B2 Passive & Reported Speech 1 min read むずかしい

Passive Voice in Compound Tenses

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use the auxiliary 'съм' in the required tense plus the past passive participle to show an action happening to the subject.

  • Match 'съм' to the tense: For Future use 'ще бъде', for Perfect use 'е бил'.
  • The participle must agree: Match the gender and number of the subject (e.g., -н, -на, -но, -ни).
  • Word order: Usually Subject + Auxiliary + Participle, but 'ще' stays before the auxiliary.
Subject + [съм (in tense)] + Past Passive Participle (-н/-т)

Passive Voice with 'съм' (Example: 'завършен' - completed)

Tense Subject (M/F/N/Pl) Auxiliary Form Participle Example
Future
Той (M)
ще бъде
завършен
Future
Тя (F)
ще бъде
завършена
Future
То (N)
ще бъде
завършено
Future
Те (Pl)
ще бъдат
завършени
Perfect
Той (M)
е бил
завършен
Perfect
Тя (F)
е била
завършена
Perfect
Те (Pl)
са били
завършени
Pluperfect
Той (M)
беше (бил)
завършен
Pluperfect
Тя (F)
беше (била)
завършена

Meanings

The passive voice in compound tenses describes an action that was, has been, or will be performed upon the subject, focusing on the result or the recipient rather than the doer.

1

Resultative State

Focusing on the state resulting from a completed action in the past.

“Къщата е била построена през 1920 г.”

“Прозорецът беше бил счупен преди бурята.”

2

Future Commitment

Expressing an action that will be completed by someone else in the future.

“Сметката ще бъде платена.”

“Изпитите ще бъдат проверени скоро.”

3

Reported/Unwitnessed Passive

Used when the speaker did not witness the action, often in the 'renarrated' mood.

“Говорело се е, че градът е бил превзет.”

“Твърди се, че документите са били откраднати.”

Reference Table

Reference table for Passive Voice in Compound Tenses
Form Structure Example
Affirmative (Future)
ще бъде + Participle
Къщата ще бъде продадена.
Negative (Future)
няма да бъде + Participle
Къщата няма да бъде продадена.
Interrogative (Future)
Ще бъде ли + Participle?
Ще бъде ли продадена къщата?
Affirmative (Perfect)
е бил/била + Participle
Проектът е бил завършен.
Negative (Perfect)
не е бил/била + Participle
Проектът не е бил завършен.
Interrogative (Perfect)
Бил ли е + Participle?
Бил ли е завършен проектът?
Pluperfect
беше бил + Participle
Градът беше бил разрушен.
Future Perfect
ще е бил + Participle
Обядът ще е бил сготвен.

フォーマル度スペクトル

フォーマル
Проектът е бил успешно финализиран.

Проектът е бил успешно финализиран. (Work/Business)

ニュートラル
Проектът е бил завършен.

Проектът е бил завършен. (Work/Business)

カジュアル
Проектът е готов.

Проектът е готов. (Work/Business)

スラング
Проектът е финиширан.

Проектът е финиширан. (Work/Business)

The Passive Voice Components

Passive Voice

Auxiliary

  • съм to be

Tense Markers

  • ще future
  • бил perfect

Participle Endings

  • -н / -на / -но / -ни agreement

Active vs. Passive Focus

Active (Focus on Actor)
Иван построи къщата. Ivan built the house.
Passive (Focus on Object)
Къщата беше построена. The house was built.

Choosing the Right Ending

1

Is the subject masculine?

YES
Use -н (завършен)
NO
Go to next
2

Is the subject feminine?

YES
Use -на (завършена)
NO
Go to next
3

Is the subject plural?

YES
Use -ни (завършени)
NO
Use -но (neuter)

レベル別の例文

1

Къщата е нова.

The house is new.

2

Обядът е готов.

Lunch is ready.

3

Прозорецът е счупен.

The window is broken.

4

Вратата е отворена.

The door is open.

1

Писмото беше изпратено вчера.

The letter was sent yesterday.

2

Книгата ще бъде прочетена.

The book will be read.

3

Стаите бяха почистени.

The rooms were cleaned.

