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A2 adverb #3,500 よく出る 12分で読める

Darunter

上位3,500

練習する例文メモとヒント Darunter 30秒で

解説 Darunter in your Level:

At the A1 level, learners encounter 'darunter' primarily in its most basic spatial sense. It is introduced as a way to describe where things are located without repeating the name of the object. For example, if a teacher points to a desk and asks where the bag is, an A1 student might learn to say 'Es ist darunter' (It is underneath it). The focus here is on the physical world: under the table, under the bed, or under the chair. Students learn that 'darunter' is a single word that replaces the phrase 'unter dem...' This helps them build simple sentences and understand basic directions. They also begin to recognize the 'da-' prefix as a pointer to something already mentioned, which is a fundamental concept in German grammar. At this stage, the nuances of numerical or abstract usage are typically avoided to prevent overwhelm, focusing instead on concrete, visible relationships between objects in a room.

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At the A2 level, the use of 'darunter' expands to include simple numerical and comparative contexts. Students learn to use it when talking about prices, ages, or quantities. For instance, in a shopping scenario, a student might understand 'Das kostet 20 Euro, und wir haben nichts darunter' (That costs 20 euros, and we have nothing below that). This level also introduces the use of 'darunter' to mean 'among them' in simple lists. A student might describe their family: 'Ich habe fünf Geschwister, darunter zwei Brüder' (I have five siblings, among them two brothers). The grammatical rule of adding the '-r-' before a vowel is solidified here. Students are expected to distinguish between 'unter' (preposition) and 'darunter' (adverb), ensuring they don't say 'unter es'. The focus is on practical, everyday communication where 'darunter' acts as a vital tool for efficiency and clarity in descriptions.

By B1, the learner is expected to use 'darunter' in more abstract and idiomatic ways. A key development at this level is the phrase 'darunter leiden' (to suffer from/under something). Students learn to connect emotional or situational states to their causes using this word: 'Die Arbeit ist stressig, und er leidet darunter.' Additionally, the construction 'Was verstehst du darunter?' (What do you understand by that?) becomes a frequent tool for clarification in conversations. B1 learners also use 'darunter' more frequently in writing to structure information, such as in reports or essays where they need to specify subsets of a group or data point. They begin to see 'darunter' as part of a larger system of pronominal adverbs (dafür, davon, damit) and can use them interchangeably to maintain the flow of a paragraph. The focus shifts from simple location to logical connection and precise definition.

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At the B2 level, 'darunter' is used with professional fluency. Learners use it to describe complex hierarchies, statistical trends, and nuanced definitions. They are comfortable using 'darunter' as a correlative, pointing forward to 'dass' clauses or infinitive phrases: 'Unter einer guten Ausbildung verstehe ich darunter, dass man auch praktische Erfahrung sammelt.' They also use it in more formal registers, such as in business meetings or academic discussions, to categorize information precisely. The distinction between 'darunter' and more formal alternatives like 'einschließlich' or 'unterhalb davon' becomes clearer. B2 learners can also handle the word in passive constructions or more complex sentence structures where the antecedent might be a whole idea rather than just a single noun. The word becomes a stylistic device to avoid repetition and to create a more sophisticated, native-sounding narrative or argument.

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At the C1 level, the use of 'darunter' is characterized by stylistic precision and an understanding of subtle nuances. Learners can use the word in high-level academic or legal contexts where the exact meaning of 'under' a certain paragraph or law is discussed. They also master its use in literary contexts, where 'darunter' might be used for metaphorical effect. C1 learners are aware of the rhythmic and prosodic features of the word, knowing when to place emphasis on the 'dar-' or the '-unter' to change the focus of a sentence. They can also navigate complex sentences where multiple pronominal adverbs are used in close proximity, maintaining clarity throughout. At this level, 'darunter' is no longer just a vocabulary word but a flexible tool for sophisticated discourse, allowing the speaker to weave complex logical threads together with ease and elegance.

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At the C2 level, 'darunter' is used with the effortless precision of a native speaker. The learner is capable of using it in any context, from the most technical scientific paper to the most informal slang. They understand the historical etymology of the word and how it fits into the broader evolution of the German language. C2 speakers can use 'darunter' to create puns, double meanings, or specific rhetorical effects. They are also adept at recognizing and using rare or archaic idiomatic expressions involving 'darunter'. Their usage is perfectly integrated into the prosody of their speech, and they can use the word to navigate the most subtle social and professional situations. At this stage, the word is a seamless part of a vast linguistic repertoire, used with total control over its spatial, numerical, and abstract dimensions.

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練習する例文メモとヒント

Darunter 30秒で

Darunter is a German word meaning 'under it', 'below it', or 'among them'.
It is a pronominal adverb that combines 'da' (there) and 'unter' (under).
It is used for physical locations, numerical limits, and categorizing subsets.
Common phrases include 'darunter leiden' (to suffer from it) and 'darunter verstehen' (to mean by it).

