مجهول: افعال گزارش (گفته می شود که...)
Reporting passives) کمک میکنه شایعه یا اخبار رو بدون اینکه بگی کی گفته، به صورت «عینی» بیان کنی. یعنی تمرکزت روی «اطلاعات» هست نه روی «گوینده».
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use reporting verbs in the passive to share information without naming a specific source, creating a formal, objective tone.
- Use 'It + passive verb + that' for general claims: 'It is said that he is rich.'
- Use 'Subject + passive verb + to-infinitive' for specific focus: 'He is said to be rich.'
- Common verbs include: say, think, believe, consider, report, and claim.
مرور کلی
It is said that Apple is making a car. این کار باعث میشود شما واقعبین، حرفهای و شاید کمی مرموز به نظر برسید. چه در حال ارسال پیام به یک دوست درباره یک ویدیو ویروسی باشید و چه در حال نوشتن گزارش برای یک جلسه زوم، این ساختار بهترین دوست شماست.این گرامر چطور کار میکنه
It is said that the new movie is great.say (گفتن)، think (فکر کردن)، believe (باور داشتن)، know (دانستن)، report (گزارش دادن) و expect (انتظار داشتن) هستند. این افعال مانند پلی بین شایعه و واقعیت عمل میکنند.
الگوی ساخت
It شروع کنید.
to be (معمولاً is یا was) را اضافه کنید.
said یا thought یا known) اضافه کنید.
that را اضافه کنید.
It + is/was + اسم مفعول + that + جمله.
It is thought that the exam will be hard. (فکر میشود که امتحان سخت خواهد بود.)
to be را اضافه کنید (is ، are ، was ، were).
to + شکل ساده فعل را اضافه کنید.
فاعل + is/was + اسم مفعول + to + فعل.
The teacher is said to be very kind. (گفته میشود که معلم خیلی مهربان است.)
کی استفاده کنیم
- اشتراکگذاری غیبت: «گفته میشود که آنها با یک پیام واتساپ از هم جدا شدند!» (درام کلاسیک.)
- گزارشهای خبری: «گزارش شده است که پرواز به دلیل آب و هوا تاخیر دارد.» (مفید برای ولاگهای سفر.)
- حقایق عمومی: «دانسته شده است که زمین گرد است.» (اگرچه برخی تیکتاکرها ممکن است مخالف باشند!)
- نظرات حرفهای: «انتظار میرود که پروژه روز جمعه تمام شود.» (عالی برای مصاحبههای شغلی یا جلسات زوم.)
- ترندهای شبکههای اجتماعی: «فکر میشود این کافه جدید بهترین لاته شهر را دارد.» (عالی برای کپشن اینستاگرام شما.)
اشتباهات رایج
- فراموش کردن
that: در الگوی «It»، شما تقریباً همیشه بهthatنیاز دارید. - ✗ *اشتباه:*
It is said the movie is bad. - ✓ *درست:*
It is said that the movie is bad. - قاطی کردن
toوthat: این رایجترین اشتباه است. به یاد داشته باشید: «It» با «that» میآید و «فاعل» با «to». - ✗ *اشتباه:*
He is said that he is rich. - ✓ *درست:*
He is said to be rich. - استفاده از شکل اشتباه فعل: مطمئن شوید فعل گزارشی در حالت اسم مفعول (
said، نهsay) باشد. - ✗ *اشتباه:*
It is say that she is coming. - ✓ *درست:*
It is said that she is coming. - گیج شدن در جمع و مفرد: در الگوی فاعل، مطمئن شوید
is/areبا فاعل مطابقت داشته باشد. - ✗ *اشتباه:*
They is said to be late. - ✓ *درست:*
They are said to be late.
It's supposed that در حالی که باید بگویند It is thought that. فقط به تمرین ادامه دهید!مقایسه با الگوهای مشابه
- «مردم میگویند که پیتزا سالم است.»
- این دوستانه و غیررسمی است. شما درباره کاری که *مردم* انجام میدهند صحبت میکنید. برای گپ زدن در کافه عالی است.
- «گفته میشود که پیتزا سالم است.»
- این رسمیتر است. شبیه یک مطالعه علمی یا گزارش خبری به نظر میرسد. به جای مردم، روی *پیتزا* تمرکز میکند.