4

Обядът ще бъде сготвен.

Lunch will be cooked.

1

Проектът е бил завършен навреме.

The project has been completed on time.

2

Документите са били подписани от директора.

The documents have been signed by the director.

3

Сградата ще бъде реставрирана догодина.

The building will be restored next year.

4

Всички билети вече са били разпродадени.

All tickets have already been sold out.

1

Твърди се, че законът е бил нарушен.

It is claimed that the law has been violated.

2

Ако беше бил предупреден, той щеше да дойде.

If he had been warned, he would have come.

3

Изложбата ще е била открита преди нашето пристигане.

The exhibition will have been opened before our arrival.

4

Тези въпроси ще бъдат обсъдени на срещата.

These questions will be discussed at the meeting.

1

Смята се, че ръкописът е бил написан през XIV век.

It is thought that the manuscript was written in the 14th century.

2

Било е решено строежът да бъде спрян.

It had been decided that the construction be stopped.

3

Престъпникът бил бил заловен още същата нощ.

The criminal had (allegedly) been caught that same night.

4

Всяко нарушение ще бъде санкционирано с цялата строгост на закона.

Every violation will be sanctioned with the full severity of the law.

1

Не бива да се забравя, че основите бяха били положени много по-рано.

It should not be forgotten that the foundations had been laid much earlier.

2

Въпросната сума ще да е била преведена по погрешка.

The sum in question must have been transferred by mistake.

3

Документацията ще бъде бивала преглеждана периодично.

The documentation will be (regularly) reviewed periodically.

4

Беше му било обещано съдействие, което така и не получи.

He had been promised assistance, which he never received.

間違えやすい

Passive Voice in Compound Tenses Passive with 'съм' vs. Passive with 'се'

Learners often don't know which one to use for 'The door is closed'.

Passive Voice in Compound Tenses Perfect Passive vs. Simple Past Passive

Choosing between 'е бил' and 'беше'.

Passive Voice in Compound Tenses Active Participle (-л) vs. Passive Participle (-н)

Mixing up 'бил' (active) and 'бит' (passive).

よくある間違い

Книгата е прочетен.

Книгата е прочетена.

The subject 'книга' is feminine, so the participle must end in -а.

Аз съм бита.

Аз бях бит.

Confusing the passive with simple adjectives or wrong tense.

Той е бил прави.

Той е бил направен.

Using the wrong verb root.

Прозорецът са счупени.

Прозорецът е счупен.

Number disagreement.

Ще бъде прочетена книгата?

Ще бъде ли прочетена книгата?

Missing the question particle 'ли'.

Писмото беше изпрати.

Писмото беше изпратено.

Using the aorist instead of the participle.

Те ще бъдат канени.

Те ще бъдат поканени.

Using imperfective instead of perfective participle for a specific event.

Сметката има била платена.

Сметката е била платена.

Using 'имам' (to have) as an auxiliary.

Градът е бил разрушена.

Градът е бил разрушен.

Gender mismatch (masculine city, feminine ending).

Те са били видяли.

Те са били видени.

Using the active participle (-ли) instead of passive (-ни).

Беше било направено.

Беше направено.

Over-complicating the pluperfect when a simple past passive suffices.

Сградата се е била построена.

Сградата е била построена.

Mixing 'се' passive with 'съм' passive.

文型パターン

Обектът ще бъде ___ (participle).

Твърди се, че ___ (subject) е бил/а ___ (participle).

Документите са били ___ (participle) от ___ (agent).

Ако беше бил ___ (participle), нямаше да има проблем.

Real World Usage

News Broadcasts constant

Законът е бил приет с мнозинство.

Job Interviews common

Този проект беше завършен от мен миналата година.

Texting Friends occasional

Бирата е била изпита!

Historical Documentaries very common

Крепостта е била превзета през 1393 г.

Food Delivery Apps common

Поръчката ви ще бъде доставена скоро.

Official Emails very common

Вашето искане ще бъде разгледано.