The German word darunter is a versatile pronominal adverb that serves as a bridge between spatial orientation, numerical thresholds, and categorical inclusion. At its most fundamental level, it translates to "under it," "underneath it," "below it," or "among them." To understand its construction, one must look at the mechanics of German pronominal adverbs: it is formed by combining the demonstrative element da- (representing a previously mentioned object or concept) and the preposition unter (under). Because unter begins with a vowel, an epenthetic -r- is inserted for phonetic ease, resulting in dar-unter. This word is indispensable in German because it allows speakers to avoid repeating nouns, making the language more fluid and efficient.

Spatial Reference: In a physical sense, darunter indicates that something is located vertically below another object. For example, if you are talking about a table, you don't need to say 'unter dem Tisch' repeatedly; you simply say 'darunter'.

Siehst du den Schrank? Darunter liegt mein Schlüssel.

Translation: Do you see the cabinet? My key is lying underneath it.

Beyond physical space, darunter is frequently used to describe a subset within a larger group. In this context, it translates to "among them" or "including." This is common in journalistic writing or when describing statistics. If you mention a group of people, you use darunter to highlight specific individuals within that group. This usage is vital for categorizing and detailing information without restarting the sentence structure.

Categorical Inclusion: When listing items or people, darunter specifies who or what belongs to the previously mentioned set. It acts like a zoom lens focusing on a part of the whole.

Es waren viele Gäste da, darunter auch der Bürgermeister.

Translation: Many guests were there, including (among them) the mayor.

Furthermore, darunter is used in a numerical or comparative sense to mean "below" or "less than" a specified value. If a price is mentioned, any amount lower than that is darunter. This is essential for bargaining, shopping, and analyzing data. It provides a relative point of reference that simplifies comparisons. In abstract contexts, it can also refer to suffering or being affected by something, as in the verb phrase darunter leiden (to suffer from/under it).

Numerical Thresholds: Used to indicate values lower than a mentioned benchmark. It replaces the need to repeat the number or the unit of measurement.

Das Haus kostet 500.000 Euro, wir finden nichts darunter.

In summary, darunter is a linguistic multi-tool. Whether you are pointing at a cat under a chair, listing friends in a crowd, or discussing budget limits, this word provides the necessary connective tissue. It requires the listener to have a clear antecedent—the thing that is being 'under-ed'—making it a word that thrives in context and dialogue. Mastering it marks a significant step from A1 to A2 and B1 levels, as it demonstrates an understanding of German's pronominal system.

Was verstehst du darunter?

Translation: What do you understand by that? (Literally: What do you understand 'under' that?)

Using darunter correctly involves understanding its grammatical role as a pronominal adverb. Unlike a preposition, which requires a following noun in a specific case (dative or accusative), darunter stands alone or acts as a modifier because the "noun" is already baked into the da- prefix. This means you never say *darunter den Tisch; you simply say darunter. The word typically appears in the middle of a sentence (Mittelfeld) or at the beginning for emphasis. Its position is flexible, but it must always refer back to something previously established in the discourse.

The 'da-' vs 'dar-' Rule: If the preposition starts with a vowel (like unter, auf, an), you must use dar-. If it starts with a consonant (like mit, von, zu), you use da- (damit, davon, dazu). This rule is absolute and helps with pronunciation.

Hier ist die Brücke. Wir gehen darunter spazieren.

One of the most common sentence patterns involves the verb leiden (to suffer). When you suffer because of a situation or a physical condition already mentioned, you use darunter leiden. This is a figurative use where the 'pressure' of the situation is visualized as being 'under' it. Another frequent pattern is sich etwas darunter vorstellen (to imagine something by/under a term). This is how Germans ask for definitions or clarifications of concepts. If someone uses a vague word, you might ask, "Was stellst du dir darunter vor?" (What do you imagine under that / What does that mean to you?).

Abstract Verb Connections: Verbs like leiden, verstehen, and vorstellen often pair with unter. When the object is a pronoun, they become darunter.

Die Qualität der Arbeit hat darunter gelitten.

Translation: The quality of the work suffered because of it (under it).

In complex sentences, darunter can act as a correlative, pointing forward to a dass-clause or an infinitive construction. For example: "Ich verstehe darunter, dass wir alle zusammenarbeiten." (By that, I understand that we all work together). Here, darunter prepares the listener for the explanation that follows. This structure is common in formal discussions and academic writing where precise definitions are paramount. It allows the speaker to anchor a complex idea to a single pronominal reference point before expanding on it.

Inclusion in Lists: When used to mean "among them," it often starts a parenthetical phrase. It is usually set off by commas.

Wir haben zehn Bewerber, darunter drei Experten.

Finally, consider the contrast with darüber (above it). In many contexts, darunter and darüber are used together to describe a range. "Von 10 Euro bis 20 Euro und alles darunter oder darüber." This spatial logic is applied to almost everything in German, from temperatures to grades to hierarchical positions in a company. Understanding that darunter is part of a larger system of 'da-compounds' will help you internalize the logic of the language more broadly.

