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A2 noun 8分で読める

بَيْض

bayd
例文 メモとヒント بَيْض 30秒で
解説 بَيْض in your Level:
At the A1 level, learners should recognize 'bayḍ' as a basic food item. Focus is on simple identification and basic needs. You learn that 'bayḍ' means eggs and is usually something you eat for breakfast. You might learn phrases like 'I want eggs' (urīdu bayḍ) or 'this is an egg' (hādhihi bayḍah). The emphasis is on the singular 'bayḍah' and the collective 'bayḍ' in a shopping context. You should be able to identify an egg in a picture and use the word with basic colors, like 'an egg is white' (al-bayḍah bayḍā'). At this stage, don't worry about complex grammar; just treat it as a vocabulary word for food.
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At the A2 level, you begin to use 'bayḍ' in more descriptive sentences and understand its role as a collective noun. You should be able to describe how eggs are prepared: 'bayḍ maslūq' (boiled) or 'bayḍ maqlī' (fried). You will start to use numbers with eggs, necessitating the use of the plural 'bayḍāt' for counts between 3 and 10. You can talk about your daily routine, such as 'I eat two eggs every morning'. You also begin to recognize the word in simple recipes or on restaurant menus. Understanding the difference between 'bayḍ' (the food) and 'abyaḍ' (the color white) is a key milestone for this level.
At the B1 level, you can use 'bayḍ' in more complex narratives and social situations. You might discuss the health benefits of eggs, mentioning 'protein' or 'calories'. You can explain a simple recipe, like how to make an omelet, using verbs like 'to whisk' (khafaqa) or 'to cook' (ṭabakha) with the word 'bayḍ'. You are comfortable with the gender agreement of the word and its various forms. You might also encounter the word in simple idioms or proverbs and be able to understand their general meaning within a conversation. Your vocabulary expands to include parts of the egg, like 'ṣafār' (yolk) and 'bayāḍ' (white).
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At the B2 level, you use 'bayḍ' in specialized contexts such as biology or economics (e.g., discussing the price of eggs as a commodity). You can understand and participate in debates about nutrition, such as the cholesterol found in eggs. You are familiar with the verb 'bāḍa' (to lay eggs) and can use it to describe the life cycles of animals. You understand the nuances of different dialects' pronunciations and usage of the word. You can read more advanced texts, such as news articles about food safety or agricultural production, where 'bayḍ' is a central topic.
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At the C1 level, your understanding of 'bayḍ' includes its literary and metaphorical depths. You can appreciate the use of the word in classical Arabic poetry or modern literature where it might symbolize life, rebirth, or fragility. You are aware of the historical etymology of the word and its connection to other Semitic languages. You can use the word in sophisticated professional contexts, such as veterinary medicine or food science, with precision. You understand the subtle differences between formal 'zulāl' and common 'bayāḍ' and can switch registers appropriately depending on your audience.
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At the C2 level, you have a near-native command of the word 'bayḍ' and its entire linguistic field. You can discuss the word's role in Arabic philology and its various shades of meaning in ancient texts. You are comfortable using rare or archaic forms related to the root B-Y-Ḍ. You can use 'bayḍ' in highly abstract or philosophical discussions, perhaps using it as a metaphor for the 'origin' or the 'seed' of an idea. Your usage is indistinguishable from a native speaker, including the correct use of all related idioms, cultural references, and dialectal variations across the Arab world.
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例文 メモとヒント

