At the A1 level, the word 'Irādī' (إيرادي) might be a bit advanced, but you can understand it through the simple concept of 'money coming in'. Think of it as an adjective for money that you get from selling something. In Arabic, money is 'Māl' or 'Nuqūd'. When a shop sells a toy, the money they get is their 'Irād' (revenue). If we want to describe the shop as a place that 'makes money', we might use words related to this. At this level, just remember that 'Irād' means 'income' and 'Irādī' is the word we use to describe things that belong to that income. For example, if you have a box where you put all the money you earn, that could be an 'Irādī' box. You won't use this word often in daily life yet, but you will see it on signs in banks or in simple news stories about companies. It is important to know that it comes from the idea of something 'arriving' at your pocket.
At the A2 level, you are starting to learn more about work and daily routines. 'Irādī' (إيرادي) is an adjective you will see in business contexts. It describes anything related to the money a business earns. For example, if you work in a store, the 'Revenue Department' or 'Revenue Section' would be called 'Al-Qism al-Irādī'. At this stage, you should focus on the gender of the word. If you are talking about a 'Company' (Sharikah), which is feminine, you must say 'Sharikah Irādiyyah'. If you are talking about a 'Project' (Mashrū'), which is masculine, you say 'Mashrū' Irādī'. You can use this word to talk about your small business or a project at school that aims to make money. It is a more professional way to say 'money-making' or 'income-related'. Just remember: Irad = Revenue, Iradi = Revenue-related.
At the B1 level, you are expected to handle more professional topics. 'Irādī' (إيرادي) is a key term for intermediate learners interested in business Arabic. It specifically refers to the gross income of an entity. You should start using it in phrases like 'Revenue Growth' (Numū Irādī) or 'Revenue Sources' (Masādir Irādiyyah). At this level, it is important to distinguish between 'Irādī' (revenue-related) and 'Ribhī' (profit-related). A 'Revenue-generating activity' (Nashāt Irādī) might not be profitable yet, but it is bringing in cash. You will encounter this word in news reports about the economy, corporate annual summaries, and discussions about national budgets. Understanding the 'Nisba' suffix (-i) is also crucial here; it shows how Arabic creates adjectives from nouns. Practice using it to describe different departments in a company, such as distinguishing between a 'Revenue Center' (Markaz Irādī) and a 'Cost Center' (Markaz Takālīf).
At the B2 level, you should be comfortable using 'Irādī' (إيرادي) in complex financial and economic discussions. You will use it to describe 'Revenue Expenditures' (Masārīf Irādiyyah) and contrast them with 'Capital Expenditures' (Masārīf Ra'smāliyyah). This distinction is vital in accounting. You should also be able to discuss 'Revenue Policies' (Siyāsāt Irādiyyah) in the context of government fiscal measures. At this level, you can appreciate the nuance of the root 'W-R-D' and how it implies an 'inflow'. You might use the word to analyze the 'Revenue Stream' (Tadaffuq Irādī) of a digital business or a startup. You should also be aware of the word's placement in formal reports, where it often modifies abstract nouns like 'Impact' (Athar), 'Target' (Hadaf), or 'Structure' (Haykal). Your usage should reflect an understanding of corporate structures and the specific vocabulary used in the Arab business world, particularly in financial hubs like Dubai or Riyadh.
At the C1 level, your use of 'Irādī' (إيرادي) should be precise and nuanced. You will utilize it in high-level economic analysis, discussing the 'Revenue Elasticity' (Murūnah Irādiyyah) of certain taxes or the 'Revenue Implications' (Taba'āt Irādiyyah) of geopolitical shifts. You should be able to navigate technical accounting standards (like IFRS or local GAAP) translated into Arabic, where 'Irādī' is used to categorize specific types of transactions and recognitions. You will also use it in legal Arabic, specifically in contracts where 'Revenue Sharing' (Taqāsum Irādī) or 'Revenue Rights' (Huqūq Irādiyyah) are defined. Your understanding should extend to the rhetorical use of the word in political discourse—how leaders talk about 'Revenue Diversification' (Tanwī' Irādī) to move away from oil dependency. At this level, you are not just using a word; you are using a tool to describe the foundational mechanics of an economy or a corporation with sophisticated accuracy.
At the C2 level, you possess a native-like grasp of 'Irādī' (إيرادي) and its place within the broader semantic field of Arabic finance and classical etymology. You can discuss the historical development of the term from its classical roots in 'Wurūd' (arriving at water) to its modern application in digital 'Revenue Models' (Namādhij Irādiyyah). You are capable of drafting complex financial audits, legislative texts regarding fiscal 'Revenue Authorities' (Sulutāt Irādiyyah), and academic papers on 'Revenue Volatility' (Taqallub Irādī) in emerging markets. You understand the subtle connotations the word carries in different Arab regions—for instance, how it might interact with specific local terms for taxation or state income. Your mastery allows you to use the word with stylistic flair, perhaps using it metaphorically in literature or high-level journalism to describe any 'inflow' of value, while maintaining strict technical accuracy in professional environments. You can effortlessly switch between the adjective 'Irādī' and its related forms to express complex financial theories and their practical applications in the modern globalized economy.