The cake was eaten). تفاوت در این است که مجهول گزارشی از افعال *فکر کردن* یا *صحبت کردن* استفاده میکند (say ، think ، know). مجهول معمولی از افعال *انجام دادن* استفاده میکند (eat ، build ، break).The house was built یک مجهول معمولی است، اما The house is said to be haunted یک مجهول گزارشی است. یکی درباره یک عمل است، دیگری درباره یک شایعه!سؤالات رایج
say ، think ، believe ، know ، report و expect در اینجا خوب عمل میکنند.It به عنوان فاعل استفاده میکنیم؟It یک «فاعل صوری» است. معنای خاصی ندارد؛ فقط جا را نگه میدارد تا جمله بتواند روی خبر تمرکز کند.It was said that یا He was thought to be. فقط is را به was تغییر دهید.Said قطعاً پادشاه افعال گزارشی است. شما همه جا It is said that را خواهید شنید!It is said to be؟It is said that... یا Something is said to be... استفاده کنید.Common Reporting Verbs in Passive
| Verb | It + Passive + That | Subject + Passive + To-Infinitive |
|---|---|---|
|
Say
|
It is said that...
|
He is said to be...
|
|
Think
|
It is thought that...
|
She is thought to have...
|
|
Believe
|
It is believed that...
|
They are believed to live...
|
|
Consider
|
It is considered that...
|
It is considered to be...
|
|
Report
|
It is reported that...
|
The news is reported to be...
|
|
Claim
|
It is claimed that...
|
He is claimed to have...
|
|
Know
|
It is known that...
|
She is known to work...
|
|
Expect
|
It is expected that...
|
Prices are expected to rise...
|
Contractions in Reporting Passives
| Full Form | Contracted Form | Usage |
|---|---|---|
|
It is said
|
It's said
|
Common in speech
|
|
It is thought
|
It's thought
|
Common in speech
|
|
He is said
|
He's said
|
Common in speech
|
|
They are believed
|
They're believed
|
Common in speech
|
Meanings
A grammatical construction used to report what people in general say, think, or believe, often used in news and academic writing to maintain objectivity.
General Hearsay
Reporting rumors or widely held beliefs without a specific source.
“It is said that the house is haunted.”
“He is thought to be the best player in the league.”
Formal/Academic Reporting
Presenting facts or theories in a way that sounds objective and authoritative.
“It is considered that the experiment was a success.”
“The virus is known to spread through air droplets.”
Historical/Past Beliefs
Describing what people used to believe in the past.
“It was once thought that the Earth was flat.”
“The ruins were believed to be of Roman origin.”
Reference Table
| ساختار | مثال | معنی | موقعیت |
|---|---|---|---|
|
It is said that...
|
It is said that he is rich.
|
مردم میگن اون پولداره.
|
شایعه عمومی
|
|
Subject is said to...
|
He is said to be rich.
|
مردم میگن اون پولداره.
|
تمرکز روی شخص
|
|
It is thought that...
|
It is thought that she won.
|
مردم فکر میکنن اون برده.
|
حدس و گمان
|
|
Subject is thought to...
|
She is thought to have won.
|
مردم فکر میکنن اون برده.
|
تئوری شخصی
|
|
It is known that...
|
It is known that cats sleep a lot.
|
همه این واقعیت رو میدونن.
|
واقعیت عمومی
|
|
It is reported that...
|
It is reported that rain is coming.
|
منابع خبری اینو میگن.
|
اخبار/آب و هوا
|
طیف رسمیت
He is widely held to be an exceptional leader. (Describing a politician or boss)
It is said that he is a great leader. (Describing a politician or boss)
They say he's a great leader. (Describing a politician or boss)
Word is, he's the GOAT. (Describing a politician or boss)
The Reporting Verb Web
Belief
- Believe Believe
- Think Think
- Consider Consider
Speech
- Say Say
- Report Report
- Claim Claim
Knowledge
- Know Know
- Understand Understand
Active vs. Passive Reporting
Choosing Your Structure
Do you want to start with 'It'?
Do you want to focus on the person?
Verbs for Different Situations
News
- • Report
- • Allege
- • Claim
Science
- • Know
- • Observe
- • Prove
Gossip
- • Say
- • Rumor
- • Think
مثالها بر اساس سطح
It is said that he is rich.