بَيْض 30秒で

  • Bayḍ is the Arabic collective noun for eggs, representing a staple food and a biological unit of life across the Arabic-speaking world.
  • The word is derived from the root meaning 'white', reflecting the common color of the eggshells most frequently encountered in daily life.
  • Grammatically, it functions as a collective noun, with 'bayḍah' serving as the singulative form for a single egg and 'bayḍāt' for specific counts.
  • It is used in various registers, from everyday kitchen talk and marketplace transactions to formal biological and medical scientific discussions.
The Arabic word بَيْض (bayḍ) is a foundational noun in the Arabic language, primarily referring to eggs in a collective sense. Linguistically, it is derived from the root B-Y-Ḍ, which is intrinsically linked to the concept of whiteness (al-bayāḍ). This connection is logical, as the most common eggs encountered in daily life, such as those from chickens, possess a white or light-colored shell. In Arabic grammar, بَيْض is a collective noun (ism jins jam’i), which refers to the category or a group of eggs. To refer to a single, individual egg, the singulative suffix -ah is added, forming بَيْضَة (bayḍah). This distinction is crucial for learners to grasp early on. People use this word in a vast array of contexts ranging from the mundane act of grocery shopping to complex biological discussions and even poetic metaphors. In the kitchen, it is the star of breakfast, appearing in phrases like bayḍ maqlī (fried eggs) or bayḍ maslūq (boiled eggs). Beyond the culinary world, it is used in biology to describe the reproductive cells of various animals, including birds, reptiles, and insects.
Biological Context
The term encompasses the protective shell, the yolk (makh or ṣafār), and the white (bayāḍ) of the egg.
Culinary Register
Used daily in recipes, menus, and market transactions to specify quantity and preparation style.
Metaphorical Use
Often used to symbolize potential, beginnings, or even fragility in literary Arabic.

أريد شراء طبق من الـ بَيْض الطازج من السوق اليوم. (I want to buy a tray of fresh eggs from the market today.)

الدجاجة تضع الـ بَيْض في العش كل صباح. (The chicken lays eggs in the nest every morning.)

هل تفضل الـ بَيْض مسلوقاً أم مقلياً في وجبة الإفطار؟ (Do you prefer eggs boiled or fried for breakfast?)

يحتوي الـ بَيْض على نسبة عالية من البروتين المفيد للجسم. (Eggs contain a high percentage of protein beneficial for the body.)

لون قشرة الـ بَيْض يختلف حسب نوع الطائر. (The color of the eggshell varies according to the type of bird.)

In summary, بَيْض is more than just a food item; it is a word that connects color, biology, and daily sustenance. Whether you are ordering a shakshuka in a cafe in Cairo or discussing avian life cycles in a classroom in Amman, this word is indispensable. Its simple three-letter structure belies its heavy usage and the cultural weight it carries as a symbol of life and health across the Arabic-speaking world.
Using بَيْض correctly requires an understanding of its grammatical status as a collective noun. When you speak about eggs generally, you use bayḍ. For example, 'I like eggs' is uḥibbu al-bayḍ. However, when you need to be specific about a single unit, you must use bayḍah. This distinction affects how adjectives and verbs interact with the word.
General Statement
Al-bayḍ ghidhā' mufīd (Eggs are a beneficial food). Here, 'bayḍ' is treated as a masculine singular collective.
Specific Count
Ishtaraytu thalāth bayḍāt (I bought three eggs). Here, we use the feminine plural of the singulative form.
Descriptive Usage
Hādhihi bayḍah kabīrah (This is a large egg). Adjectives must agree with the feminine gender of 'bayḍah'.

كسرتُ الـ بَيْض في الوعاء لتحضير الكعكة. (I cracked the eggs in the bowl to prepare the cake.)

هل يمكنك سلق ست حبات من الـ بَيْض؟ (Can you boil six pieces of eggs?)

رائحة الـ بَيْض المقلي تملأ المطبخ. (The smell of fried eggs fills the kitchen.)

Sentence construction with bayḍ often involves adjectives that describe the state of the egg. For instance, bayḍ fāsid means rotten eggs, while bayḍ ṭāzij means fresh eggs. In more advanced Arabic, you might encounter the word in scientific texts describing the 'ovum' in female reproduction, though the term buwayḍah (the diminutive form) is more common there. To master the use of bayḍ, practice switching between the collective 'bayḍ' and the specific plural 'bayḍāt' depending on whether you are talking about eggs as a food category or as countable items on your plate. This nuance is a hallmark of reaching the A2 and B1 levels of Arabic proficiency.
The word بَيْض is ubiquitous in the daily life of an Arabic speaker. The most common place you will hear it is in the home, specifically during breakfast time. Parents might ask their children, 'Do you want eggs today?' (hal turīdu bayḍan al-yawm?). In the marketplace or 'souq', you will hear vendors shouting the prices of eggs, often selling them by the 'tabaq' (tray of 30) or by the dozen.
At the Restaurant
Waiters will ask how you like your eggs: 'Maslūq' (boiled), 'Maqlī' (fried), or 'Umlīt' (omelet).
In the Grocery Store
Labels on cartons will read 'Bayḍ Ṭāzij' (Fresh Eggs) or 'Bayḍ Baladī' (Local/Organic Eggs).
On Cooking Shows
Chefs will instruct viewers to 'akhfiq al-bayḍ' (whisk the eggs) or 'ifṣil ṣafār al-bayḍ' (separate the egg yolk).