إيرادي 30秒で

  • Iradi is a business adjective meaning 'revenue-related' or 'income-generating'.
  • It comes from the noun 'Irad' (revenue) and the root 'W-R-D' (arrival).
  • It is essential for distinguishing between revenue and profit in Arabic finance.
  • It must agree in gender and number with the noun it modifies (e.g., Iradiyyah for feminine).

The Arabic word إيرادي (Irādī) is a specialized adjective derived from the noun إيراد (Irād), which translates to 'revenue' or 'income'. In the linguistic landscape of modern standard Arabic, this term is primarily utilized within the spheres of finance, accounting, economics, and corporate management. When we describe something as irādī, we are identifying it as something that is fundamentally related to the generation of income or the inflow of financial resources into an entity, whether that entity is a private corporation, a non-profit organization, or a governmental body.

Morphological Origin
The word is built on the root 'W-R-D' (و-ر-د), which historically relates to coming to a place or arriving, specifically arriving at a water source. In a financial context, 'Irad' represents the 'arrival' of money into the coffers. The suffix 'i' (known as the Nisba) transforms the noun into an adjective.

To understand إيرادي, one must distinguish it from other financial terms. While 'Malī' (مالي) means 'financial' in a general sense, and 'Ribhī' (ربحي) means 'profitable', إيرادي specifically targets the 'top line' of a financial statement—the gross income before expenses are deducted. For instance, a 'revenue-generating activity' is called 'nashāt irādī'. This distinction is crucial for professionals who need to discuss the mechanics of cash flow without necessarily implying that the activity is already resulting in a net profit.

تعتبر هذه الوحدة قطاعاً إيرادياً رئيسياً للشركة.
(This unit is considered a major revenue-generating sector for the company.)

In government contexts, you will often hear about 'revenue-related policies' or 'irādī policies' when the state is looking for ways to increase taxes or fees to fund the national budget. It is a word that carries a sense of productivity and inflow. It is rarely used in casual, everyday conversation among friends unless they are discussing business or investments. Instead, it populates the pages of annual reports, economic news segments, and business textbooks.

Common Usage Context
Used frequently in the phrase 'Markaz Irādī' (Revenue Center), which refers to a department within a company that is responsible for generating sales, as opposed to a 'Cost Center' (Markaz Takalif).

Furthermore, the term is essential for understanding the difference between capital expenditures and revenue expenditures. In Arabic accounting, 'revenue expenditure' is often described as 'masrouf irādī', referring to expenses incurred in the normal course of business to generate current revenue, rather than long-term investments. This nuance makes the word indispensable for anyone seeking to master business Arabic or work in the Middle Eastern financial sector.

يجب تحسين الأداء الإيرادي في الربع القادم.
(Revenue-related performance must be improved in the next quarter.)

Using إيرادي correctly requires an understanding of Arabic adjective-noun agreement. Since it is an adjective, it must match the noun it modifies in gender, number, and definiteness. For example, if you are describing a masculine noun like 'Account' (Hisāb), you use إيرادي. If you are describing a feminine noun like 'Policy' (Siyāsah), you must use the feminine form إيرادية (Irādiyyah).

Masculine Application
The term 'Revenue Cycle' is translated as 'Al-Dawrah al-Irādiyyah' (feminine because 'Dawrah' is feminine), while 'Revenue Impact' is 'Al-Athar al-Irādī' (masculine because 'Athar' is masculine).