🎯

The 'Adjective' Trick

Treat the past passive participle exactly like an adjective. If you can describe the subject with an adjective, you can use a participle with the same ending.
⚠️

Avoid 'Имам'

Never use 'имам' (to have) to form the passive. Even though English says 'has been', Bulgarian always says 'is been' (е бил).
💡

Future Passive

When in doubt for the future, 'ще бъде' + participle is your safest bet for formal requests or promises.
💬

Softening Blows

Use the passive to deliver bad news. 'Сметката не е била платена' sounds less aggressive than 'Ти не си платил сметката'.

Smart Tips

Use the passive voice to sound more objective. Instead of 'I finished the task', use 'The task was finished'.

Завърших задачата. Задачата беше завършена.

Immediately think of the '-а' ending for your participle.

Колата е бил поправен. Колата е била поправена.

Put 'ли' right after the first part of the verb.

Ще бъде ли платено? Ще бъде ли платено?

Stop! Don't use 'имам'. Use 'е бил'.

Той има бил видян. Той е бил видян.

発音

завъ́ршен, завъ́ршена, завъ́ршено

Stress on Participles

The stress in past passive participles usually stays on the same syllable as the basic verb form, but watch for shifts in the feminine and neuter.

/ɛ bil/

Reduction of 'е'

In the perfect passive 'е бил', the 'е' is often very short and unstressed.

Passive Statement

Къщата ще бъде продадена. ↘

Falling intonation at the end of a factual passive statement.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Remember 'S-P-A': Subject, Participle, Agreement. The Participle is like an Adjective—it must match the Subject's gender.

視覚的連想

Imagine a factory conveyor belt. The object (Subject) is moving along, and a machine (the Participle) is stamping it. The stamp must be the same size (Gender/Number) as the object.

Rhyme

If the subject is a 'she', add an 'a' for all to see. If the subjects are a 'they', add an 'i' and you're okay!

Story

A detective arrives at a crime scene. He doesn't know who did it, so he only sees results: 'The door has been broken (вратата е била разбита)', 'The safe has been opened (сейфът е бил отворен)'. He uses the passive because the actor is a mystery.

Word Web

съмбилбъдезавършеннаправенизпратенпродаденсчупен

チャレンジ

Look around your room. Find 3 objects and say what will be done to them tomorrow using 'ще бъде' (e.g., 'Прозорецът ще бъде отворен').

文化メモ

News anchors use the passive voice extensively to maintain objectivity and distance. It is the 'voice of authority' in Bulgaria.

In Bulgarian bureaucracy, the passive is used to avoid personal responsibility. Instead of 'I rejected your application', you will see 'Вашата молба беше отхвърлена'.

When discussing the Ottoman period or World Wars, Bulgarians use the perfect passive to describe the fate of cities and heroes.

The Bulgarian passive voice evolved from Old Church Slavonic, which used a similar combination of 'to be' and the past passive participle.

会話のきっかけ

Знаеш ли кога е била построена тази сграда?

Мислиш ли, че изпитите ще бъдат взети успешно от всички?

Беше ли бил предупреден за промяната в графика?

Какво ще бъде сготвено за вечеря довечера?

日記のテーマ

Опишете историята на вашия роден град. Кога е бил основан? Кои важни сгради са били построени?
Напишете официален имейл до шефа си за завършен проект. Използвайте пасивни форми за по-голяма професионалност.
Представете си бъдещето след 50 години. Какви нови технологии ще бъдат открити? Как ще бъде променен светът?
Разкажете за една новина, която сте чули наскоро. Какво е било съобщено?

よくある間違い

Incorrect

正解


Incorrect

正解


Incorrect

正解


Incorrect

正解

Test Yourself

Fill in the correct form of the auxiliary 'съм' for the future tense.