البائع في السوق: 'لدينا بَيْض بلدي طازج جداً!' (The seller in the market: 'We have very fresh local eggs!')

الأم: 'لا تنسَ شراء كرتونة بَيْض وأنت عائد من العمل.' (The mother: 'Don't forget to buy a carton of eggs while you are returning from work.')

You will also hear this word in educational settings, especially in science classes discussing biology. In a more figurative sense, the word appears in idioms. For example, the Arabic equivalent of 'don't put all your eggs in one basket' is lā taḍa' al-bayḍ kullahu fī sallatin wāḥidah. This shows that the word transcends literal food and enters the realm of strategy and wisdom. Hearing 'bayḍ' in these various settings—from the chaotic shouting of a vegetable market to the quiet instruction of a grandmother teaching a child to bake—highlights its essential role in the Arabic vocabulary. It is a word of the people, the kitchen, and the laboratory alike.
For English speakers learning Arabic, the word بَيْض presents a few common pitfalls, mainly centered around gender and number. The most frequent mistake is treating bayḍ as a regular plural. In English, 'eggs' is the plural of 'egg'. In Arabic, bayḍ is a collective noun, which is a different grammatical category.
Confusion with 'White'
Learners often confuse 'bayḍ' (eggs) with 'abyaḍ' (white). While they share the same root, they are used differently. You cannot say 'the car is bayḍ'; you must say 'the car is bayḍā''.
Gender Agreement Errors
Because 'bayḍah' (one egg) is feminine, students often mistakenly make adjectives feminine when describing 'bayḍ' (collective). Usually, 'bayḍ' is treated as masculine singular in general statements.
Counting Mistakes
Saying 'ithnān bayḍ' is incorrect. You should use the dual form 'bayḍatān' or 'bayḍatayn'.

Mistake: 'أكلتُ ثلاث بَيْض' (Akaultu thalāth bayḍ) - Incorrect. Correction: 'أكلتُ ثلاث بَيْضَات' (Akaultu thalāth bayḍāt) - Correct.

Mistake: 'هذا الـ بَيْض بيضاء' (Hādhā al-bayḍ bayḍā') - Incorrect gender agreement. Correction: 'هذا الـ بَيْض طازج' (Hādhā al-bayḍ ṭāzij) - Correct (Masculine).

Another mistake is using 'bayḍ' when referring to the color of an object. Remember: 'bayḍ' is the noun (the object), and 'abyaḍ' is the adjective (the color). If you say 'the wall is bayḍ', you are saying 'the wall is eggs'! Always double-check your root usage. Finally, be careful with the word in slang contexts; in some dialects, it can have vulgar connotations similar to 'balls' in English, so stick to culinary and biological contexts unless you are very familiar with the local dialect and its nuances.
While بَيْض is the most common word for eggs, there are other terms and related words that a learner should be aware of to enrich their vocabulary. Understanding these helps in distinguishing between different types of eggs or biological stages.
بُوَيْضَة (Buwayḍah)
This is the diminutive form of 'bayḍah' and is used specifically in medical and biological contexts to mean 'ovum' or 'egg cell'.
مَحّ (Maḥḥ) / صَفَار (Ṣafār)
These terms refer to the egg yolk. 'Ṣafār' is more common in daily speech as it relates to the color yellow (aṣfar).
زُلال (Zulāl) / بَيَاض (Bayāḍ)
These refer to the egg white. 'Zulāl' is more formal/scientific, while 'bayāḍ' is used in the kitchen.

يُفضل البعض أكل بَيَاض الـ بَيْض فقط لتجنب الكوليسترول. (Some prefer to eat only egg whites to avoid cholesterol.)

تُخصب الـ بُوَيْضَة بواسطة الحيوان المنوي في عملية التكاثر. (The ovum is fertilized by the sperm in the process of reproduction.)

