حالت مجهول: اتفاقاتی که برای اشیاء میافتند (ساخته میشود، فرستاده شد)
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
The passive voice shifts focus from the person doing the action to the person or thing receiving the action.
- Use 'be' + past participle: 'The cake was eaten' (max 20 words)
- The object of the active sentence becomes the subject (max 20 words)
- Use 'by' only if the doer is important: 'by Shakespeare' (max 20 words)
مرور کلی
Passive Voice است. این ساختار گرامری به ما اجازه میدهد تا تمرکز جمله را از «انجامدهنده کار» به «خودِ کار» یا «گیرنده عمل» منتقل کنیم. در زندگی روزمره، بسیاری از اوقات هویت فردی که کاری را انجام داده است، یا برای ما ناشناخته است، یا اهمیتی ندارد و یا به دلایل حرفهای ترجیح میدهیم مستقیماً به او اشاره نکنیم.to be به همراه «قسمت سوم فعل» یا همان Past Participle بهره میگیریم.Active Voice) داشته باشیم. در یک جمله معلوم، تمرکز بر روی فاعل است؛ یعنی کسی یا چیزی که عمل را انجام میدهد. ساختار استاندارد انگلیسی به صورت Subject + Verb + Object (فاعل + فعل + مفعول) است. به عنوان مثال:The manager signed the contract.(مدیر قرارداد را امضا کرد.)
the manager فاعل است و تمرکز بر روی اوست. اما گاهی اوقات، «قرارداد» برای ما مهمتر از «مدیر» است. در این حالت، مفعول جمله معلوم را به جایگاه فاعل در جمله جدید منتقل میکنیم:The contract was signed.(قرارداد امضا شد.)
Past Participle (اسم مفعول) در میآید و زمان جمله توسط فعل to be (مانند am, is, are, was, were) تعیین میشود.SOV است (فعل در انتهای جمله میآید)، اما انگلیسی SVO است. در حالت مجهول، این ترتیب در انگلیسی همچنان حفظ میشود، به این صورت که فاعلِ جدید (که در واقع مفعولِ عمل است) در ابتدا میآید و فعل (شامل فعل کمکی و فعل اصلی) بعد از آن قرار میگیرد.The door was closed.Subject (Receiver) + to be (appropriate tense) + Past Participle (V3)B1 بررسی کنیم:Present Simple Passive)to be | قسمت سوم فعل (V3) | مثال |The letters | are | delivered | The letters are delivered every morning. |This room | is | cleaned | This room is cleaned daily. |Past Simple Passive)to be | قسمت سوم فعل (V3) | مثال |The window | was | broken | The window was broken last night. |The guests | were | invited | The guests were invited to the party. |Past Participle):-ed اضافه کنید (مانند work -> worked). اما برای افعال بیقاعده، باید شکل سوم آنها را حفظ کنید. این همان بخشی است که در مدارس و کلاسهای زبان به عنوان «ستون سوم جدول افعال» یاد میگرفتیم. به عنوان مثال:write -> wrote -> writtenmake -> made -> madesend -> sent -> sent
by استفاده میکنیم:The cake was made by my mother.(کیک توسط مادرم درست شد.)
by در انگلیسی است.My wallet was stolen.(کیف پولم دزدیده شد.)
Someone stole my wallet هم درست است، اما مجهول تمرکز را مستقیماً بر روی خسارت وارده (کیف پول) قرار میدهد.The tea leaves are dried in the sun.(برگهای چای در آفتاب خشک میشوند.)
Objectivity):The experiment was conducted under controlled conditions.(آزمایش تحت شرایط کنترلشده انجام شد.)
The payment was not received on time.(پرداخت بهموقع دریافت نشد.)
The mixture is stirred for five minutes.(مخلوط به مدت پنج دقیقه هم زده میشود.)
A mistake was made in the calculations.(اشتباهی در محاسبات رخ داده است.)
to be:to be فراموش میشود.- اشتباه:
The car fixed yesterday. - درست:
The car was fixed yesterday.
to be (am/is/are/was/were)، جمله شما مجهول نیست و معنای درستی نمیدهد.to be:is یا was استفاده میکنند، بدون توجه به زمان واقعی جمله یا مفرد و جمع بودن فاعل.- اشتباه:
The documents was sent.(چونdocumentsجمع است، باید ازwereاستفاده شود.) - درست:
The documents were sent.