Se dice que él es rico.
It is known that she is a teacher.
Se sabe que ella es profesora.
It is thought that it will rain.
Se piensa que lloverá.
It is reported that the shop is closed.
Se informa que la tienda está cerrada.
It is believed that they live in London.
Se cree que viven en Londres.
It is said that the food here is good.
Se dice que la comida aquí es buena.
It is known that water boils at 100 degrees.
Se sabe que el agua hierve a 100 grados.
It is thought that the movie starts at 8.
Se piensa que la película empieza a las 8.
He is said to be a very talented musician.
Se dice que es un músico muy talentoso.
It is reported that the strike will end soon.
Se informa que la huelga terminará pronto.
The company is thought to be losing money.
Se piensa que la empresa está perdiendo dinero.
It was once believed that the sun went around the Earth.
Una vez se creyó que el sol giraba alrededor de la Tierra.
The suspect is alleged to have fled the country.
Se alega que el sospechoso ha huido del país.
It is widely considered that his latest book is his best.
Se considera ampliamente que su último libro es el mejor.
The painting is believed to be a genuine Picasso.
Se cree que la pintura es un Picasso auténtico.
It is expected that interest rates will rise next month.
Se espera que las tasas de interés suban el próximo mes.
The manuscript is purported to be the work of a 15th-century monk.
Se pretende que el manuscrito sea obra de un monje del siglo XV.
It is contended that the current policy is fundamentally flawed.
Se sostiene que la política actual es fundamentalmente defectuosa.
The CEO is understood to be considering his resignation.
Se entiende que el CEO está considerando su renuncia.
It has been suggested that the two events are linked.
Se ha sugerido que los dos eventos están vinculados.
The findings are widely held to have significant implications for the field.
Se considera ampliamente que los hallazgos tienen implicaciones significativas para el campo.
It is surmised that the civilization collapsed due to prolonged drought.
Se conjetura que la civilización colapsó debido a una sequía prolongada.
The senator is reputed to have been involved in the scandal.
Se dice que el senador estuvo involucrado en el escándalo.
It is gathered from the evidence that the fire was intentional.
Se deduce de la evidencia que el incendio fue intencional.
بهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
Learners often use 'They say' in formal writing where 'It is said' is required.
Mixing up 'The book was written' (action) with 'The book is said to be' (opinion).
Using 'It says' to mean 'People say'.
اشتباهات رایج
Is said that he is rich.
It is said that he is rich.
People is said he is rich.
It is said he is rich.
It says that he is rich.
It is said that he is rich.
He said to be rich.
He is said to be rich.
It is thought he rich.
It is thought that he is rich.
He is thought being rich.
He is thought to be rich.
It believed that...
It is believed that...
He is said to have steal the money.
He is said to have stolen the money.
It is reported the plane to be late.
It is reported that the plane is late.
He is thought to be live in London.
He is thought to live in London.
The CEO is alleged having lied.
The CEO is alleged to have lied.
It is contended the policy being wrong.
It is contended that the policy is wrong.
الگوهای جملهسازی
It is ___ that ___.
___ is/are thought to ___.
It was once believed that ___.
The suspect is alleged to have ___.
Real World Usage
It is reported that the storm is heading north.
It is generally accepted that the data is accurate.
He's said to be getting a promotion.
The defendant is alleged to have committed the act.
It was believed that the king had died in battle.
The fountain is said to bring good luck.
مثل یه "حرفهای" حرف بزن!
It is said thatاستفاده کن. خیلی «علمیتر» از
Some people say به نظر میاد: It is said that the theory is true.
حواست به "that" باشه!
that نذار. مثلاً بگو He is said to be smartنه
He is said that he is smart.
فرقی نمیکنه کجایی باشی!
It is thought that she is well.
Smart Tips
Start your sentences with 'It is reported that...' or 'It is alleged that...'.
Use the 'Subject + is said to' pattern. It's more descriptive.
Avoid 'I think'. Use 'It is considered that...' or 'It is argued that...'.
Use 'to have + V3' to show the action happened before the reporting.
تلفظ
Stress on the reporting verb
In the phrase 'It is SAID that', the stress usually falls on the past participle to emphasize the nature of the report.