Das Regal ist voll. Stell es einfach darunter.

You will encounter darunter in a wide variety of everyday situations in German-speaking countries. One of the most frequent places is in the news or when listening to statistical reports. German journalists love using darunter to break down numbers. For instance, if a report says 1,000 people attended a protest, the next sentence will often start with "Darunter waren viele Studenten..." (Among them were many students...). This usage is so common that it becomes a rhythmic part of German media consumption. It serves as a way to provide depth to a general statement without losing the flow of the narrative.

Die Firma entlässt 500 Mitarbeiter, darunter 50 Manager.

In a professional setting, darunter is used to discuss hierarchies and organizational structures. If a manager is talking about their team, they might say, "Ich habe zehn Mitarbeiter unter mir," but in a follow-up sentence, they would say, "Darunter sind zwei Auszubildende." It also appears frequently in technical manuals or assembly instructions. If you are putting together IKEA furniture in Germany, the manual might say, "Legen Sie die Schraube in das Loch und platzieren Sie die Unterlegscheibe darunter." Here, the spatial precision of the word is vital for the task at hand.

Another common auditory experience involves weather forecasts. When meteorologists talk about temperatures, they often use darunter to refer to values below zero or below a certain average. "Die Temperaturen sinken auf 5 Grad, in den Bergen sogar darunter." This tells the listener that it will be even colder than 5 degrees in high-altitude areas. This comparative use is deeply ingrained in how Germans discuss measurements, whether it's the speed of a car, the depth of water, or the percentage of a discount.

Es wird heute sehr kalt, die Temperatur fällt darunter.

In casual conversation, you'll hear darunter when people are complaining or explaining their feelings. The phrase darunter leiden is a staple of emotional expression. "Mein Privatleben leidet darunter" (My private life is suffering because of it) is a common way to express that work stress or another factor is negatively impacting one's personal life. It's a way to link a cause to an effect without having to restate the cause explicitly. Finally, in academic or philosophical debates, the question "Was verstehen Sie darunter?" is the standard way to ask for a definition of a term, making it a key word for anyone studying in a German-speaking environment.

Wenn wir von 'Freiheit' reden, was verstehen wir darunter?

One of the most frequent mistakes English speakers make is trying to use unter followed by a pronoun, like *unter es or *unter das. In German, when you want to say "under it" and the "it" refers to an inanimate object or a concept, you must use the pronominal adverb darunter. Using unter es sounds very unnatural and is a clear indicator of a non-native speaker. The only time you use unter with a pronoun is if you are referring to a person (e.g., unter ihm - under him), but even then, darunter is often used for groups of people in the sense of "among them."

Falsch: Ich lege das Buch *unter es.
Richtig: Ich lege das Buch darunter.

Another common point of confusion is the difference between darunter and unten. While both relate to the concept of "down" or "below," unten is a pure adverb of location meaning "at the bottom" or "downstairs." Darunter, however, always implies a relationship to something else. If you say "Das Buch liegt unten," it means the book is on a lower floor or at the bottom of a pile. If you say "Das Buch liegt darunter," it means the book is specifically underneath something you just mentioned, like a magazine. Confusing these two can lead to ambiguity in directions.

Learners also often forget the -r- in darunter. Because unter starts with a vowel, the word is darunter, not *daunter. This is a purely phonetic rule designed to prevent a glottal stop or a clashing of vowel sounds. While native speakers might understand *daunter, it will mark your German as unpolished. Practice the flow of the 'r' to ensure it sounds natural. Furthermore, be careful with the meaning "among them." Some learners try to use zwischen (between) or unter (under) in ways that don't quite fit the idiomatic usage of darunter for statistical subsets.

Falsch: Viele Leute waren da, *zwischen ihnen auch Kinder.
Richtig: Viele Leute waren da, darunter auch Kinder.

Finally, the figurative use of darunter leiden can be tricky. Learners sometimes try to use von (from) because English says "suffer from." However, in German, if the suffering is caused by a general circumstance or a previously mentioned situation, darunter is the correct choice. "Er leidet darunter" implies the weight of the situation is pressing down on him. Using the wrong preposition here changes the nuance or makes the sentence grammatically incorrect. Always remember that German prepositions and their pronominal adverb counterparts are often idiomatic and don't map 1:1 to English.

Er hat viel Stress und leidet sehr darunter.

To truly master darunter, it helps to compare it with its synonyms and related terms. The most direct alternative in a spatial sense is unterhalb. However, unterhalb is a preposition that usually requires a genitive object (e.g., unterhalb des Hauses - below the house). If you want to use it as an adverb, you would say unterhalb davon. Darunter is much more common in everyday speech because it is shorter and more direct. Unterhalb often implies a more formal or technical distance, like "downstream" or "at a lower altitude."

Darunter vs. Unten: Darunter: Relative. Needs an object (under *it*).
Unten: Absolute. Means 'at the bottom' or 'below' in a general sense.