In terms of alternatives, if you are looking for other protein sources often mentioned alongside eggs, you might hear jubn (cheese) or fūl (fava beans), which are common breakfast companions. When discussing birds, you might hear firākh (chicks), which hatch from the eggs. Understanding the word family—including the verb bāḍa / yabīḍu (to lay eggs)—is also helpful. For example, 'the bird laid an egg' would be bāḍat al-ṭayrah bayḍatan. This holistic view of the word and its relatives will ensure you not only know the word for egg but also the entire ecosystem of language surrounding it.

豆知識

The Arabic word for 'white' (abyaḍ) and 'egg' (bayḍ) are so closely linked that in some ancient contexts, they were almost interchangeable symbols of purity.

発音ガイド

UK /baɪd/
US /baɪd/
The stress is on the first syllable: BAY-ḍ.
韻が合う語
Rayḍ Fayḍ Mayḍ Hayḍ Gayḍ Zayḍ Kayḍ Layḍ
よくある間違い
  • Pronouncing the 'ḍ' (ض) as a plain English 'd'.
  • Pronouncing the 'ay' (ي) as a long 'ee' sound.
  • Failing to make the 'ḍ' sound emphatic, which can lead to confusion with other words.
  • Adding an extra vowel sound at the end in dialects.
  • Mixing up the 'ay' diphthong with a simple 'a' sound.
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レベル別の例文

1

هذا بَيْض.

This is eggs.

Collective noun used as a predicate.

2

أنا آكل البَيْض.

I eat eggs.

Definite article 'al-' with the collective noun.

3

البَيْضَة بيضاء.

The egg is white.

Singulative feminine noun 'bayḍah' with feminine adjective 'bayḍā''.

4

أريد بَيْضَة واحدة.

I want one egg.

Number agreement with feminine noun.

5

هل تحب البَيْض؟

Do you like eggs?

Simple question structure.

6

البَيْض في المطبخ.

The eggs are in the kitchen.

Prepositional phrase 'fī al-maṭbakh'.

7

عندي بَيْض كثير.

I have many eggs.

Adjective 'kathīr' modifying the collective noun.

8

هذه بَيْضَة صغيرة.

This is a small egg.

Feminine singular agreement.

1

اشتريتُ طبق بَيْض.

I bought a tray of eggs.

Idafa construction: 'ṭabaq bayḍ'.

2

أحب البَيْض المقلي.

I like fried eggs.

Adjective 'maqlī' (fried) in the masculine singular.

3

هل البَيْض طازج؟

Are the eggs fresh?

Adjective 'ṭāzij' (fresh).

4

أكلتُ بَيْضتَين اليوم.

I ate two eggs today.

Dual form 'bayḍatayn'.

5

سعر البَيْض مرتفع.

The price of eggs is high.

Subject-predicate sentence.

6

نحن نطبخ البَيْض الآن.

We are cooking eggs now.

Present tense verb 'naṭbukhu'.

7

البَيْض المسلوق مفيد.

Boiled eggs are beneficial.

Passive participle 'maslūq' (boiled).

8

ضع البَيْض في الثلاجة.

Put the eggs in the fridge.

Imperative verb 'ḍa''.

1

يحتوي البَيْض على البروتين.

Eggs contain protein.

Verb 'yaḥtawī' followed by preposition 'alā'.

2

افصل البَيَاض عن الصَّفَار.

Separate the white from the yolk.

Imperative verb with specific parts of the egg.

3

الدجاجة تبيض كل يوم.

The chicken lays eggs every day.

Verb 'tabīḍu' derived from the same root.

4

أضف ثلاث بَيْضَات إلى الخليط.

Add three eggs to the mixture.

Plural 'bayḍāt' used with number 3.

5

البَيْض البلدي ألذ من العادي.

Local eggs are tastier than regular ones.

Comparative 'aladh' (tastier).

6

هل يمكنني الحصول على بَيْض أومليت؟

Can I have omelet eggs?

Using the loanword 'omlit'.

7

تأكد من عدم كسر البَيْض.

Make sure not to break the eggs.

Masdar 'kasr' (breaking) in an idafa.

8

يُستخدم البَيْض في صنع الحلويات.

Eggs are used in making sweets.

Passive verb 'yustakhdamu'.

1

ارتفع إنتاج البَيْض هذا العام.

Egg production increased this year.

Noun 'intāj' (production) in idafa.

2

قشرة البَيْضة تحمي الجنين بالداخل.

The eggshell protects the embryo inside.

Noun 'qishrah' (shell).