One of the most common ways to see this word in action is in the context of budgeting. When a financial analyst speaks about 'Revenue Sources', they might say 'Masādir Irādiyyah'. Here, the word describes the nature of the sources—that they are specifically for bringing in money. In a sentence: 'The government is seeking new revenue sources to cover the deficit.' In Arabic: 'Tas'ā al-hukūmah li-ijād masādir irādiyyah jadīdah li-taghtiyat al-'ajz.'

هل هذا المشروع إيرادي أم خدمي؟
(Is this project revenue-generating or service-oriented?)

Another critical usage is in technical accounting. An 'Irādī' expense is one that is deducted from the current year's revenue because it relates to the immediate operation of the business. This contrasts with 'Capital' (Ra'smālī) expenses. If you are translating a financial report, you will frequently encounter the term 'Al-Masārīf al-Irādiyyah' (Revenue Expenditures). This demonstrates how the word functions to categorize financial flows based on their purpose and timing.

In the world of startups, founders often talk about 'Revenue Models'. In Arabic, this is often 'Namūdhaj Irādī'. If a startup is 'pre-revenue', they might say they haven't reached the 'irādī' stage yet. The word conveys a sense of professional legitimacy; it implies a focus on the sustainability of the business model through sales rather than just venture capital funding.

تم تحليل التدفق الإيرادي بدقة.
(The revenue flow was analyzed accurately.)

Syntactic Positioning
As an attributive adjective, it follows the noun. Example: 'Al-Nishat (Noun) al-Iradi (Adjective)'. As a predicative adjective, it follows the subject. Example: 'Al-Mashru' (Subject) Iradi (Predicate)'.

If you tune into a business news channel like CNBC Arabia or the business segment of Al Arabiya, you will hear إيرادي within the first five minutes. It is a staple of financial journalism. Reporters use it to describe the performance of national oil companies, telecommunications giants, and the banking sector. They might discuss 'Al-Siyāsāt al-Irādiyyah' (Revenue Policies) of the OPEC+ countries or how a new tax law will affect the 'irādī' capacity of the state.

In a corporate boardroom in Dubai, Riyadh, or Cairo, the word is used in strategic planning. A CEO might ask for an 'irādī' assessment of a new product line. This means they want to know how much money the product will bring in, regardless of the costs for now. It is a word of the 'executive' register. You won't hear a child use it, and you likely won't hear it at a grocery store unless two business partners are discussing their shop's daily intake.

نحن بحاجة إلى استراتيجية إيرادية أكثر طموحاً.
(We need a more ambitious revenue strategy.)

Academic and Professional Settings
In universities, students of 'Tijārah' (Commerce) or 'Iqtisād' (Economics) learn this word in their first year of accounting. It is fundamental to the 'Mabādi' al-Muhāsabah' (Principles of Accounting).

Another common place to encounter إيرادي is in legal documents related to contracts and partnerships. Clauses that define how income will be distributed often use 'irādī' terminology to specify which types of revenue are subject to sharing. For example, 'Al-Arbāh al-Irādiyyah' might be used to specify profits derived specifically from operational revenue rather than the sale of assets.

In the public sector, when governments discuss their annual budgets ('Al-Mīzāniyyah al-'Āmmah'), they divide the budget into 'revenue' and 'expenditure' sections. The adjective 'irādī' is used to describe the revenue-side items. You might see it in headlines like 'New Revenue Measures to Boost the Economy'. In Arabic, this would be 'Ijrā'āt Irādiyyah Jadīdah'. This highlights the word's role in the macro-economic discourse of the Arab world.

سجلت الشركة نمواً إيرادياً ملحوظاً هذا العام.
(The company recorded significant revenue growth this year.)

The most frequent mistake learners make with إيرادي is confusing it with the word for 'profit-related' (ribhī). Revenue (irād) is the total amount of money coming in, while profit (ribh) is what remains after expenses. If you describe a project as إيرادي, you are saying it generates money. It might still be losing money if its expenses are higher than its revenue. Therefore, calling a non-profitable but high-income project 'ribhī' would be factually incorrect in a business context.

Confusing 'Iradi' with 'Irādi' (Will-related)
There is another Arabic word 'Irādī' (إرادي) which comes from 'Irādah' (will/volition). They look identical in some scripts if the Hamza is not clearly written. 'Irādī' (with a Hamza under the Alif) means 'voluntary' or 'intentional'. 'Irādī' (from revenue) also has the Hamza under the Alif (إيرادي). Context is the only way to distinguish them in speech, though in writing, the 'Ya' after the 'Alif' in 'إيرادي' (revenue) clearly separates it from 'إرادي' (voluntary).