When using darunter to mean "among them," a potential alternative is einschließlich (including). While einschließlich is very precise, it is also quite formal. Darunter is more versatile because it can mean both "among the group" and "specifically these members of the group." Another alternative is unter anderem (among other things), which is often abbreviated as u.a.. Use unter anderem when you are listing a few examples out of many, whereas darunter is used to highlight a specific subset of the group you just mentioned.

Darunter vs. Unter anderem: Darunter: Focuses on a specific part of the mentioned whole.
Unter anderem: Indicates that there are other things not mentioned.

Wir verkaufen Obst, darunter Äpfel aus der Region.

In the context of numerical values, weniger als (less than) is the most common alternative. However, darunter is used as a reference to a previously mentioned number. For example, "Das kostet 100 Euro, aber wir haben auch Modelle darunter." You could say "Modelle, die weniger als das kosten," but that is much wordier. Darunter functions as a convenient shorthand. Similarly, tiefer (deeper/lower) can be used for physical depth or pitch, but it doesn't carry the pronominal "it" reference that darunter does.

Darunter vs. Darunterliegend: Darunter: Adverb (the location).
Darunterliegend: Adjective (the thing that lies underneath). Use this to describe the object itself.

Finally, consider the antonym darüber (above it/over it). These two words often form pairs in German logic. If you are learning darunter, you should almost always learn darüber at the same time. They follow the same grammatical rules and are used in the same contexts (spatial, numerical, and abstract). Together, they allow you to describe positions, ranges, and reactions with high efficiency. Understanding the spectrum from darunter to darüber is a key milestone in reaching B1 fluency.

How Formal Is It?

豆知識

The 'r' in 'darunter' is called an 'epenthetic r'. It was added centuries ago to separate the two vowels and make the word easier to say without a pause.

発音ガイド

UK /daˈʁʊntɐ/

US /dɑˈrʊntər/

Second syllable: dar-UN-ter.

韻が合う語

mitunter herunter darunter (itself) bunter munter gesunder Wunder Plunder

よくある間違い

Pronouncing it as 'da-unter' without the 'r'.
Stressing the first syllable 'DAR-unter' (this usually only happens for extreme emphasis).
Muffling the 't' sound.
Making the 'u' sound like an English 'u' (as in 'under') instead of the German short 'u' (as in 'Hund').
Swallowing the final 'er' too much.

難易度

読解 2/5

Easy to recognize in texts, usually clear from context.

ライティング 4/5

Requires remembering the 'r' and avoiding 'unter es'.

スピーキング 3/5

Stress on the second syllable is important for natural flow.

リスニング 2/5

Commonly used in news and instructions, easy to hear.

次に学ぶべきこと

前提知識

unter da dafür damit unten

次に学ぶ

darüber dazwischen darum daran darauf

上級

subsumieren unterhalb einschließlich inbegriffen

知っておくべき文法

Pronominal Adverbs Formation

da + unter = darunter (with epenthetic 'r')

Replacing Prepositional Phrases

unter dem Tisch -> darunter

Correlative usage

darunter, dass... (referring to a clause)

Stress and Emphasis

darUNter (standard) vs DARunter (emphatic)

Dative vs Accusative with 'unter'

While 'unter' can be both, 'darunter' is used for both locations and directions.

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レベル別の例文

Der Ball ist unter dem Tisch. Er liegt genau darunter.

The ball is under the table. It lies exactly underneath it.

Spatial use: 'darunter' replaces 'unter dem Tisch'.

Wo ist die Katze? Sie ist unter dem Bett, schau mal darunter!

Where is the cat? It is under the bed, look under there!

Imperative use: 'schau darunter' (look under it).

Hier ist ein Baum. Wir sitzen darunter.

Here is a tree. We are sitting under it.

Dative relationship: sitting 'under' something (location).

Das Heft liegt auf dem Buch. Der Stift liegt darunter.

The notebook is on the book. The pen is underneath it.

Relative position.

Die Brücke ist groß. Ein Schiff fährt darunter.

The bridge is big. A ship is sailing under it.

Accusative relationship (movement), but 'darunter' stays the same.

Mein Schlüssel ist weg. Ist er unter der Zeitung? Nein, darunter ist nichts.

My key is gone. Is it under the newspaper? No, there is nothing under it.

Negative usage: 'nichts darunter'.

Das Dach ist alt. Wir stehen darunter, wenn es regnet.

The roof is old. We stand under it when it rains.

Spatial protection.

Leg die Matte auf den Boden und das Kissen darunter.

Put the mat on the floor and the pillow underneath it.

Instructional use.

Ich habe viele Hobbys, darunter Tanzen und Lesen.

I have many hobbies, including dancing and reading.

Subset/Inclusion: 'among them'.

Das Kleid kostet 50 Euro. Hast du etwas darunter?

The dress costs 50 euros. Do you have anything below that (price)?

Numerical/Price reference.

Wir sind zehn Personen, darunter vier Kinder.

We are ten people, including four children.

Statistical breakdown.

Die Temperatur ist heute 10 Grad, in der Nacht sinkt sie darunter.

