질환

만성적인 체증

만성적인 불면증

만성적인 스트레스

만성적인 실업

만성적인 통증

만성적인 가난

सामान्य वाक्यांश

만성이 되다

— To become chronic or to become a habit. It can also mean to become desensitized to something.

이제는 야근이 만성이 되어서 아무렇지도 않아요.

만성 피로 증후군

— Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). A specific medical diagnosis.

만성 피로 증후군은 휴식만으로는 회복되지 않습니다.

만성 질환자

— A person suffering from a chronic disease.

만성 질환자들은 정기적인 검진이 필수적입니다.

만성적인 문제

— A long-standing problem that is hard to solve.

이것은 우리 사회의 만성적인 문제입니다.

만성적으로 변하다

— To turn chronic. Used when a temporary issue becomes permanent.

감기가 만성적으로 변하지 않게 조심하세요.

만성적 요인

— A chronic factor. A long-term cause of a situation.

만성적 요인을 분석하는 것이 중요합니다.

만성적인 결핍

— Chronic deficiency or lack of something.

비타민 D의 만성적인 결핍은 뼈 건강에 해롭습니다.

만성적인 불안감

— Chronic anxiety or a constant feeling of unease.

그는 미래에 대한 만성적인 불안감을 느낀다.

만성적인 불황

— A chronic recession or long-term economic slump.

만성적인 불황으로 인해 폐업하는 가게가 늘고 있다.

만성적인 정체

— Chronic stagnation or traffic jam.

수출 시장의 만성적인 정체가 우려됩니다.

अक्सर इससे भ्रम होता है

만성적 vs 지속적

지속적 is neutral and can be positive (continuous growth), while 만성적 is almost always negative (chronic illness/problem).

만성적 vs 고질적

고질적 is more emotional and implies a 'wicked' or 'stubborn' habit/evil, whereas 만성적 is more clinical and objective.

만성적 vs 장기적

장기적 refers to a 'long-term' period or plan, while 만성적 refers to the 'recurring nature' of a condition.

मुहावरे और अभिव्यक्तियाँ

"만성이 박히다"

— To have a habit deeply ingrained or to become completely accustomed to a bad situation.

그는 게으름이 만성이 박혀서 고치기 힘들다.

Informal

"만성이 나다"

— To become used to something through repetition (often used for something negative).

욕을 하도 들었더니 이제는 만성이 났다.

Informal

"뼈속까지 만성이다"

— To be chronic to the bone (very deep-seated).

그의 가난은 뼈속까지 만성이라 탈출하기 어렵다.

Metaphorical

"만성적인 꼬리표"

— A chronic label (a reputation that someone can't shake off).

그에게는 '실패자'라는 만성적인 꼬리표가 붙어 다녔다.

Literary

"만성적인 굴레"

— A chronic yoke or shackle (a long-term burden).

만성적인 빚의 굴레에서 벗어나고 싶다.

Literary

"만성적인 늪"

— A chronic swamp (a situation that one keeps sinking into).

회사는 만성적인 적자의 늪에 빠졌다.

Metaphorical

"만성적인 그늘"

— A chronic shadow (a long-lasting negative influence).

전쟁의 만성적인 그늘이 여전히 남아 있다.

Poetic

"만성적인 갈증"

— Chronic thirst (often used for a long-standing desire for something like knowledge or love).

그녀는 배움에 대한 만성적인 갈증을 느꼈다.

Literary

"만성적인 침체"

— Chronic stagnation (used for economies or spirits).

마음의 만성적인 침체를 이겨내야 한다.

Formal

"만성적인 진통"

— Chronic labor pains (used for the difficult process of long-term change).

민주주의로 가는 길에는 만성적인 진통이 따랐다.

Political

आसानी से भ्रमित होने वाले

만성적 vs 급성 (Acute)

They are direct opposites in medical contexts.

급성 is sudden and short-term; 만성적 is slow-developing and long-term.

급성 장염은 금방 낫지만, 만성 위염은 오래 갑니다.

만성적 vs 상습적 (Habitual)

Both involve repetition over time.

상습적 is used for intentional behaviors or crimes (like stealing); 만성적 is for conditions (like health or economy).

그는 상습적으로 도둑질을 한다. (Habitual). 회사는 만성적 적자다. (Chronic).

만성적 vs 오래된 (Old)

Both imply a long time.

오래된 is for objects or things that started long ago; 만성적 is for the nature of a recurring problem.

오래된 책 (Old book). 만성적인 요통 (Chronic back pain).

만성적 vs 고질적 (Deep-seated)

Very similar in meaning for negative problems.

고질적 implies it's like an 'old disease' (고질) that is almost impossible to cure; 만성적 is more scientific.

사회의 고질적인 부패 (Deep-seated corruption).

만성적 vs 항상 (Always)

Both mean 'all the time'.

항상 is a simple adverb of frequency; 만성적 is an adjective describing the structural nature of a state.

나는 항상 배가 고프다. (Always). 나는 만성적인 소화불량이 있다. (Chronic).