Linking 'It is'
In natural speech, 'It is' often sounds like 'It's' or 'Idiz' with a soft 'd' sound in American English.
Falling intonation for facts
It is known that the Earth is round. ↘
Conveys certainty and authority.
Rising intonation for rumors
It is said that he's leaving? ↗
Conveys doubt or asks for confirmation.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
Remember S.T.A.R.: Said, Thought, Alleged, Reported. These are your 4 main reporting stars!
تداعی تصویری
Imagine a news anchor sitting behind a desk. They aren't saying 'I think...', they are reading a script that says 'It is reported that...'. The desk is the 'It is' that supports the whole story.
Rhyme
When you don't know who to blame, 'It is said' is the name of the game!
Story
A secret agent needs to share information without revealing his source. He writes a letter starting with 'It is believed that the enemy is near.' By using the passive, he keeps his source safe and sounds like a professional spy.
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Look at a news headline today. Try to rewrite it using 'It is said that...' or 'The [Subject] is reported to...'.
نکات فرهنگی
British academic writing relies heavily on the impersonal passive to sound modest and objective, avoiding 'I think' at all costs.
Journalists use 'alleged' to avoid lawsuits (libel). If they say 'He stole it', they can be sued. If they say 'He is alleged to have stolen it', they are safe.
In casual conversation, 'It's said that' is less common than 'Word has it' or 'They say', but 'He's said to be' is common when discussing celebrities.
This structure comes from the Latin 'impersonal passive' where verbs like 'dicitur' (it is said) were used to convey general truths.
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
It is said that travel broadens the mind. Do you agree?
He is thought to be the greatest athlete of all time. Who am I talking about?
It is rumored that a new iPhone is coming out soon. Have you heard anything?
In your country, what is said to be the best dish for a visitor to try?
موضوعات نگارش
اشتباهات رایج
Test Yourself
It ___ said that the food here is great.
is و بعدش فعل گذشته (said) استفاده میکنیم.Choose the correct reporting passive:
He شروع میشه، از is said to و بعدش فعل استفاده میکنیم.Find and fix the mistake:
It is believe that the earth is round.
believed نه believe).Score: /3
تمرینهای عملی
8 exercisesIt ___ that the Earth was flat.
He is thought ___ in New York.
Find and fix the mistake:
Is said that the movie is very long.
She ___ a genius.
'It is reported the company to be closing.'
Match: 1. Allege, 2. Surmise, 3. Rumor
A: They say he's late. B: He is reported to be late.
It is ___ that...
Score: /8
Practice Bank
5 exercisessaid / is / It / that / raining / is / it
Se dice que ella es una genio.
Match the sentences:
The suspect is ___ to be in the city.
How would a news anchor say this?
Score: /5
سوالات متداول (8)
You can! But 'It is said' is more formal and objective. It's better for writing.
No, only verbs of thinking (believe, think), saying (report, claim), or knowing (know, understand).
Meaning is the same. 'It is said that' focuses on the whole idea; 'He is said to' focuses on the person.
Both are correct. 'It's said' is more common in speaking; 'It is said' is better for formal writing.
Yes! 'It is expected that...' is a common way to talk about the future.
No. Use 'It is said that' or 'I was told that'.
Use 'It was said that...' or 'He is said to have been...'.
Yes, it's standard in both British and American English, especially in news.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Se dice que...
Spanish doesn't use a dummy subject like 'It'.
On dit que...
French uses an active structure (On dit) for the same purpose.
Es wird gesagt, dass...
German word order in the 'dass' clause is different.
...to iwarete iru
Japanese puts the reporting verb at the end of the sentence.
Yuqal anna...
Arabic doesn't need a separate word for 'It' or 'is'.
据说是 (Jùshuō shì)
Chinese has no passive conjugation for this; it's a lexical choice.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
ویدیوهای مرتبط
04:54 This is the most common way to get head lice - Nazzy Pakpour
07:12 Was the Trojan War Fought Over a Rock?
05:21 You might be surprised by what you'd find in your pores - M. Alejandra Perotti
Passive Reporting Verbs in English | IT IS SAID THAT, IT IS THOUGHT THAT
Oxford English Now
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