V3):V2) به جای قسمت سوم (V3) استفاده میکنند، به خصوص در افعال بیقاعده.- اشتباه:
The letter was wrote. - درست:
The letter was written.
cleaned/cleaned) و زبانآموز تصور میکند این قاعده برای همه افعال صادق است.Intransitive Verbs):go, happen, die, arrive) هرگز نمیتوانند مجهول شوند. این اشتباه در بین فارسیزبانان زیاد دیده میشود، مثلاً میخواهند بگویند «اتفاق افتاده شد»!- اشتباه:
An accident was happened. - درست:
An accident happened.
Active) | بر روی انجامدهنده (فاعل) | The chef prepared the food. |Passive) | بر روی گیرنده عمل (مفعول سابق) | The food was prepared by the chef. |- 1
The door was closed at 8 PM.(ساختار مجهول: کسی در را در ساعت ۸ بست.) - 2
The door was closed when I arrived.(ساختار صفتی: در وقتی رسیدم بسته بود - توصیف وضعیت در).
closed بیشتر نقش یک صفت را دارد که وضعیت در را توصیف میکند (State). در فارسی هم ما این تفاوت را داریم: «در بسته شد» (مجهول) در مقابل «در بسته بود» (صفت).by در جملات مجهول استفاده کنیم؟by استفاده نمیکنیم. تنها زمانی از by استفاده کنید که ذکر نام انجامدهنده اطلاعات مهمی به شنونده اضافه کند یا بخواهید بر اعتبار آن شخص تأکید کنید. اگر انجامدهنده بدیهی است (مثلاً پلیس دزد را دستگیر کرد)، نیازی به ذکر آن نیست.B1 پیشنهاد میشود حداقل ۵۰ فعل بیقاعده پرکاربرد (مانند see, take, give, make, build, find) را به همراه شکل سوم آنها حفظ کنید. اپلیکیشنهای آموزشی و فلشکارتها در این زمینه بسیار مفید هستند.to be عمل میکنیم. برای منفی کردن، not را به فعل to be اضافه میکنیم:The report was not finished.
to be و فاعل را عوض میکنیم:Was the report finished?
Objectivity) است. در دنیای علم و خبر، حقیقتِ واقعه مهمتر از شخصی است که آن را گزارش یا مشاهده کرده است. استفاده از مجهول باعث میشود لحن نوشته از حالت شخصی و سلیقهای خارج شده و به حالت رسمی و جهانی نزدیک شود.2. Negative Contractions
| Full Form | Contraction | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
is not
|
isn't
|
The car isn't washed.
|
|
are not
|
aren't
|
The cars aren't washed.
|
|
was not
|
wasn't
|
The car wasn't washed.
|
|
were not
|
weren't
|
The cars weren't washed.
|
Passive Voice Tense Formation
| Tense | Subject | To Be | Past Participle | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Present Simple
|
The car
|
is
|
washed
|
The car is washed.
|
|
Present Simple
|
The cars
|
are
|
washed
|
The cars are washed.
|
|
Past Simple
|
The car
|
was
|
washed
|
The car was washed.
|
|
Past Simple
|
The cars
|
were
|
washed
|
The cars were washed.
|
|
Present Continuous
|
The car
|
is being
|
washed
|
The car is being washed.
|
|
Present Perfect
|
The car
|
has been
|
washed
|
The car has been washed.
|
|
Future (Will)
|
The car
|
will be
|
washed
|
The car will be washed.
|
|
Modals
|
The car
|
must be
|
washed
|
The car must be washed.
|
Meanings
A grammatical construction where the subject is the recipient of the action rather than the performer.
Unknown Agent
Used when we don't know who performed the action.
“My bike was stolen last night.”
“The window was broken while I was out.”
Obvious Agent
Used when the performer of the action is so obvious it doesn't need mentioning.
“The thief was arrested.”
“The crops are harvested in autumn.”
Formal/Scientific Objectivity
Used to sound objective and professional by removing the 'I' or 'We'.
“The chemicals were mixed in a beaker.”
“The results were analyzed carefully.”