वाक्य संरचनाएँ

만성적인 [Noun] 때문에 힘들어요.

만성적인 두통 때문에 힘들어요.

[Subject]은/는 만성적인 [Noun]을/를 겪고 있다.

이 회사는 만성적인 인력 부족을 겪고 있다.

[Subject]은/는 만성적으로 [Verb].

그는 만성적으로 약속에 늦는다.

만성적인 [Noun]은/는 [Noun]의 원인이 된다.

만성적인 스트레스는 탈모의 원인이 된다.

만성적인 [Noun] 상태에서 벗어나야 한다.

만성적인 적자 상태에서 벗어나야 한다.

[Noun]의 만성적인 [Noun]이/가 사회적 문제가 되고 있다.

청년들의 만성적인 무력감이 사회적 문제가 되고 있다.

만성적인 [Noun] 구조를 타파하기 위해 [Action].

만성적인 비리 구조를 타파하기 위해 감사를 실시했다.

만성적인 [Abstract Noun]에 대한 철학적 고찰.

만성적인 소외에 대한 철학적 고찰이 필요하다.

शब्द परिवार

संज्ञा

만성 (Chronic condition)

만성성 (Chronicity)

만성병 (Chronic disease)

क्रिया

만성화되다 (To become chronic)

만성화시키다 (To make something chronic)

विशेषण

만성적인 (Chronic - attributive form)

इसे कैसे इस्तेमाल करें

frequency

High in news, medical contexts, and professional discussions. Moderate in daily speech.

सामान्य गलतियाँ

Using '만성적인' for an old object. → 오래된 [Object]
'만성적' describes a state or condition, not the age of a physical object. Say '오래된 차' (old car), not '만성적인 차'.
Using '만성적' for positive things. → 지속적인 / 끊임없는 [Positive Noun]
'만성적' has a negative connotation. You wouldn't say '만성적인 성공' (chronic success). Use '지속적인 성공' (continuous success) instead.
Confusing '만성적으로' with '항상'. → 항상 (Always) / 만성적으로 (Chronically)
'항상' is a simple frequency. '만성적으로' implies the behavior has become a deep-seated, hard-to-fix condition.
Saying '만성적이다 피로'. → 만성적인 피로
In Korean, the adjective form must correctly modify the noun. '만성적' needs the '-인' suffix to act as a descriptor before a noun.
Confusing '만성' with '습관'. → 만성 (Chronic condition) / 습관 (Habit)
While they are related, '만성' is used for physiological or systemic states, while '습관' is for individual actions.

सुझाव

Adjective vs Adverb

Always remember to use '만성적인' before a noun and '만성적으로' before a verb. Mixing these up is a common mistake for intermediate learners. For example, '만성적인 아파요' is wrong; it should be '만성적으로 아파요'.

Medical Accuracy

If you are at a hospital, use '만성' (without the '적') as a prefix for specific organs or conditions, like '만성 위염' (chronic gastritis). It sounds more like professional medical terminology used by doctors.

Negative Only

Keep '만성적' for the 'dark side' of life. Sickness, debt, shortages, and bad habits are all '만성적.' Using it for positive things will confuse native speakers and make you sound like you're speaking 'translated' Korean.

Hanja Roots

Learning the root '慢' (man - slow) can help you learn other words. For example, '만만하다' (to be easy/negligible) and '만성' share a common theme of something that isn't fast or sharp.

Formal Essays

In TOPIK writing, use '만성적' to describe social phenomena like '만성적인 취업난' (chronic job shortage). It is a high-scoring word because it shows you can analyze structural issues.

Emphasizing Fatigue

If you want to sound like a real Korean worker, say '아, 만성 피로야' (Ugh, it's chronic fatigue). It's a very common way to express that you're not just tired today, but you've been tired for a long time.

Social Context

When you hear '만성적' on the news, pay attention to the topic. It's almost always about the economy, the birth rate, or politics. It helps you identify the most persistent problems in modern Korea.

The 'Snail' Image

Visualize a snail whenever you hear '만성적.' The snail is slow (만) and that is its nature (성). This mental image will help you remember the 'slow nature/chronic' meaning instantly.

News Keywords

In listening tests, '만성적' is often a keyword that indicates the speaker is about to discuss a long-term problem. If you hear it, prepare to identify what the specific persistent issue is.

Opposites Attract

Learn '만성' and '급성' together. In Korean, these two are almost always taught as a pair. If you know one, the other becomes much easier to remember as its direct opposite.

याद करें

स्मृति सहायक

Think of a 'Man' (만) who stays for a 'Long' time because of his 'Nature' (성). He is 'Chronic' (만성적).

दृश्य संबंध

Imagine a slow-moving snail carrying a heavy backpack labeled 'Problems.' The snail represents the 'slow nature' (만성) of the issues.

Word Web

Disease Time Deficit Fatigue Habit Slow Recurring Persistent

चैलेंज

Try to write three sentences about a '만성적' problem in your city, your health, and your habits. Use the adjective form '만성적인' twice and the adverb form '만성적으로' once.