The temperature is 10 degrees today, at night it falls below that.

Numerical threshold.

Es gibt viele Museen in Berlin, darunter das Pergamonmuseum.

There are many museums in Berlin, including the Pergamon Museum.

Highlighting a specific example.

Das Regal ist zu hoch, ich komme nicht darunter.

The shelf is too high, I can't get under it.

Spatial limit.

Er schreibt viele Bücher, darunter auch Krimis.

He writes many books, including crime novels.

Categorization.

Die Box ist schwer, leg bitte nichts darunter.

The box is heavy, please don't put anything under it.

Precautionary instruction.

Die Firma hat Probleme, und die Mitarbeiter leiden darunter.

The company has problems, and the employees are suffering because of it.

Idiomatic: 'darunter leiden' (to suffer from/under something).

Was verstehst du unter diesem Begriff? Ich kann mir nichts darunter vorstellen.

What do you understand by this term? I can't imagine anything by it.

Abstract: 'sich etwas darunter vorstellen'.

Er hat den Test nicht bestanden, und sein Selbstvertrauen leidet darunter.

He didn't pass the test, and his self-confidence is suffering because of it.

Cause and effect.

Es gab viele Bewerbungen, darunter waren einige sehr gute.

There were many applications, among them were some very good ones.

Selecting from a group.

Die Qualität der Produkte ist gesunken, und der Ruf der Firma leidet darunter.

The quality of the products has decreased, and the company's reputation is suffering because of it.

Abstract consequence.

Unter 'Erfolg' versteht jeder etwas anderes. Was verstehst du darunter?

Everyone understands 'success' differently. What do you understand by it?

Defining concepts.

Das Projekt war schwierig, aber wir haben darunter nicht den Mut verloren.

The project was difficult, but we didn't lose courage because of it (under those circumstances).

Circumstantial 'under'.

Es gibt verschiedene Gründe für die Krise, darunter auch der Ölpreis.

There are various reasons for the crisis, including the price of oil.

Listing causes.

Die Stadtplanung muss verbessert werden, da die Umwelt massiv darunter leidet.

Urban planning must be improved because the environment is suffering massively from it.

Formal cause-effect in environmental context.

Wir haben die Daten analysiert, darunter befanden sich zahlreiche Fehler.

We analyzed the data, and among them were numerous errors.

Formal reporting: 'darunter befanden sich'.

Unter Globalisierung verstehen wir darunter, dass Märkte weltweit vernetzt sind.

By globalization, we understand that markets are networked worldwide.

Correlative use with a 'dass'-clause.

Die Arbeitsbedingungen sind schlecht, und die Motivation der Belegschaft leidet darunter.

The working conditions are poor, and the motivation of the workforce suffers as a result.

Professional context: workforce motivation.

Es wurden neue Gesetze verabschiedet, darunter auch eines zum Datenschutz.

New laws were passed, including one on data protection.

Legal/Political reporting.

Wenn die Zinsen steigen, leiden vor allem junge Familien darunter.

When interest rates rise, young families in particular suffer from it.

Economic consequence.

Das Archiv enthält viele Dokumente, darunter Briefe aus dem 18. Jahrhundert.

The archive contains many documents, including letters from the 18th century.

Historical/Academic context.

Die Verhandlungen waren zäh, aber darunter hat die Freundschaft nicht gelitten.

The negotiations were tough, but the friendship did not suffer because of it.

Abstract relationship maintenance.

Die fiskalische Disziplin ist entscheidend, da die gesamte Eurozone darunter leiden könnte.

Fiscal discipline is crucial, as the entire Eurozone could suffer from it.

High-level economic discourse.

Unter einem Paradigmenwechsel versteht man darunter eine fundamentale Änderung der Sichtweise.

By a paradigm shift, one understands a fundamental change in perspective.

Academic definition.

In der Anthologie sind verschiedene Autoren vertreten, darunter namhafte Nobelpreisträger.

Various authors are represented in the anthology, including renowned Nobel Prize winners.

Literary/Academic context.

Die ästhetische Wirkung des Gebäudes leidet unter der darunterliegenden Garagenkonstruktion.

The aesthetic effect of the building suffers from the underlying garage construction.

Architecture/Aesthetics: using 'darunterliegend' as an adjective.

Man muss differenzieren, was man unter 'Gerechtigkeit' subsumiert und was man darunter versteht.

One must differentiate between what is subsumed under 'justice' and what is understood by it.

Philosophical/Legal nuance.

Die soziale Kohärenz der Gesellschaft leidet massiv unter der zunehmenden Ungleichheit.

The social coherence of society suffers massively from increasing inequality.

Sociological analysis.

Es gibt zahlreiche Theorien zur Entstehung des Universums, darunter die Urknalltheorie.

There are numerous theories about the origin of the universe, including the Big Bang theory.

Scientific context.

Die Glaubwürdigkeit des Politikers hat durch den Skandal gelitten, und seine Karriere leidet nun darunter.