Reference Table
| زمان | ساختار | مثال | موقعیت استفاده |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Present Simple
|
am/is/are + participle
|
The post is shared.
|
واقعیتهای عمومی/شبکههای اجتماعی
|
|
Past Simple
|
was/were + participle
|
The photo was deleted.
|
کارهای تمامشده
|
|
Negative Present
|
am/is/are + not + participle
|
Access is not allowed.
|
قوانین/مجوزها
|
|
Negative Past
|
was/were + not + participle
|
The app was not updated.
|
پیامهای خطا
|
|
Question Present
|
Is/Are ... + participle?
|
Is the Wi-Fi connected?
|
چک کردن وضعیت
|
|
Question Past
|
Was/Were ... + participle?
|
Was the order placed?
|
خرید آنلاین
|
طیف رسمیت
The requested documentation has been processed. (Workplace)
The paperwork was finished this morning. (Workplace)
The forms are all done. (Workplace)
It's all sorted, mate. (Workplace)
Active vs Passive Focus
Active
- Subject (Doer) The Chef
- Verb Cooks
- Object The Meal
Passive
- Subject (Receiver) The Meal
- Verb (Be + V3) Is Cooked
- Agent (Optional) By the Chef
When to use Passive
Passive Voice Decision Tree
Is the 'doer' known?
Is the object more important?
Common Passive Verbs
Creation
- • Built
- • Written
- • Made
- • Painted
Destruction
- • Broken
- • Damaged
- • Destroyed
- • Stolen
مثالها بر اساس سطح
The car is washed.
The car is washed.
The pizza is eaten.
The pizza is eaten.
The windows are closed.
The windows are closed.
The book was lost.
The book was lost.
The house was built in 2010.
The house was built in 2010.
These shoes are made in Italy.
These shoes are made in Italy.
The thief was caught by the police.
The thief was caught by the police.
Was the homework finished?
Was the homework finished?
The application was rejected because it was late.
The application was rejected because it was late.
The meeting is held in the main hall every Friday.
The meeting is held in the main hall every Friday.
Many languages are spoken in this city.
Many languages are spoken in this city.
The bridge was damaged during the storm.
The bridge was damaged during the storm.
The suspect is being questioned by the detectives now.
The suspect is being questioned by the detectives now.
The project should have been completed last week.
The project should have been completed last week.
It is believed that the company is facing bankruptcy.
It is believed that the company is facing bankruptcy.
The data was collected over a six-month period.
The data was collected over a six-month period.
The decision was made with the utmost care.
The decision was made with the utmost care.
Rarely is such a discovery made in this field.
Rarely is such a discovery made in this field.
The building is said to be haunted.
The building is said to be haunted.
He was given a standing ovation after his speech.
He was given a standing ovation after his speech.
The proposal was met with considerable skepticism.
The proposal was met with considerable skepticism.
Provision was made for the possibility of a delay.
Provision was made for the possibility of a delay.
The artifacts are thought to have been smuggled out of the country.
The artifacts are thought to have been smuggled out of the country.
No effort was spared in the search for survivors.
No effort was spared in the search for survivors.
بهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
Learners confuse 'The window was broken (by someone)' with 'The window was broken (state/adjective)'.
Learners confuse 'is done' with 'has done'.
Some verbs look active but feel passive, like 'The book sells well'.
اشتباهات رایج
The cake eaten.
The cake was eaten.
The car is wash.
The car is washed.
I was borned in London.
I was born in London.
The window broke by me.
The window was broken by me.
The letters was sent.
The letters were sent.
The book written by him.
The book was written by him.
Is the dinner cook?
Is the dinner cooked?
The house was builded in 1990.
The house was built in 1990.
It was happened yesterday.
It happened yesterday.
The work is being do.
The work is being done.
The car was got stolen.
The car was stolen / The car got stolen.
He is said to have been went.
He is said to have gone.
The problem was explained me.
The problem was explained to me.
الگوهای جملهسازی
The ___ was ___ in ___.
___ are ___ every day.
It is ___ that ___.
The ___ hasn't been ___ yet.
Real World Usage
Thousands of homes destroyed by flood.
Made in Vietnam. Batteries not included.
The flight has been delayed.
The eggs are beaten until fluffy.
I was given the 'Employee of the Month' award.
My bike got stolen! :(
تست "توسط زامبیها"
by zombies و هنوزم معنی بده، پس جمله مجهوله: The pizza was eaten by zombies.
"بودن" (Be) رو یادت نره!
is یا was رو جا بندازی. اگه این کلمات نباشن، جملهات دیگه مجهول نیست، فقط شکسته و ناقصه: The book was written by him.(درست)
The book written by him.(غلط)
ساده بگیر
is/are برای واقعیتها و was/were برای داستانهای گذشته تمرکز کن. فعلاً نگران زمانهای پیچیده نباش: The door is locked.
The car was parked here.
Smart Tips
Use the passive to avoid sounding like you are blaming someone.
Check if it's an adjective or a passive verb by trying to add 'by someone'.
Don't say 'Someone...'. Use the passive voice instead.
Use the present simple passive to focus on the steps.