Another common error is failing to apply the feminine ending -ah when describing feminine nouns. Since many business terms like 'Company' (Sharikah), 'Institution' (Mu'assasah), and 'Activity' (Nashāt - though masculine, its plural 'Anshitah' can take feminine singular adjectives) require agreement, learners often default to the masculine 'irādī' and sound ungrammatical. For example, saying 'Sharikah irādī' is wrong; it must be 'Sharikah irādiyyah'.

خطأ: هذه خطة إيرادي.
صح: هذه خطة إيرادية.
(Wrong: This is a revenue plan [masc]. Correct: This is a revenue plan [fem].)

Learners also sometimes confuse 'irādī' with 'māradi' (disease-related) or 'murādī' (my desire), which sound somewhat similar but have entirely different roots. Precision in the vowel sounds—specifically the long 'ī' at the beginning and the 'ā' in the middle—is key to being understood. Furthermore, ensure you don't confuse it with 'warīdī' (venous/relating to veins), which shares the same root (W-R-D) but refers to anatomy!

Finally, avoid using إيرادي to describe a person's salary. For a personal salary, the word 'Rātib' is used, and it is rarely described as 'irādī'. The term is reserved for business income, yields from investments, or national revenue. Using it for a person's monthly paycheck sounds overly formal and slightly misplaced, like saying 'my personal revenue stream' instead of 'my pay'.

When discussing money in Arabic, there are several adjectives that overlap with إيرادي but carry distinct nuances. Understanding these differences will help you sound more like a native professional. The most frequent alternative is مالي (Mālī), which simply means 'financial'. While إيرادي is specific to income, مالي is a broad umbrella term covering everything from debt and assets to taxes and spending.

Comparison: Iradi vs. Ribhi
Iradi (إيرادي): Focuses on the gross inflow. 'We have high revenue, but high costs.'
Ribhi (ربحي): Focuses on the net gain. 'This is a profitable (ribhi) venture because the income exceeds the costs.'

Another related term is استثماري (Istithmārī), meaning 'investment-related'. A project can be 'istithmārī' because it requires capital, but it becomes 'irādī' once it starts generating cash flow. Professionals often distinguish between an 'investment phase' and a 'revenue phase' (Al-Marhalah al-Irādiyyah). If you want to describe something that produces a high yield or return, you might use مربح (Murbih - lucrative) or عائد ('Ā'id - returning/yielding).

الفرق بين المصروف الإيرادي والمصروف الرأسمالي جوهري.
(The difference between revenue expenditure and capital expenditure is fundamental.)

For those working in government or public finance, جبائي (Jibā'ī) is a term used specifically for 'fiscal' or 'tax-related' matters in some North African dialects (like Algerian or Tunisian Arabic), whereas ضريبي (Darībī) is the standard term for 'tax-related' in the Levant and Gulf. While these relate to how the government gets its 'irād', they describe the mechanism (taxation) rather than the nature of the income itself.

Synonym Table
  • Dakhlī (دخلي): Related to income (less formal than Iradi).
  • Kasbī (كسبي): Related to earning (often used in religious or ethical contexts).
  • Intājī (إنتاجي): Productive (implies generating value, which often leads to revenue).

レベル別の例文

1

هذا المحل له دخل إيرادي.

This shop has a revenue-related income.

Simple adjective-noun agreement.

2

أريد مشروعاً إيرادياً صغيراً.

I want a small revenue-generating project.

The adjective follows the noun 'Mashru'.

3

هل هذا عمل إيرادي؟

Is this revenue-related work?

Interrogative sentence structure.

4

المال هو شيء إيرادي للشركة.

Money is a revenue item for the company.

Using 'Iradi' as a predicate.

5

عندي فكرة إيرادية.

I have a revenue-related idea.

Feminine form 'Iradiyyah' to match 'Fikrah'.

6

هذا قسم إيرادي في البنك.

This is a revenue department in the bank.

Noun-adjective pair.

7

نحن نحب النشاط الإيرادي.

We like revenue-generating activity.

Definite article 'Al-' on both noun and adjective.

8

كل يوم هناك دخل إيرادي.