शब्द की उत्पत्ति

Derived from the Hanja characters 慢性的 (만성적). The word has been part of the Korean lexicon for centuries, primarily entering through medical texts influenced by Traditional Chinese Medicine.

मूल अर्थ: A nature or quality (性) that is slow or sluggish (慢), referring to the slow progression of a disease.

Sino-Korean (Hanja-based vocabulary).

सांस्कृतिक संदर्भ

When using this word about someone's health or habits, be careful not to sound too clinical or dismissive, as it implies the problem is permanent.

English speakers use 'chronic' similarly, but '만성적' is used more broadly in Korean for social habits (like being late) than 'chronic' might be in casual English.

Medical dramas like 'Hospital Playlist' frequently use '만성' to discuss patient conditions. News reports on '만성적 저출산' (chronic low birth rate) are a daily occurrence in Korean media. Self-help books often title chapters 'How to overcome 만성적 stress'.

असल ज़िंदगी में अभ्यास करें

वास्तविक संदर्भ

Medical Consultation

만성적인 통증인가요?
만성 질환입니다.
만성으로 진행되었습니다.
만성 피로 증후군입니다.

Economic News

만성적인 적자 구조
만성적인 불황
만성적인 실업률
만성적인 자금난

Social Issues

만성적인 주택 부족
만성적인 저출산
만성적인 교통 체증
만성적인 빈곤

Workplace/Habits

만성적인 지각
만성적인 야근
만성적인 스트레스
만성적인 소통 부재

Environmental Issues

만성적인 가뭄
만성적인 물 부족
만성적인 대기 오염
만성적인 자원 고갈

बातचीत की शुरुआत

"요즘 만성적인 피로를 느끼시나요? 어떻게 관리하세요?"

"우리 도시의 만성적인 교통 문제를 해결할 방법이 있을까요?"

"만성적인 스트레스를 해소하는 본인만의 비법이 있나요?"

"회사에서 겪는 만성적인 문제가 있다면 무엇인가요?"

"만성적인 불면증을 고치기 위해 무엇을 해보셨나요?"

डायरी विषय

내가 가진 만성적인 습관 중에서 가장 고치고 싶은 것은 무엇인가요? 그 이유는?

우리 사회가 직면한 가장 심각한 만성적 문제는 무엇이라고 생각하나요?

만성적인 스트레스가 나의 일상생활에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 써보세요.

만성적인 적자를 겪고 있는 기업을 살리기 위한 혁신적인 아이디어를 적어보세요.

내가 만약 만성적인 질환을 앓게 된다면, 삶의 태도가 어떻게 바뀔까요?

अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले सवाल

10 सवाल

No, you should avoid this. '만성적' carries a negative nuance, usually associated with illnesses or problems. For long-lasting happiness, use '지속적인 행복' or '영원한 행복' instead. Using '만성적' for happiness would sound like you are describing it as a disease.

'만성' is a noun meaning 'chronic state,' often used as a prefix in medical terms like '만성 피로' or '만성 위염.' '만성적' is the adjective form used to describe a noun (만성적인 문제) or as an adverb (만성적으로). In many contexts, they are interchangeable, but '만성적' sounds slightly more formal and descriptive.

Yes, especially when talking about health. Phrases like '만성 피로' (chronic fatigue) are very common. However, in non-medical contexts like '만성적인 적자' (chronic deficit), it is more likely to be heard in news, business meetings, or formal discussions.

You can say '저는 만성 질환이 있어요' (I have a chronic disease) or '지병이 있어요' (I have an underlying/chronic condition). '지병' is a very common and natural way to refer to one's own chronic illness in a polite way.

It is used to describe a person's *condition* or *habit*, but not the person themselves. You wouldn't say '그는 만성적인 사람이다.' Instead, say '그는 만성적으로 게으르다' (He is chronically lazy) or '그는 만성적인 질병을 앓고 있다' (He is suffering from a chronic illness).

In a medical context, the opposite is '급성' (acute). In a general context, it could be '일시적' (temporary) or '단기적' (short-term). For example, a 'temporary fix' (일시적인 해결책) is the opposite of a 'chronic problem' (만성적인 문제).

Yes, it is. 慢 (Man - slow) + 性 (Seong - nature) + 的 (Jeok - suffix). Knowing the Hanja helps you understand other words like '태만' (negligence) or '인성' (personality).

Use '고질적' when you want to emphasize that a problem is not just long-lasting, but also 'stubborn' and 'unpleasant.' It is often used for social evils, corruption, or very bad habits. '만성적' is more neutral and often used for medical or economic data.

In Korea's fast-paced 'Pali-pali' culture, '만성적' problems are seen as particularly frustrating because they represent the things that cannot be solved quickly. It's a word that highlights the limitations of speed.

No, it is an adjective. To use it as a verb, you must use the form '만성화되다' (to become chronic) or '만성화시키다' (to make something chronic). For example, '문제가 만성화되었다' (The problem has become chronic).

सुझाव और नोट्स के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें