受動態:報告動詞(~と言われている)
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use reporting verbs in the passive to share information without naming a specific source, creating a formal, objective tone.
- Use 'It + passive verb + that' for general claims: 'It is said that he is rich.'
- Use 'Subject + passive verb + to-infinitive' for specific focus: 'He is said to be rich.'
- Common verbs include: say, think, believe, consider, report, and claim.
Overview
It is said that...」や「He is believed to be...」といった構文は、英語において洗練された文法表現です。これは、情報の発信源を明示することなく、その情報を伝えることを可能にします。行為者(報告している人やグループ)から距離を置くこの表現は、単なる文体上の選択ではなく、特に学術的、ジャーナリスティック、専門的な文脈において、コミュニケーション上の重要な機能を持っています。この構文を理解することは、より正確かつフォーマルに伝えたいB1レベルの学習者にとって不可欠です。People believe that he is a genius.」(人々は彼が天才だと信じている)という能動態の文は文法的に正しいですが、「人々」にその信念を直接帰属させています。これに対し、受動態の「He is believed to be a genius.」(彼は天才だと信じられている)は、焦点を直接「彼」と、彼に関する信念の性質に移します。これにより、その発言はより客観的で、広く受け入れられているように聞こえます。この言語的なメカニズムは、英語において文の主語がしばしば最も関心のある話題や強調したい要素を表すという、より広範な原則を反映しています。The door was opened.)を超えて、認知やコミュニケーションを含むより複雑な発言に移行する、受動態に関する既存の知識を拡張します。say, think, believe, know, expect, report, allege, consider, understand などの動詞に遭遇するでしょう。これらの動詞を受動態で使いこなすことは、権威、外交、または一般的な合意を伝える文章を作成する力を与え、コミュニケーションの明瞭さと洗練さの両方を向上させます。that節を含む能動態の文を受動態の構文に変換します。この変換により、焦点とフォーマルさのニュアンスが異なる2つの主要な受動態構造が可能になります。どちらのパターンも、発信源を一般化するか、報告された情報を前面に出すことによって、客観性を達成します。It で始まります。この構造は、報告された情報の特定の主語が重要でない場合、または情報が一般的な真実や広く持たれている信念として提示される場合に使用されます。これは、報告された事実の個々の要素を軽視し、それを集合的な知識として扱います。例えば、「Many people say that the economy will improve.」(多くの人が経済は改善すると言っている)の代わりに、「It is said that the economy will improve.」(経済は改善すると言われている)を使用できます。ここでは、it は文法的なプレースホルダーであり、実際の主語は that節全体(that the economy will improve)です。that節は分割され、その主語が受動態動詞の新しい主語になります。報告された情報の残りは、to不定詞句を使用して表現されます。例えば、「They expect him to win.」(彼らが彼が勝つと期待している)から、人称受動態の形は「He is expected to win.」(彼は勝つと期待されている)となります。この形は、受動態の特徴である客観性を維持しながらも、関与している個人や実体とのより緊密なつながりを保ちます。It is said that...)It で始まり、動詞 to be の形、報告動詞の過去分詞、そして最後に報告された情報を含む that節が続きます。このパターンは、発信源が不明である、または関連性がない場合、あるいは一般的な合意を伝えたい場合に特に役立ちます。It + be (活用形) + 過去分詞 (報告動詞) + that + 節It パターン) |It is said that he works too hard. |It was believed that the project was flawed. |It is expected that prices will rise. |It has been reported that the storm has passed. |It is understood that the universe expands. |Subject is said to...)to be の形、報告動詞の過去分詞、そして to不定詞句で構成されます。to不定詞の形式は重要であり、that節内の元の動詞の時制に依存します。主語 + be (活用形) + 過去分詞 (報告動詞) + to + 不定詞 (報告節の主動詞)to不定詞は、元の時制に応じて次のように変化します。- 現在または未来の動作(
beの時制と一致、またはtoの後の未来):to + 原形 - 能動態:
They say he is ill. - 受動態:
He is said to be ill. - 能動態:
They expect she will arrive soon. - 受動態:
She is expected to arrive soon.
- 過去の動作:
to have + 過去分詞 - 能動態:
People believe he stole the money. - 受動態:
He is believed to have stolen the money. - 能動態:
They know she completed the task. - 受動態:
She is known to have completed the task.
- 進行中の動作(現在または過去):
to be + -ing形 - 能動態:
They say she is studying abroad. - 受動態:
She is said to be studying abroad. - 能動態:
They thought he was waiting outside. - 受動態:
He was thought to be waiting outside.
- 完了進行中の動作:
to have been + -ing形 - 能動態:
We believe he has been working all night. - 受動態:
He is believed to have been working all night.
Subject パターン) |He is thought to be honest. |The CEO was reported to have resigned yesterday. |The building is believed to be unsafe. |She was known to have left early. |He is understood to have been practicing for months. |to不定詞の体系的な変化は、受動態文が元の報告された動作の時間関係を正確に反映することを保証し、時間に関するニュアンスのある表現を可能にします。- フォーマルで客観的な報告: これは最も一般的な適用例であり、特にニュース、学術論文、公式声明でよく見られます。事実や結論を公平な方法で提示し、特定の記者や情報源の偏見や視点を導入したくない場合に、受動態は非常に役立ちます。それは情報に権威性と一般性の空気を加えます。
It is reported that the new policy will take effect next month.(「The government reported...」ではなく)The findings are believed to contradict previous research.(科学論文でよく見られる表現。「We believe...」を避ける)
- 距離を置くことと外交: 場合によっては、情報の真実性を完全に支持することなく、または直接的な帰属を避けるために、情報を提供したい場合があります。特にデリケートな状況では、受動態はこのような外交的な曖昧さを可能にします。それは、その正確さに対して個人的な責任を取ることなく、述べられたり考えられたりしたことを伝えることを可能にします。
Mistakes were said to have occurred during the previous administration.(特定の非難を割り当てることなく、問題を認識するための一般的な政治的表現。)It is understood that your concerns have been noted.(即時の行動を約束することなく、入力を認識するための丁寧な方法。)
- 一般的な知識または一般的な信念: ある情報が広く受け入れられている、または特定の事実が一般的な知識である場合、個々の情報源を名前で挙げる必要はありません。受動態報告構造は、その情報が一般的に知られているか、多くの人によって真実と見なされていることを示します。
It is known that regular exercise improves mental health.(普遍的に受け入れられている事実。)She is considered one of the leading experts in her field.(彼女の専門知識に関する広範な意見を反映している。)
- 行為者が明白または無関係な場合: 多くの文脈では、報告を行っている個人またはグループの身元は自明であるか、単にメッセージにとって重要ではありません。受動態は、この不要な詳細を省略することによって文を合理化し、情報自体に焦点を維持します。
The suspect is alleged to have fled the scene.(警察の報告では、警察が暗黙の報告者であるため、明示的な言及は冗長です。)It is expected that the train will be delayed.(鉄道会社がこの発表の明白な情報源です。)
that節、不定詞、および主語の配置の間の相互作用の誤解から生じることがよくあります。これらの落とし穴を特定し、理解することが、この文法項目を習得するための鍵となります。- 2つのパターンの混同: 非人称(
It is said that...)と人称(Subject is said to...)の受動態の要素を混同することがよくあります。Itはthat節を取り、特定の主語はto不定詞を取ることを覚えておいてください。 - 誤り:
He is said that he is a talented musician.(Subject + is saidとthat節を誤って組み合わせています。) - 正しい:
It is said that he is a talented musician.(非人称、that節を使用。) - 正しい:
He is said to be a talented musician.(人称、to不定詞を使用。)
to不定詞の時制の誤用: 人称受動態では、報告された動作の時制を正確に反映するために、to不定詞の形式(to be,to have been)を正しく使用することが重要です。特に、報告された動作が能動態文の主節動詞よりも前の時点で行われた場合、to have + 過去分詞を使用する必要があります。- 誤り:
She is known to finish the report last week.(過去の動作なのに、単純なto不定詞を使用しています。) - 正しい:
She is known to have finished the report last week.(過去の動作なのでto have finishedを使用。)
- 非人称受動態での
Itの省略: 日本語では主語を省略することが一般的であるため、英語でも非人称受動態のItを省略してしまう間違いが見られます。しかし、英語ではItは文法的に必須です。 - 誤り:
Is said that the meeting was postponed.(Itがありません。) - 正しい:
It is said that the meeting was postponed.
- 報告動詞の選択ミス: 報告動詞の中には、特定の文脈やニュアンスを持つものがあります。例えば、
allegeは「(証拠なしに)主張する」という意味合いが強く、しばしば否定的な文脈で使われます。considerやbelieveは、意見や信念を表します。 - 誤り: 状況に合わない動詞を使う。例えば、事実であることがほぼ確定していることに対して
allegeを使う。 - 正しい: 文脈に合った報告動詞を選択する。
The ball was kicked.) | 物理的な動作や出来事に焦点を当てる。行為者は不明、無関係、または省略される。 |It is said that...) | 発言、思考、信念、知識などの伝達に焦点を当てる。情報の発信源を一般化または曖昧にする。 |- 単純受動態:
The bridge was built in 1950.(橋は1950年に建設された - 誰が建てたかは重要ではない) - 報告動詞の受動態:
It is believed that the bridge was built in 1950.(その橋は1950年に建設されたと信じられている - その信念の出所は重要ではない、または一般的である)
It) | It + be + pp + that + clause | 報告された情報全体、または一般的な事実 |Subject) | Subject + be + pp + to-infinitive | 報告されている人や物、およびその状態や動作 |- 非人称:
It is expected that the train will be on time.(電車が時間通りに来ると予想されている - 誰が期待しているかは重要ではない) - 人称:
The train is expected to be on time.(電車は時間通りに来ると予想されている - 電車自体が焦点)
- 間接話法(能動態): 発信源を明確にし、その発言内容を報告します。
He said that he was tired.(彼は疲れていると言った)- 報告動詞の非人称受動態: 発信源を一般化し、発言内容を客観的に提示します。
It is said that he was tired.(彼は疲れていたと言われている)- 報告動詞の人称受動態: 発言内容の主語を前に出し、それを中心に報告します。
He is said to be tired.(彼は疲れていると言われている)
It is said that... と He is said to... の使い分けは?It is said that... は非人称構文で、that 以下の節全体が報告内容です。発信源が不明確、一般的、または重要でない場合に使います。一方、He is said to... は人称構文で、He が報告内容の中心となります。to不定詞で報告される動作や状態を示します。to have + 過去分詞 はどのような時に使いますか?is believed, was known)よりも 前の時点 で行われたことを示す場合に使います。例えば、「She is known to have won the prize last year.」(彼女は昨年その賞を獲得したと知られている)では、won(過去)は is known(現在)よりも前の出来事です。It is said that... と全く同じですか?It is said that... は、日本語の「〜と言われている」よりも、客観性やフォーマルさを強調するニュアンスが強いです。特に、ニュース記事や学術的な文脈で、情報源を特定せずに事実や一般的な見解を提示する際に頻繁に用いられます。日本語の「〜らしい」や「〜そうだ」よりも、より公的な響きがあります。It is said that... のような非人称構文は、フォーマルな場面や客観的な情報を伝えたい場合に多く使われます。日常会話では、より直接的な表現(例: People say..., I heard that...)が好まれることもあります。しかし、He is believed to be... のような人称構文は、人物評などで比較的自然に使われることもあります。B1レベルでは、まずフォーマルな文脈での使用をマスターすることをお勧めします。Common Reporting Verbs in Passive
| Verb | It + Passive + That | Subject + Passive + To-Infinitive |
|---|---|---|
|
Say
|
It is said that...
|
He is said to be...
|
|
Think
|
It is thought that...
|
She is thought to have...
|
|
Believe
|
It is believed that...
|
They are believed to live...
|
|
Consider
|
It is considered that...
|
It is considered to be...
|
|
Report
|
It is reported that...
|
The news is reported to be...
|
|
Claim
|
It is claimed that...
|
He is claimed to have...
|
|
Know
|
It is known that...
|
She is known to work...
|
|
Expect
|
It is expected that...
|
Prices are expected to rise...
|
Contractions in Reporting Passives
| Full Form | Contracted Form | Usage |
|---|---|---|
|
It is said
|
It's said
|
Common in speech
|
|
It is thought
|
It's thought
|
Common in speech
|
|
He is said
|
He's said
|
Common in speech
|
|
They are believed
|
They're believed
|
Common in speech
|
Meanings
A grammatical construction used to report what people in general say, think, or believe, often used in news and academic writing to maintain objectivity.
General Hearsay
Reporting rumors or widely held beliefs without a specific source.
“It is said that the house is haunted.”
“He is thought to be the best player in the league.”
Formal/Academic Reporting
Presenting facts or theories in a way that sounds objective and authoritative.
“It is considered that the experiment was a success.”
“The virus is known to spread through air droplets.”
Historical/Past Beliefs
Describing what people used to believe in the past.
“It was once thought that the Earth was flat.”
“The ruins were believed to be of Roman origin.”
Reference Table
| 能動態での報告 | 非人称受動態 (It is...) | 人称受動態 (Subject is...) |
|---|---|---|
|
People say he's smart.
|
It is said that he's smart.
|
He is said to be smart.
|
|
They believe she is kind.
|
It is believed that she is kind.
|
She is believed to be kind.
|
|
Experts expect prices will rise.
|
It is expected that prices will rise.
|
Prices are expected to rise.
|
|
People know he stole the car.
|
It is known that he stole the car.
|
He is known to have stolen the car.
|
|
The media reported they fled.
|
It was reported that they fled.
|
They were reported to have fled.
|
|
Many think she's innocent.
|
It is thought that she's innocent.
|
She is thought to be innocent.
|
|
We understand he's busy.
|
It is understood that he's busy.
|
He is understood to be busy.
|
フォーマル度スペクトル
He is widely held to be an exceptional leader. (Describing a politician or boss)
It is said that he is a great leader. (Describing a politician or boss)
They say he's a great leader. (Describing a politician or boss)
Word is, he's the GOAT. (Describing a politician or boss)
受動態の報告動詞:情報の流れ
パターン1:非人称
- It is said that... 一般的な声明
- It is believed that... 一般的な意見
- It is known that... 確立された事実
パターン2:人称
- Subject is said to be... 現在の状態/未来
- Subject is believed to have... 過去の行動
- Subject is expected to... 未来の行動
なぜ使うの?
- Objectivity フォーマルな文章、ニュース
- Diplomacy 責任回避
- Focus on Info 情報源は重要ではない
非人称受動態と人称受動態の比較
受動態の報告構造の選択
情報を一般的に伝えたいですか、それとも特定の主語に焦点を当てたいですか?
報告されている行動は、報告時点から見て過去のことですか?
受動態でよく使われる報告動詞
一般的な意見
- • say
- • believe
- • think
- • understand
公式な報告
- • report
- • announce
- • state
- • allege
期待/知識
- • expect
- • know
- • consider
- • assume
レベル別の例文
It is said that he is rich.
Se dice que él es rico.
It is known that she is a teacher.
Se sabe que ella es profesora.
It is thought that it will rain.
Se piensa que lloverá.
It is reported that the shop is closed.
Se informa que la tienda está cerrada.
It is believed that they live in London.
Se cree que viven en Londres.
It is said that the food here is good.
Se dice que la comida aquí es buena.
It is known that water boils at 100 degrees.
Se sabe que el agua hierve a 100 grados.
It is thought that the movie starts at 8.
Se piensa que la película empieza a las 8.
He is said to be a very talented musician.
Se dice que es un músico muy talentoso.
It is reported that the strike will end soon.
Se informa que la huelga terminará pronto.
The company is thought to be losing money.
Se piensa que la empresa está perdiendo dinero.
It was once believed that the sun went around the Earth.
Una vez se creyó que el sol giraba alrededor de la Tierra.
The suspect is alleged to have fled the country.
Se alega que el sospechoso ha huido del país.
It is widely considered that his latest book is his best.
Se considera ampliamente que su último libro es el mejor.
The painting is believed to be a genuine Picasso.
Se cree que la pintura es un Picasso auténtico.
It is expected that interest rates will rise next month.
Se espera que las tasas de interés suban el próximo mes.
The manuscript is purported to be the work of a 15th-century monk.
Se pretende que el manuscrito sea obra de un monje del siglo XV.
It is contended that the current policy is fundamentally flawed.
Se sostiene que la política actual es fundamentalmente defectuosa.
The CEO is understood to be considering his resignation.
Se entiende que el CEO está considerando su renuncia.
It has been suggested that the two events are linked.
Se ha sugerido que los dos eventos están vinculados.
The findings are widely held to have significant implications for the field.
Se considera ampliamente que los hallazgos tienen implicaciones significativas para el campo.
It is surmised that the civilization collapsed due to prolonged drought.
Se conjetura que la civilización colapsó debido a una sequía prolongada.
The senator is reputed to have been involved in the scandal.
Se dice que el senador estuvo involucrado en el escándalo.
It is gathered from the evidence that the fire was intentional.
Se deduce de la evidencia que el incendio fue intencional.
間違えやすい
Learners often use 'They say' in formal writing where 'It is said' is required.
Mixing up 'The book was written' (action) with 'The book is said to be' (opinion).
Using 'It says' to mean 'People say'.
よくある間違い
Is said that he is rich.
It is said that he is rich.
People is said he is rich.
It is said he is rich.
It says that he is rich.
It is said that he is rich.
He said to be rich.
He is said to be rich.
It is thought he rich.
It is thought that he is rich.
He is thought being rich.
He is thought to be rich.
It believed that...
It is believed that...
He is said to have steal the money.
He is said to have stolen the money.
It is reported the plane to be late.
It is reported that the plane is late.
He is thought to be live in London.
He is thought to live in London.
The CEO is alleged having lied.
The CEO is alleged to have lied.
It is contended the policy being wrong.
It is contended that the policy is wrong.
文型パターン
It is ___ that ___.
___ is/are thought to ___.
It was once believed that ___.
The suspect is alleged to have ___.
Real World Usage
It is reported that the storm is heading north.
It is generally accepted that the data is accurate.
He's said to be getting a promotion.
The defendant is alleged to have committed the act.
It was believed that the king had died in battle.
The fountain is said to bring good luck.
適切な「It」を選ぶ
「to」を忘れないで!
不定詞の形を変えてみよう
客観的に聞こえるように
文脈をチェック!
Smart Tips
Start your sentences with 'It is reported that...' or 'It is alleged that...'.
Use the 'Subject + is said to' pattern. It's more descriptive.
Avoid 'I think'. Use 'It is considered that...' or 'It is argued that...'.
Use 'to have + V3' to show the action happened before the reporting.
発音
Stress on the reporting verb
In the phrase 'It is SAID that', the stress usually falls on the past participle to emphasize the nature of the report.
Linking 'It is'
In natural speech, 'It is' often sounds like 'It's' or 'Idiz' with a soft 'd' sound in American English.
Falling intonation for facts
It is known that the Earth is round. ↘
Conveys certainty and authority.
Rising intonation for rumors
It is said that he's leaving? ↗
Conveys doubt or asks for confirmation.
暗記しよう
記憶術
Remember S.T.A.R.: Said, Thought, Alleged, Reported. These are your 4 main reporting stars!
視覚的連想
Imagine a news anchor sitting behind a desk. They aren't saying 'I think...', they are reading a script that says 'It is reported that...'. The desk is the 'It is' that supports the whole story.
Rhyme
When you don't know who to blame, 'It is said' is the name of the game!
Story
A secret agent needs to share information without revealing his source. He writes a letter starting with 'It is believed that the enemy is near.' By using the passive, he keeps his source safe and sounds like a professional spy.
Word Web
チャレンジ
Look at a news headline today. Try to rewrite it using 'It is said that...' or 'The [Subject] is reported to...'.
文化メモ
British academic writing relies heavily on the impersonal passive to sound modest and objective, avoiding 'I think' at all costs.