The politician's credibility suffered due to the scandal, and his career is now suffering because of it.

Political analysis.

Die ontologische Fragestellung, was man unter 'Sein' versteht, lässt kaum eine einfache Antwort darunter zu.

The ontological question of what one understands by 'being' hardly allows for a simple answer within it.

Highly abstract philosophical usage.

In den Tiefenschichten des Textes verbergen sich Subtexte, darunter auch subversive Kritik.

In the deep layers of the text, subtexts are hidden, among them subversive criticism.

Literary analysis/Metaphorical depth.

Die hermeneutische Zirkularität bedingt, dass das Ganze und das darunter Subsummierte einander bedingen.

Hermeneutic circularity requires that the whole and that which is subsumed under it determine each other.

Epistemological complexity.

Die filigrane Struktur des Kristalls offenbart erst unter dem Mikroskop die darunterliegende Symmetrie.

The delicate structure of the crystal only reveals the underlying symmetry under the microscope.

Scientific precision.

Es ist ein Trugschluss zu glauben, dass die ökonomische Effizienz nicht unter sozialen Defiziten leiden würde.

It is a fallacy to believe that economic efficiency would not suffer from social deficits.

Sophisticated argumentative structure.

Die Komplexität der Materie lässt sich nicht einfach unter einen Hut bringen, und viele Theorien leiden darunter.

The complexity of the matter cannot be easily unified, and many theories suffer from this (difficulty).

Idiomatic blend: 'unter einen Hut bringen' + 'darunter leiden'.

Unter der Ägide des neuen Direktors blühte die Abteilung auf, doch die Individualität litt mitunter darunter.

Under the aegis of the new director, the department flourished, yet individuality occasionally suffered as a result.

Formal/Historical register.

Die semantische Varianz des Wortes 'darunter' ist beachtlich, und die Sprachwissenschaft leidet keineswegs darunter.

The semantic variance of the word 'darunter' is considerable, and linguistics by no means suffers from it.

Meta-linguistic commentary.

よく使う組み合わせ

darunter leiden

darunter verstehen

sich etwas darunter vorstellen

darunter fallen

darunter mischen

darunter befinden

darunter zählen

darunter leiden müssen

weit darunter liegen

darunter geraten

よく使うフレーズ

Alles, was darunter liegt

— Everything below a certain point or value.

Wir nehmen nur Spenden ab 10 Euro an; alles, was darunter liegt, lohnt sich nicht.

Darunter und darüber

— Below it and above it (covering the whole range).

Die Preise schwanken, es gibt Angebote darunter und darüber.

Nicht darunter sein

— To not be among the mentioned group.

Ich habe die Liste geprüft, aber dein Name war nicht darunter.

Darunter mischen

— To mix something into a substance.

Nimm die Butter und mische das Mehl darunter.

Darunter leiden die Ergebnisse

— The results are suffering because of a specific factor.

Wir haben zu wenig Zeit, und darunter leiden die Ergebnisse.

Darunter subsumieren

— To include or classify something under a specific category.

Man kann diesen Fall unter das neue Gesetz darunter subsumieren.

Darunter versteckt

— Hidden underneath it.

Da ist ein Geheimfach, und darunter ist das Geld versteckt.

Wer ist darunter?

— Who is among them? (Asking for specifics of a group).

Es kommen viele Leute. Wer ist darunter?

Was ist darunter?

— What is underneath? (Spatial curiosity).

Heb die Kiste hoch. Was ist darunter?

Darunter leiden wir alle

— We are all suffering because of this situation.

Die Inflation ist hoch, darunter leiden wir alle.

よく混同される語

Darunter vs unten

'Unten' is 'at the bottom'; 'darunter' is 'underneath [it]'.

Darunter vs unter

'Unter' is the preposition (needs a noun); 'darunter' is the adverb (replaces the noun).

Darunter vs dazwischen

'Dazwischen' is 'between them'; 'darunter' is 'under/among them'.

慣用句と表現

"Darunter und darüber"

— This can colloquially mean a state of chaos or complete coverage of a topic.

In seinem Zimmer geht es darunter und darüber (chaotic).

informal

"Unter die Räder kommen"

— To be crushed or ruined (often used with 'darunter' in follow-up).

Die kleinen Firmen leiden, viele kommen darunter unter die Räder.

neutral

"Etwas unter den Teppich kehren"

— To hide a problem (can use 'darunter' to refer to the carpet).

Hier ist der Teppich; er kehrt den Schmutz einfach darunter.

informal

"Unter ferner liefen"

— To be insignificant (related to the concept of being 'below' the winners).

Sein Beitrag war nur unter ferner liefen, niemand hat darunter etwas Besonderes gesehen.

literary

"Unter dem Radar fliegen"

— To go unnoticed.

Er arbeitet heimlich; er fliegt praktisch darunter.

neutral

"Unter Druck stehen"

— To be under pressure.

Die Deadline ist morgen, wir stehen alle massiv darunter.

neutral

"Unter aller Kanone"

— Extremely bad (idiom for quality).