Every day there is revenue income.

Adjective modifying 'Dakhl'.

1

تبحث الشركة عن مصادر إيرادية جديدة.

The company is looking for new revenue sources.

Plural 'Masadir' takes feminine singular adjective 'Iradiyyah'.

2

هذا التقرير الإيرادي مهم جداً.

This revenue report is very important.

Definite adjective modifying 'Taqrir'.

3

كيف نزيد التدفق الإيرادي؟

How do we increase the revenue flow?

The word 'Tadaffuq' is masculine.

4

الموظف يعمل في قطاع إيرادي.

The employee works in a revenue sector.

Prepositional phrase with adjective.

5

هذه سياسة إيرادية ناجحة.

This is a successful revenue policy.

Two adjectives ('Iradiyyah' and 'Najihah') modifying one noun.

6

هل الربح إيرادي دائماً؟

Is profit always revenue-related?

Adverb 'da'iman' placed after the predicate.

7

نحتاج إلى خطة إيرادية واضحة.

We need a clear revenue plan.

Feminine agreement with 'Khittah'.

8

البيع هو عمل إيرادي أساسي.

Selling is a primary revenue activity.

Complex subject with multiple descriptors.

1

يعتبر قسم المبيعات مركزاً إيرادياً رئيسياً.

The sales department is considered a primary revenue center.

Use of 'Markazan' in the accusative case after 'Yu'tabaru'.

2

يجب أن نفرق بين المصروف الإيرادي والرأسمالي.

We must differentiate between revenue expenditure and capital expenditure.

Contrast between two technical adjectives.

3

حققت الشركة نمواً إيرادياً بنسبة عشرة بالمئة.

The company achieved revenue growth of ten percent.

Adjective 'Iradiyan' in the accusative as an object's modifier.

4

تعتمد الميزانية على بنود إيرادية متنوعة.

The budget depends on various revenue items.

Plural 'Bunud' with feminine singular adjective.

5

هناك ضغوط إيرادية على الحكومة حالياً.

There are revenue pressures on the government currently.

Subject-predicate inversion for emphasis.

6

هل لديكم نموذج إيرادي مستدام؟

Do you have a sustainable revenue model?

Using 'Mustadam' (sustainable) alongside 'Iradi'.

7

تم تقييم الأداء الإيرادي للفرع الجديد.

The revenue performance of the new branch was evaluated.

Passive verb 'Tamma taqyim'.

8

نواجه عجزاً في القنوات الإيرادية.

We face a deficit in the revenue channels.

Plural noun 'Qanawat' with feminine adjective.

1

تتطلب المعايير المحاسبية تصنيفاً إيرادياً دقيقاً.

Accounting standards require accurate revenue classification.

Technical terminology 'Ma'ayir Muhasabiyyah'.

2

تؤثر التقلبات السوقية على التدفقات الإيرادية.

Market fluctuations affect revenue flows.

Plural 'Tadaffuqat' with feminine singular adjective.

3

الاستراتيجية الإيرادية تركز على تنويع الدخل.

The revenue strategy focuses on income diversification.

Focus on 'Tanwi' al-dakhl' (diversification).

4

تم تحليل الأثر الإيرادي لضريبة القيمة المضافة.

The revenue impact of Value Added Tax (VAT) was analyzed.

Complex genitive construction (Idafa).

5

يعاني المشروع من فجوة إيرادية كبيرة.

The project suffers from a large revenue gap.

Metaphorical use of 'Fajwah' (gap).

6

تعتبر هذه الأصول غير إيرادية في الوقت الحالي.

These assets are considered non-revenue-generating at the moment.

Use of 'Ghayr' to negate the adjective.

7

تتضمن الاتفاقية بنوداً إيرادية مشروطة.

The agreement includes conditional revenue clauses.

Adjective 'Mashrutah' following 'Iradiyyah'.

8

يجب مراجعة الدورة الإيرادية لتقليل الفاقد.

The revenue cycle must be reviewed to reduce waste.

Infinitive 'Muraja'ah' as the subject.

1

تتسم السياسة المالية الحالية بصبغة إيرادية واضحة.

The current fiscal policy is characterized by a clear revenue-oriented nature.

Use of 'Sabghah' (character/tint) to describe policy nature.

2

أدى التوسع في الخدمات إلى تعزيز القاعدة الإيرادية.