3

يعاني البعض من حساسية البَيْض.

Some people suffer from an egg allergy.

Noun 'ḥasāsiyyah' (allergy).

4

تختلف أحجام البَيْض حسب نوع الطائر.

Egg sizes vary according to the bird type.

Verb 'takhtalifu' (vary).

5

البَيْض مصدر رخيص للطاقة.

Eggs are a cheap source of energy.

Noun 'maṣdar' (source).

6

يتم فحص البَيْض قبل بيعه.

Eggs are inspected before being sold.

Passive structure 'yattamu faḥṣ'.

7

تضع السلاحف بَيْضها في الرمل.

Turtles lay their eggs in the sand.

Possessive suffix '-hā' referring to the turtles.

8

لا تضع البَيْض كله في سلة واحدة.

Don't put all the eggs in one basket.

Proverbial usage.

1

تعتبر البُوَيْضَة أكبر خلية في جسم الأنثى.

The ovum is considered the largest cell in the female body.

Diminutive form 'buwayḍah' used scientifically.

2

يرمز البَيْض في العديد من الثقافات إلى الخصوبة.

Eggs symbolize fertility in many cultures.

Verb 'yarmuzu' (symbolize).

3

تتطلب عملية تفريخ البَيْض درجة حرارة معينة.

The process of hatching eggs requires a specific temperature.

Masdar 'tafrīkh' (hatching).

4

انتقد الخبراء تذبذب أسعار البَيْض في السوق العالمية.

Experts criticized the fluctuation of egg prices in the global market.

Complex sentence with 'tadhabdhub' (fluctuation).

5

تتجلى عظمة الخالق في تكوين البَيْضة.

The greatness of the Creator is evident in the formation of the egg.

Reflexive verb 'tatajallā'.

6

أظهرت الدراسة أن استهلاك البَيْض لا يرفع الكوليسترول دائماً.

The study showed that egg consumption does not always raise cholesterol.

Noun 'istihlāk' (consumption).

7

يستخدم الفنانون قشور البَيْض في أعمالهم الفنية.

Artists use eggshells in their artistic works.

Plural 'qushūr' (shells).

8

منذ قديم الأزل، والـ بَيْض جزء لا يتجزأ من المائدة العربية.

Since ancient times, eggs have been an integral part of the Arabic table.

Idiomatic expression 'juz' lā yatajazza''.

1

لقد كانت قضية 'البَيْضة أم الدجاجة' معضلة فلسفية كبرى.

The 'egg or the chicken' issue has been a major philosophical dilemma.

Philosophical reference.

2

تستقصي الورقة البحثية الخصائص الكيميائية لزلال البَيْض.

The research paper investigates the chemical properties of egg albumin.

High-level academic verb 'tastaqṣī'.

3

يعد البَيْض في الأدب الرمزي تجسيداً للإمكانات الكامنة.

Eggs in symbolic literature are an embodiment of latent potential.

Abstract noun 'tajsīd' (embodiment).

4

إن التوازن البيئي يعتمد على نجاح عملية وضع البَيْض للعديد من الأنواع.

Ecological balance depends on the success of the egg-laying process for many species.

Complex conditional-like structure.

5

في بعض المخطوطات القديمة، وُصف البَيْض بأنه أصل الوجود.

In some ancient manuscripts, the egg was described as the origin of existence.

Passive verb 'wuṣifa'.

6

تؤثر العوامل الوراثية بشكل مباشر على جودة البَيْض المنتج.

Genetic factors directly affect the quality of the eggs produced.

Scientific terminology 'awāmil wirāthiyyah'.

7

لا يمكننا إغفال الأبعاد السوسيولوجية لاستهلاك البَيْض في المجتمعات الريفية.

We cannot overlook the sociological dimensions of egg consumption in rural societies.

Advanced term 'sūsyūlūjiyyah'.

8

إن براعة التشكيل في قشرة البَيْضة تثير دهشة العلماء.

The ingenuity of formation in the eggshell arouses the wonder of scientists.

Sophisticated noun 'barā'ah' (ingenuity).

よく使う組み合わせ

بَيْض مَسْلُوق
بَيْض مَقْلِي
صَفَار البَيْض
بَيَاض البَيْض
قِشْرَة البَيْض
طَبَق بَيْض
بَيْض طَازَج
سَلْق البَيْض
خَفْق البَيْض
بَيْض بَلَدِي

よく使うフレーズ

بَيْضَة القَبَّان

— Something that tips the scales or decides a matter.