Seine Leistung war unter aller Kanone; wir haben alle darunter gelitten.

informal

"Unter Dach und Fach"

— Wrapped up / settled.

Der Vertrag ist unter Dach und Fach; wir sind jetzt sicher darunter.

neutral

"Unter vier Augen"

— In private (between two people).

Wir müssen das unter vier Augen besprechen, niemand sonst darf darunter sein.

neutral

"Unter Strom stehen"

— To be very stressed or energized.

Er hat viel zu tun und steht ständig darunter.

informal

間違えやすい

Darunter vs unten

Both mean 'below'.

'Unten' is an absolute position (downstairs, at the bottom). 'Darunter' is a relative position (under something specific).

Das Buch ist unten (downstairs). Das Buch ist darunter (under the magazine).

Darunter vs herunter

Both have 'unter'.

'Herunter' implies movement towards the speaker (downwards). 'Darunter' is a location (under it).

Komm herunter! (Come down!) Leg es darunter. (Put it under it.)

Darunter vs drunter

Shortened version.

'Drunter' is the colloquial, shortened form of 'darunter'. It is very common in speech but less so in formal writing.

Da drunter liegt was. (There's something under there.)

Darunter vs darunterliegend

Adjective vs Adverb.

'Darunter' is an adverb. 'Darunterliegend' is an adjective used to describe a noun.

Die Schicht darunter (adverb). Die darunterliegende Schicht (adjective).

Darunter vs unterhalb

Synonyms.

'Unterhalb' is usually a preposition requiring the genitive case. 'Darunter' is an adverb.

Unterhalb des Berges. (Below the mountain.) Darunter ist ein Tal. (Under it is a valley.)

文型パターン

Subjekt + Verb + darunter.

Das Buch liegt darunter.

Zahl + Nomen, darunter + Zahl + Nomen.

Zehn Leute, darunter zwei Kinder.

Subjekt + leidet + darunter.

Er leidet darunter.

Was + verstehen + Sie + darunter?

Was verstehen Sie darunter?

Darunter + befinden sich + Subjekt.

Darunter befinden sich viele Fehler.

Unter + X + verstehen + wir + darunter, dass...

Unter Erfolg verstehen wir darunter, dass man glücklich ist.

Die + X + leidet + unter + der + darunterliegenden + Y.

Die Optik leidet unter der darunterliegenden Struktur.

Darunter + subsumiert + man + X.

Darunter subsumiert man verschiedene Theorien.

語族

名詞

Das Unten (the bottom)

Die Unterseite (the underside)

動詞

unterlegen (to put under)

daruntermischen (to mix in)

darunterleiden (to suffer from)

形容詞

darunterliegend (underlying)

untere (lower)

使い方

frequency

Very high in both spoken and written German.

よくある間違い

Using 'unter es' instead of 'darunter'. → Ich lege es darunter.
German uses pronominal adverbs for inanimate objects. 'Unter es' is grammatically incorrect for objects.
Forgetting the 'r' (saying 'daunter'). → Darunter.
Because 'unter' starts with a vowel, the epenthetic 'r' must be inserted for phonetic reasons.
Confusing 'darunter' with 'unten'. → Das Buch liegt darunter (under the thing).
'Unten' means 'at the bottom' or 'downstairs'. 'Darunter' means specifically underneath something previously mentioned.
Stressing the first syllable (DAR-unter). → dar-UN-ter.
Standard German stresses the second syllable of pronominal adverbs unless you are being very emphatic about the 'there' part.
Using 'von' with 'leiden' instead of 'darunter'. → Ich leide darunter.
While you can 'leiden an' (a disease), you 'leiden unter' or 'darunter' for general circumstances or stress.

ヒント

The 'R' Connection

Always remember the epenthetic 'r'. It’s 'darunter', never 'daunter'. This 'r' acts as a bridge between 'da' and 'unter'.

Stress the 'UN'

To sound like a native, put the emphasis on the second syllable: dar-UN-ter. This makes the word flow better in a sentence.

The Subset Trick

Use 'darunter' when you want to give examples from a group. It's much more natural than repeating 'einschließlich' or 'unter'.

Avoid Repetition

If you just mentioned a noun like 'der Schrank', use 'darunter' in the next sentence instead of saying 'unter dem Schrank' again.

Suffer with Style

Memorize 'darunter leiden'. It's one of the most common ways to express that a situation is negatively affecting you.

Spatial Logic

Think of 'darunter' as 'there-under'. This literal translation helps you remember its meaning and grammatical function.

Numerical Limits

Use it for prices and ages. 'Kinder unter 6' can be followed by 'Alle darunter zahlen nichts'.

No 'Unter Es'

Never say 'unter es'. Your brain wants to translate 'under it' literally, but German requires 'darunter'.

Pair with Darüber

Learn 'darunter' and 'darüber' as a pair. They are the 'down' and 'up' of relative German positions.