Journalists use 'alleged' to avoid lawsuits (libel). If they say 'He stole it', they can be sued. If they say 'He is alleged to have stolen it', they are safe.
In casual conversation, 'It's said that' is less common than 'Word has it' or 'They say', but 'He's said to be' is common when discussing celebrities.
This structure comes from the Latin 'impersonal passive' where verbs like 'dicitur' (it is said) were used to convey general truths.
会話のきっかけ
It is said that travel broadens the mind. Do you agree?
He is thought to be the greatest athlete of all time. Who am I talking about?
It is rumored that a new iPhone is coming out soon. Have you heard anything?
In your country, what is said to be the best dish for a visitor to try?
日記のテーマ
よくある間違い
Test Yourself
It ___ that the new restaurant serves amazing vegan food.
Find and fix the mistake:
The actor is reported having a new role in a Netflix series.
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate into English: 'Se cree que la compañía lanzará un nuevo producto pronto.'
Answer starts with: ["I...
Score: /4
練習問題
8 exercisesIt ___ that the Earth was flat.
He is thought ___ in New York.
Find and fix the mistake:
Is said that the movie is very long.
She ___ a genius.
'It is reported the company to be closing.'
Match: 1. Allege, 2. Surmise, 3. Rumor
A: They say he's late. B: He is reported to be late.
It is ___ that...
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesThe new policy ___ to improve working conditions for remote employees.
It is thought the team leader is resigning.
Which sentence is correct?
Se dice que el museo está abierto hasta tarde los jueves.
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the sentence halves:
The suspect ___ to have fled the country immediately after the incident.
It is saying that this view is incredible! #travelgram
Which option is grammatically sound?
Se rumorea que esta canción será el éxito del verano.
Reorder the words to form a coherent sentence:
Match the verb to its common usage context:
Score: /12
よくある質問 (8)
You can! But 'It is said' is more formal and objective. It's better for writing.
No, only verbs of thinking (believe, think), saying (report, claim), or knowing (know, understand).
Meaning is the same. 'It is said that' focuses on the whole idea; 'He is said to' focuses on the person.
Both are correct. 'It's said' is more common in speaking; 'It is said' is better for formal writing.
Yes! 'It is expected that...' is a common way to talk about the future.
No. Use 'It is said that' or 'I was told that'.
Use 'It was said that...' or 'He is said to have been...'.
Yes, it's standard in both British and American English, especially in news.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Se dice que...
Spanish doesn't use a dummy subject like 'It'.
On dit que...
French uses an active structure (On dit) for the same purpose.
Es wird gesagt, dass...
German word order in the 'dass' clause is different.
...to iwarete iru
Japanese puts the reporting verb at the end of the sentence.
Yuqal anna...
Arabic doesn't need a separate word for 'It' or 'is'.
据说是 (Jùshuō shì)
Chinese has no passive conjugation for this; it's a lexical choice.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
関連動画
This is the most common way to get head lice - Nazzy Pakpour
Was the Trojan War Fought Over a Rock?
You might be surprised by what you'd find in your pores - M. Alejandra Perotti
Passive Reporting Verbs in English | IT IS SAID THAT, IT IS THOUGHT THAT
Oxford English Now
Related Grammar Rules
客観性のための受動態:「~と言われている」
### Overview 英語の文法には、情報源を特定せずに情報を伝えたり、情報を述べた人よりも情報そのものを強調したりするための特...
法助動詞と受動態の報告表現(C1レベル)
### 概要 リポートスピーチ(間接話法)における助動詞の扱い、そして受動態を用いた報告構文の習得は、英語力をC1レベルへと引...
報告動詞:誰が何を言った?
### Overview 英語を学んでいる皆さんは、誰かが言ったことを他人に伝える際、つい `say` や `tell` ばかりを使っていませんか...
受動態を使う時(ニュースや噂を報告する際)
Overview X(Twitter)をスクロールしていて、「新作の GTA が来週発売されるという噂がある(It is rumored that the new GTA...
受動態報告構造(彼は~だと言われている)
### Overview 英語学習において、中級から上級(C1レベル)へとステップアップする際、避けて通れないのが「情報の伝え方」の洗...