Книгата ___ бъде прочетена утре.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ще
The future tense marker in Bulgarian is 'ще'.
Choose the correct participle ending for the feminine subject. 選択問題

Къщата е била ___ (продам).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: продадена
'Къща' is feminine singular, so the ending must be -а.
Find the mistake in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Проектите ще бъде завършени.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: бъде
The subject 'проектите' is plural, so the auxiliary must be 'бъдат'.
Turn this active sentence into passive: 'Той е написал писмото.' Sentence Transformation

Писмото ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: е било написано
The active sentence is in the perfect tense, so the passive must also be in the perfect tense.
Is the following statement true or false? True False Rule

In Bulgarian, the passive voice can be formed using the verb 'имам'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
Bulgarian only uses 'съм' as an auxiliary for the passive voice.
Match the tense with the correct passive form. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-ще бъде, 2-е бил, 3-беше бил
These are the standard auxiliary forms for each tense.
Sort these words to form a correct sentence: [била, е, сметката, платена] Grammar Sorting

Order the words.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Сметката е била платена.
Standard word order is Subject + Auxiliary + Participle.
Conjugate 'бъда' for 'ние' in the future passive. Conjugation Drill

Ние ще ___ поканени.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: бъдем
The 1st person plural of 'бъда' is 'бъдем'.

Score: /8

練習問題

8 exercises
Fill in the correct form of the auxiliary 'съм' for the future tense.

Книгата ___ бъде прочетена утре.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ще
The future tense marker in Bulgarian is 'ще'.
Choose the correct participle ending for the feminine subject. 選択問題

Къщата е била ___ (продам).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: продадена
'Къща' is feminine singular, so the ending must be -а.
Find the mistake in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Проектите ще бъде завършени.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: бъде
The subject 'проектите' is plural, so the auxiliary must be 'бъдат'.
Turn this active sentence into passive: 'Той е написал писмото.' Sentence Transformation

Писмото ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: е било написано
The active sentence is in the perfect tense, so the passive must also be in the perfect tense.
Is the following statement true or false? True False Rule

In Bulgarian, the passive voice can be formed using the verb 'имам'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
Bulgarian only uses 'съм' as an auxiliary for the passive voice.
Match the tense with the correct passive form. Match Pairs

1. Future, 2. Perfect, 3. Pluperfect

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-ще бъде, 2-е бил, 3-беше бил
These are the standard auxiliary forms for each tense.
Sort these words to form a correct sentence: [била, е, сметката, платена] Grammar Sorting

Order the words.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Сметката е била платена.
Standard word order is Subject + Auxiliary + Participle.
Conjugate 'бъда' for 'ние' in the future passive. Conjugation Drill

Ние ще ___ поканени.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: бъдем
The 1st person plural of 'бъда' is 'бъдем'.

Score: /8

よくある質問 (8)

Yes, but it often sounds very formal or like the person is a victim. `Той е бил ударен` (He has been hit) is fine, but for social actions, we prefer active voice.

`Беше направен` is the simple past passive (Aorist). `Е бил направен` is the perfect passive. Use the former for specific past events and the latter for results or unspecified times.

It depends on the verb root. Verbs like `пия` (drink) become `изпит` (drunk), while `правя` (do) becomes `направен`. It's a lexical rule.

It is less common than in English. Bulgarians often use the 3rd person plural (`Откраднаха ми колелото` - They stole my bike) instead of the passive (`Колелото ми беше откраднато`).

Use the preposition `от`. For example: `Книгата е била написана от Иван`.

No, just like in English, only transitive verbs (verbs that take an object) can be made passive.

This is the renarrated perfect passive. It means 'It is said that it had been...'. It's very advanced!

Yes, we usually put the auxiliary first: `Била ли е платена сметката?`

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

English high

has been / will be + past participle

Bulgarian participles agree with the subject in gender/number; English ones do not.

German moderate

werden + Partizip II

Bulgarian uses 'to be' where German uses 'to become'.

French high

être + participe passé

Very similar, but Bulgarian has more complex compound tenses like the renarrated mood.

Spanish moderate

ser + participio

Spanish uses 'haber' for perfect tenses, while Bulgarian uses 'съм' for both the perfect auxiliary and the passive auxiliary.

Japanese low

〜られる (rareru)

Bulgarian uses analytic construction (auxiliary + participle); Japanese uses synthetic (suffix).

Chinese none

被 (bèi) + Verb

Bulgarian has complex agreement and tense markers; Chinese has none.

Arabic low

Internal vowel change (Vocalic Passive)

Bulgarian uses external auxiliaries; Arabic uses internal vowel shifts.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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