News Keyword

When you hear 'darunter' on the news, get ready for specific numbers or examples. It’s a signal for detailed information.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Think of 'DA-RUN-TER'. Imagine something 'RUNNING' 'UNDER' the 'DA' (there). 'DA-RUN-TER' = 'Under there'.

視覚的連想

Picture a large table with a giant letter 'DA' on top of it. A small mouse is running around UNDER the table. That mouse is 'darunter'.

Word Web

unter da- unten darüber darunter leiden darunter verstehen darunter befinden darunter mischen

チャレンジ

Try to describe three things in your room using 'darunter'. Example: 'Mein Teppich ist weich, darunter ist Holz.' (My carpet is soft, underneath it is wood.)

語源

Formed from the Old High German 'dar' (there/thither) and 'untar' (under). The 'r' in 'dar' was originally a locative suffix that became part of the stem in pronominal adverbs.

元の意味： At that place under.

Germanic (Indo-European).

文化的な背景

No specific sensitivities, but ensure 'darunter leiden' is used appropriately for serious vs. trivial suffering.

English speakers often struggle with 'darunter' because English uses 'under it' or 'among them'. The concept of a single word for these phrases is unique to German and other Germanic languages.

The phrase 'Was man darunter versteht' is common in German philosophical texts by Kant and Hegel. In the Grimm's Fairy Tales, 'darunter' is often used to describe hidden treasures under trees or stones. German news channels like Tagesschau use 'darunter' daily for statistical reporting.

実生活で練習する

実際の使用場面

Spatial Directions

Leg es darunter.
Schau mal darunter.
Geh darunter durch.
Es liegt direkt darunter.

Shopping/Prices

Haben Sie etwas darunter?
Der Preis liegt darunter.
Nichts unter 10 Euro, alles darunter ist Schrott.
Es gibt Rabatte darunter.

Statistics/Groups

Darunter waren viele Frauen.
Zehn Prozent, darunter auch Kinder.
Wer war alles darunter?
Darunter befinden sich Experten.

Abstract/Emotions

Ich leide darunter.
Was verstehst du darunter?
Darunter kann ich mir nichts vorstellen.
Die Qualität leidet darunter.

Instructions/DIY

Mische das Mehl darunter.
Schraube es darunter fest.
Platziere die Leiste darunter.
Klebe es darunter.

会話のきっかけ

"Wenn wir von 'Glück' sprechen, was verstehst du eigentlich darunter?"

"Ich habe gehört, die Firma hat Probleme. Leidest du auch darunter?"

"Es gab gestern ein großes Treffen, waren viele deiner Freunde darunter?"

"Das Haus ist sehr alt. Glaubst du, es gibt einen Keller darunter?"

"Die Preise für Mieten steigen. Findet man in dieser Stadt überhaupt noch etwas darunter?"

日記のテーマ

Beschreibe eine schwierige Situation in deinem Leben. Wie hast du darunter gelitten und was hast du gelernt?

Was verstehst du unter dem Begriff 'Freiheit'? Erkläre deine Definition im Detail.

Schau dir deinen Schreibtisch an. Was liegt alles auf dem Tisch und was befindet sich darunter?

Denk an eine Gruppe von Menschen, die dir wichtig sind. Wer ist darunter und warum?

Wenn du ein Haus bauen würdest, was müsste unbedingt darunter sein (z.B. ein Weinkeller, eine Garage)?

よくある質問

10 問

No, you should never say 'unter es' when referring to an object. In German, pronominal adverbs like 'darunter' are mandatory for inanimate objects. You only use 'unter' with personal pronouns if you refer to a person, e.g., 'Er steht unter ihm' (He stands under him in a hierarchy).

No, it is very versatile. It can mean 'under it' (spatial), 'among them' (statistical), 'less than' (numerical), or be part of abstract phrases like 'darunter leiden' (to suffer because of it).

'Drunter' is simply a shortened, more colloquial version of 'darunter'. You will hear it often in casual conversation, but you should use 'darunter' in formal writing and exams.

The 'r' is used whenever the preposition starts with a vowel. Since 'unter' starts with 'u', you must use 'darunter'. If the preposition started with a consonant, like 'mit', you would use 'damit' (no 'r').

Yes, especially when listing items. 'Ich habe viele Bücher, darunter drei Krimis' means 'I have many books, including three crime novels' or 'among them three crime novels'.

It is a common way to ask 'What do you mean by that?' or 'How do you define that term?'. Literally, it asks what you imagine 'under' that word.

Yes, but usually in the sense of 'among them' (a group). 'Es waren viele Leute da, darunter auch mein Bruder.' If you mean physically underneath a person, you would say 'unter ihm/ihr'.

It usually goes in the 'Mittelfeld' (middle) of the sentence, but it can also be at the very beginning for emphasis, which often triggers a verb-second word order change.

No, it is a pronominal adverb. Prepositions need a noun following them (unter dem Tisch), while pronominal adverbs replace the whole prepositional phrase (darunter).

Yes! 'Die Temperatur sinkt auf null Grad und darunter' (The temperature is sinking to zero degrees and below).

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