Expansion in services led to strengthening the revenue base.

Abstract noun 'Qa'idah' (base) modified by 'Iradiyyah'.

3

يتم رصد الانحرافات الإيرادية بشكل شهري.

Revenue deviations are monitored on a monthly basis.

Technical term 'Inhirafat' (deviations).

4

هناك حاجة ماسة لابتكار أدوات إيرادية غير تقليدية.

There is a dire need to innovate unconventional revenue tools.

Double adjectives 'Iradiyyah' and 'Ghayr taqlidiyyah'.

5

تعتمد استدامة المؤسسة على كفاءة منظومتها الإيرادية.

The institution's sustainability depends on the efficiency of its revenue system.

Genitive chain ending in an adjective.

6

ناقش المحللون المرونة الإيرادية للقطاع السياحي.

Analysts discussed the revenue elasticity of the tourism sector.

Economic term 'Murunah' (elasticity).

7

تمثل الرسوم الجمركية رافداً إيرادياً حيوياً للدولة.

Customs duties represent a vital revenue tributary for the state.

Metaphorical use of 'Rafid' (tributary/stream).

8

يجب مراعاة التبعات الإيرادية للتشريعات الجديدة.

The revenue implications of the new legislations must be taken into account.

Plural 'Taba'at' (implications/consequences).

1

تتجلى المعضلة في التوفيق بين الأهداف الخدمية والضرورات الإيرادية.

The dilemma manifests in reconciling service goals with revenue necessities.

Sophisticated vocabulary like 'Ma'dhalah' (dilemma) and 'Tawfiq' (reconciliation).

2

يخضع الاعتراف الإيرادي لمعايير محاسبية دولية صارمة.

Revenue recognition is subject to strict international accounting standards.

Specific accounting term 'Al-I'tiraf al-Irādi' (Revenue Recognition).

3

ساهمت هيكلة القطاع في تقليص الهدر الإيرادي بشكل جذري.

The sector's restructuring contributed to radically reducing revenue leakage.

Use of 'Hadr' (waste/leakage) and 'Jadhri' (radical).

4

تعتبر هذه التدابير بمثابة صمام أمان للمنظومة الإيرادية الوطنية.

These measures serve as a safety valve for the national revenue system.

Metaphorical 'Simam Aman' (safety valve).

5

يتطلب التحول الرقمي إعادة صياغة للمنطق الإيرادي التقليدي.

Digital transformation requires a reformulation of traditional revenue logic.

Abstract concept 'Mantiq Iradi' (revenue logic).

6

تؤدي هشاشة القاعدة الإيرادية إلى تقويض الاستقرار المالي.

The fragility of the revenue base leads to undermining financial stability.

Advanced verb 'Taqwid' (undermining) and noun 'Hashashah' (fragility).

7

ثمة ترابط عضوي بين الكفاءة التشغيلية والقدرة الإيرادية.

There is an organic correlation between operational efficiency and revenue capacity.

Use of 'Thamma' (there is) and 'Tarabut 'Odwī' (organic correlation).

8

تنبثق الرؤية الجديدة من ضرورة استغلال كافة الفرص الإيرادية المتاحة.

The new vision stems from the necessity of exploiting all available revenue opportunities.

Verb 'Tanbathiqu' (stems/emerges) with 'Min'.

類義語

دخلي مالي ربحي تحصيلي مردودي استثماري عائدي تكسبي

反対語

مصروفي تكاليفي رأسمالي خساري

よく使う組み合わせ

مركز إيرادي
تدفق إيرادي
سياسة إيرادية
مصروف إيرادي
نموذج إيرادي
نمو إيرادي
قاعدة إيرادية
أداء إيرادي
عجز إيرادي
مصادر إيرادية

よく使うフレーズ

تحقيق هدف إيرادي

— Achieving a specific revenue target set by the management.

نجحنا في تحقيق هدف إيرادي طموح.

تحليل إيرادي

— The process of examining income sources and patterns.

أجرينا تحليلاً إيرادياً معمقاً.

فجوة إيرادية

— The difference between expected revenue and actual revenue.

يجب سد الفجوة الإيرادية بسرعة.

دورة إيرادية

— The full cycle of generating, billing, and collecting revenue.

الدورة الإيرادي

役に立った?
まだコメントがありません。最初に考えをシェアしましょう!