تلفظ
Stress on Participle
In passive sentences, the main stress usually falls on the past participle, not the 'be' verb.
Weak 'was'
The word 'was' is usually unstressed and pronounced as /wəz/.
Falling intonation for statements
The bridge was built in 1890. ↘
Conveys a completed fact.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
BE + V3 = Passive for me! (Be verb + Past Participle).
تداعی تصویری
Imagine a robot being built in a factory. We don't see the workers, only the robot (the object) moving through the stages of being 'made', 'painted', and 'shipped'.
Rhyme
When the doer is a mystery, use the passive for history!
Story
A man wakes up and finds his car is gone. He tells the police, 'My car was stolen!' He doesn't say 'A thief stole it' because he didn't see the thief. The car is the star of his story.
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Look around your room. Find 5 things and say how they were made or where they were bought using the passive voice (e.g., 'This lamp was bought in IKEA').
نکات فرهنگی
The passive voice is the 'bread and butter' of news. It allows reporters to remain neutral and avoid blaming individuals before a trial.
In Western universities, using 'I' in a science paper is often discouraged. The passive voice is used to make the research seem universal and objective.
Contracts use the passive to define obligations without naming specific employees, focusing on the company as an entity.
The English passive voice evolved from Old English, which used 'weorthan' (to become) or 'beon' (to be) with a participle.
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
Where was your favorite piece of clothing made?
Have you ever had something stolen?
What is a famous building in your city? When was it built?
How are traditional holidays celebrated in your country?
موضوعات نگارش
اشتباهات رایج
Test Yourself
The emails ___ (send) every morning by the assistant.
emails جمعه، از 'are' و اسم مفعول 'sent' استفاده میکنیم.Choose the correct sentence:
Find and fix the mistake:
This book is wrote by a famous author.
write میشه 'written'، نه 'wrote'.Score: /3
تمرینهای عملی
8 exercisesThe Mona Lisa ___ (paint) by Leonardo da Vinci.
Choose the correct option:
Find and fix the mistake:
The windows are clean every Saturday.
Passive form:
You can use the passive voice with the verb 'to sleep'.
A: Why is the road closed? B: An accident ___ (report) ten minutes ago.
Which of these is passive?
Write -> ?
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesThe windows ___ (clean) every Monday.
broken / was / the / by / dog / vase / the
La cena fue preparada por mi padre.
Match the pairs:
Which one is passive?
The keys were find under the sofa.
___ the pizza delivered yet?
not / the / invitation / sent / was
The bridge ___ in 1990.
Translate to English.
Score: /10
سوالات متداول (8)
Avoid it when the 'doer' is important or when you want to be direct and energetic. 'I love you' is much better than 'You are loved by me'!
No! In fact, we omit 'by' in about 80% of passive sentences because the doer is unknown or obvious.
'Was broken' is standard and neutral. 'Got broken' is informal and often implies the event was accidental or unfortunate.
Yes! Use 'will be' + V3. For example: 'The results will be published tomorrow.'
No, but overusing it can make writing sound dry or evasive. Use it when the focus truly belongs on the object.
Swap the subject and the 'be' verb. 'The car was fixed' becomes 'Was the car fixed?'
Only transitive verbs (verbs that take an object) can be passive. You can't say 'The bed was slept' because 'sleep' doesn't have an object.
Yes! In English, being born is something that happens to you, so we always use the passive form.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Voz pasiva (ser + participio) / Pasiva refleja (se)
English uses the passive much more frequently than Spanish in everyday speech.
La voix passive (être + participe passé)
French participles change endings (e.g., mangé vs mangée); English ones never do.
Passiv (werden + Partizip II)
German uses 'become' (werden) as the auxiliary, while English uses 'be'.
受身 (ukemi)
Japanese uses a suffix on the main verb; English uses an auxiliary verb.
المبني للمجهول (al-mabni lil-majhul)
Arabic uses vowel shifts within the verb; English uses 'be' + V3.
被字句 (bèi zì jù)
Chinese 'bèi' is a particle, not a verb conjugation, and often carries a negative connotation.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
ویدیوهای مرتبط
04:41 “The Minister of Loneliness” | Sarah Kay | TED
05:57 The infamous JoJo thought experiment - Michael Vazquez and Sarah Stroud
06:27 Was Alexander the Great really that great? - Stephanie Honchell Smith
How to use the Passive Voice 😅 English Grammar Lesson
mmmEnglish
PASSIVE VOICE - English Grammar step-by-step
Arnel's Everyday English
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