كان صوته بيضة القبان في الانتخابات.

مِثْل مَشْيِ البَيْض

— Walking very slowly and carefully.

يمشي مثل مشي البيض خوفاً من السقوط.

بَيْضَة الديك

— Something that happens only once or is impossible.

هذا النجاح كان بيضة الديك ولن يتكرر.

قَشَّر البَيْضَة

— To peel an egg; literally or metaphorically simplifying something.

ساعدني في تقشير البيض.

بَيْض فَاسِد

— Rotten eggs; also used for a bad group of people.

تخلص من البيض الفاسد فوراً.

حَضَنَ البَيْض

— To incubate or brood over eggs.

الدجاجة تحضن البيض لمدة ٢١ يوماً.

فَقَسَ البَيْض

— The eggs hatched.

فقس البيض وخرجت الصيصان.

بَيْضَة ذَهَبِيَّة

— A golden egg; a source of great wealth.

هذا المشروع هو البيضة الذهبية للشركة.

جَمَعَ البَيْض

— To collect eggs.

ذهبت الطفلة لتجمع البيض من القن.

كَسَرَ البَيْض

— To crack the eggs.

كسر البيض هو أول خطوة في صنع العجة.

慣用句と表現

"لا تضع البيض كله في سلة واحدة"

— Don't risk everything on a single venture.

وزع استثماراتك، ولا تضع البيض كله في سلة واحدة.

General
"بيضة القبان"

— The deciding factor in a delicate balance.

الوزير المستقل هو بيضة القبان في الحكومة.

Political/Formal
"مثل الذي يسرق بيضة يسرق جملاً"

— He who steals a small thing will steal a big thing.

الأمانة لا تتجزأ، فمن يسرق بيضة يسرق جملاً.

Moral/Proverb
"خرج من البيضة"

— Just hatched; very young or inexperienced.

إنه لا يزال صغيراً، كأنه خرج من البيضة للتو.

Informal
"حسبة بيض"

— A simple or common calculation.

هذه مسألة بسيطة، حسبة بيض لا أكثر.

Slang/Informal
"باع البيض بالبصل"

— To exchange something valuable for something worthless.

لقد خسر كل شيء وباع البيض بالبصل.

Idiomatic
"يا واخد القرد على ماله، يروح المال ويفضل القرد على حاله"

— Often associated with making bad choices (related to food/value).

استخدم الحكمة في اختيارك.

Folk Wisdom
"البيض ما يداقش الحجر"

— Eggs don't clash with stones (the weak shouldn't fight the strong).

كن واقعياً، فالبيض ما يداقش الحجر.

Proverbial
"فرخ البط عوام"

— Like father like son (related to hatching).

الابن موهوب مثل أبيه، ففرخ البط عوام.

Common
"يا خبر بفلوس بكره بلاش"

— News that costs money today will be free tomorrow (often used in market contexts).

اصبر وستعرف الحقيقة.

General

語族

名詞

بَيْضَة (bayḍah) - individual egg
بَيَاض (bayāḍ) - whiteness/egg white
مَبِيض (mabīḍ) - ovary
تَبْيِيض (tabyīḍ) - whitening/bleaching

動詞

بَاضَ (bāḍa) - to lay eggs
بَيَّضَ (bayyaḍa) - to whiten/bleach
اسْتَبْيَضَ (istabyaḍa) - to find something white

形容詞

أَبْيَض (abyaḍ) - white (masculine)
بَيْضَاء (bayḍā') - white (feminine)
بَيْضَوِي (bayḍawī) - oval/egg-shaped

関連

دَجَاج (chicken)
عُش (nest)
فَرْخ (chick)
قِشْرَة (shell)
غِذَاء (food)
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暗記しよう

記憶術

Think of a 'B-I-D' (bid) for a white egg at an auction. Bayḍ sounds like 'bide' or 'buyed'.

語源

The word comes from the Proto-Semitic root B-Y-Ḍ, which primarily relates to the color white and the object 'egg'.

元の意味： The original meaning is tied to the color of the eggshell, which was the most prominent white object in nature for early Semitic speakers.

Afroasiatic -> Semitic -> Central Semitic -> Arabic.
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